6WXG\RQ=HUR'LVFKDUJH3ODQWIRU:DVWH:DWHU
7UHDWPHQWRID3KDUPDFHXWLFDO,QGXVWU\
.KXVKEX0DVNDULD
Dept. of Chem. Engg., Thadomal Shahani Engg. College, Bandra (W), Mumbai-400 050
$QLWD.XPDUL
Dept. of Chem. Engg., Thadomal Shahani Engg. College, Bandra (W), Mumbai-400 050
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
.H\ZRUGV=HUR'LVFKDUJH:DVWH:DWHU7UHDWPHQW3ODWH7\SH5HYHUVH2VPRVLV$JLWDWHG7KLQ)LOP'U\HU0XOWLSOH (IIHFW(YDSRUDWRU:DWHU5HFRYHU\
,,1752'8&7,21
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
7KHPDMRUDVSHFWVRI=(52',6&+$5*(3/$17DUHDVIROORZ 5HYHUVHRVPRVLV
0XOWLSO\HIIHFWHYDSRUDWRU $JLWDWHG7KLQ)LOP'U\HU
,,,5(9(56(26026,63/$17 7KLVSODQWFRPSOHWHO\ZRUNVRQWKHSULQFLSDORIUHYHUVHRVPRVLV
)LJXUH)ORZ6FKHPHRI(IIOXHQWVLQ(73DW3KDUPDFHXWLFDO3ODQW
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
UHFRYHU\ $ FRPPRQ DUUDQJHPHQW IRU HQKDQFLQJ UHMHFWLRQ DQG PLQLPL]LQJ ZDVWH LV UHIHUUHG WR DV GRXEOHSDVV SURGXFWVWDJH7KHSURGXFWIURPILUVWVWDJHEHFRPHVWKHIHHGRIVHFRQGVWDJH0HPEUDQHFOHDQLQJIUHTXHQF\LVRQFH LQDPRQWK7KHSKHQRPHQRQRIUHYHUVHRVPRVLVKDVEHHQH[WHQVLYHO\GHYHORSHGDVDQLQGXVWULDOSURFHVVIRUWKH
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI ORZ PROHFXODU ZHLJKW VROXWHV DQG HVSHFLDOO\ IRU WKH GHVDOLQDWLRQ RU PRUH JHQHUDOO\ GHPLQHUDOL]DWLRQRIZDWHU0HPEUDQHHTXLSPHQWIRULQGXVWULDOVFDOHRSHUDWLRQRIPLFURILOWUDWLRQXOWUDILOWUDWLRQDQG UHYHUVHRVPRVLVLVVXSSOLHGLQWKHIRUPRIPRGXOHV7KHDUHDRIPHPEUDQHFRQWDLQHGLQWKHVHEDVLFPRGXOHVLVLQWKH UDQJH ± P 7KH PRGXOHV PD\ EH FRQQHFWHG WRJHWKHU LQ VHULHV RU LQ SDUDOOHO WR IRUP D SODQW RI WKH UHTXLUHG
SHUIRUPDQFH
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
7KH FRQFHQWUDWH HQWHUV WKH $7)' XQLW DORQJ WKH ZDOOV 7KH XQLWLV FRPSOHWHO\ MDFNHWHG ZLWK VWHDP SURYLGHG IRU KHDWLQJSXUSRVH$7)'XQLWKDVDURWRUWRZKLFKSODWHVDUHDWWDFKHG7KHVHSODWHGDUHKLQJHGVRWKDWWKH\DUH IUHHWRPRYHDQGHYHQO\VSUHDGWKHFRQFHQWUDWHRQWKHZDOOVRIWKH$7)'7KHVWHDPSURYLGHGKHDWVWKHFRQFHQWUDWH DQGHYDSRUDWHVDOOWKHZDWHUFRQWHQW7KHVROLGOHIWZKHQFRPSOHWHO\GULHGLVVFUDSHGRIIE\WKHVDPHSODWHVDQGLV FROOHFWHGDWWKHERWWRP7KHYDSRXUVFDUU\DORQJZLWKWKHPIHZVROLGVVRLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRVFUXEWKHYDSRXUVZLWK ZDWHU$IWHUVFUXEELQJWKHSXUHYDSRXUVDUHVHQWWRFRQGHQVHUIURPZKHUHWKHFRQGHQVDWHLVVHQWWRXWLOLW\IRUUHXVH 'U\VROLGVZDVWHFROOHFWHGDQGGLVSRVHGRII
9,&21&/86,21
%\ FRQVLGHULQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV GXH WR SKDUPDFHXWLFDO LQGXVWULHV LQVWDOOLQJ =(52 ',6&+$5*( 3/$17 SKDUPDFHXWLFDOSODQVDYHVRIZDWHUSHUGD\ZKLFKLVLQYHU\ODUJHDPRXQWWKHUHF\FOHZDWHUXWLOL]HGLQXWLOLW\ SODQW
5()(5(1&(6
>@ ZZZHDUWKFRPUHF\FOLQJFHQWHUVHDUFKJXLGHV0D\
>@ ZZZFRQVHUYHHQHUJ\IXWXUHFRPDGYDQWDJHVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIUHF\FOH$XJXVW >@ HQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL%LRORJLFDOBOLIHBF\FOH$XJXVW
>@ ZZZVOLGHVKDUHQHWPRKDPHGUDP]\LQGXVWULDOZDVWHZDWHUWUHDWPHQW-DQXDU\ >@ ZZZJEUDRUJZDVWHZDWHUWUHDWPHQWVZI-DQXDU\
>@ ZZZHFSFRQVXOWLQJLQGRFVDFKLHYLQJB]HURBGLVFKDUJH)HEUXDU\ >@ ZZZHQYLURVROXWLRQVLQ]HURGLVFKDUJHKWPO)HEUXDU\
>@ ZZZVSDQSXQHLQHIIOXHQWWUHDWPHQWSODQWVKWPO0DUFK