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З

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REVIEW ARTICLE

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FROM THE HISTORY OF LASER CREATION

1

Dedicated to the 95th anniversary of Vavilov State Optical Institute

I.M. Belousova

a, b a

«Vavilov State Optical Institute», Saint Petersburg, Russia, belousova.i.m@gmail.com b

Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO University), Saint Petersburg, Russia

The paper briefly describes the history of formation of a new science direction - quantum electronics, associated with the discovery of masers and lasers by scientists from the USA (Ch. Townes) and the USSR (N.G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov). The world's first ruby laser designed by T. Maiman is described. Some historical events devoted to creation and research of lasers are given in which the author of the paper as well as research workers from Vavilov State Optical Institute, ITMO University and LOMO have taken direct part in the development of solid-state and gas lasers (helium-neon, photo-dissociation, CO2-lasers) and laser optical systems. Contribution of researchers from Vavilov State Optical Institute, LOMO and ITMO University to large-scale programs on development of lasers for laser nuclear fusion, laser weapons and “Phobos” program is shown. The paper deals in brief with new issues of development and application of lasers, mainly, within the project of laser orbital space station of the future, for the conversion of solar energy into laser radiation. Description of idea of solar energy transformation by fullerene-oxygen laser is presented. The patent for it has been taken out by Vavilov State Optical Institute. Developed fullerene-oxygen-iodine laser and laser structure models for industrial applications and solar energy conversion into laser radiation are described. Parameters for hypothetical laser-optical system of the future space station are given.

Keywords: maser, ruby laser, gas helium-neon laser, laser weapons, photo dissociation laser, CO2 - laser, fullerene-oxygen-iodine laser, solar pumping.

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Ⱥ

.

Ⱦɠɚɜɚɧ

ɢ

ɟɝɨ

ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢ

ɜ

ɋɒȺ

ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ

ɥɚɡɟɪ

ɧɚ

ɫɦɟɫɢ

ɝɚɡɨɜ

ɝɟɥɢɹ

ɢ

ɧɟɨɧɚ

,

ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ

ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɪɚɡɪɹɞɨɦ

.

ɗɬɨɬ

ɥɚɡɟɪ

ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ

ɜ

ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ

ɪɟɠɢɦɟ

[7].

ɉɟɪɜɵɟ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɜ

ɋɋɋɊ

ɩɨ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ

ɩɨ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ

ɜɟɥɢɫɶ

ɜ

ɋɋɋɊ

,

ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ

ɫ

ɤɨɧɰɚ

1960

ɝ

.

ȼ

ɎɂȺɇ

(

ɝ

.

Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ

)

ɢ

ɜ

Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ

ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ

ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ

ɢɦ

.

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ

(

ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ

.

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ

,

ɝ

.

Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ

)

ɩɨ

ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ

ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ

Ⱥ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜɚ

ɢ

ɞ

.

ɮ

.-

ɦ

.

ɧ

.

Ɇ

.

ɉ

.

ȼɚɧɸɤɨɜɚ

.

ɉɟɪɜɵɣ

ɜ

ɋɋɋɊ

ɥɚɡɟɪ

ɪɭɛɢɧɨɜɵɣ

ɛɵɥ

ɡɚɩɭɳɟɧ

2

ɢɸɧɹ

1961

ɝɨɞɚ

ɜ

ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ

.

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ

,

ɜ

ɨɬ

-ɞɟɥɟ

ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ

Ⱥ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜɚ

,

ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ

Ɇ

.

ɉ

.

ȼɚɧɸɤɨɜɚ

,

Ʌɟɨɧɢɞɨɦ

Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜɢɱɟɦ

ɏɚɡɨɜɵɦ

(

ɪɢɫ

. 5,

ɚ

)

ɫ

ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ

ɂ

.

Ɇ

.

Ȼɟɥɨɭɫɨɜɨɣ

[8].

ȼ

ɎɂȺɇ

ɋɋɋɊ

ɥɚɡɟɪ

ɛɵɥ

ɡɚɩɭɳɟɧ

18

ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ

1961

ɝɨɞɚ

Ɇ

.

Ⱦ

.

Ƚɚɥɚɧɢɧɵɦ

,

Ⱥ

.

Ɇ

.

Ʌɟɨɧɬɨɜɢɱ

,

Ɂ

.

Ⱥ

.

ɑɢɠɢɤɨɜɨɣ

[9].

ɉɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɚɦɢ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚ

ɜ

ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ

.

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ

ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ

ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ

ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ

ɡɚɞɟɥɵ

ɜ

ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ

ɢ

ɥɸɦɢɧɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ

(

Ⱦ

.

ɋ

.

Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɢɣ

,

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜ

,

ɉ

.

ɉ

.

Ɏɟɨɮɢɥɨɜ

,

Ⱥ

.

ɇ

.

Ɍɟɪɟɧɢɧ

),

ɜ

ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɨɩɬɢɤɢ

ɢ

ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɯ

ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ

ɫɜɟɬɚ

(

Ⱥ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ

,

Ɇ

.

ɉ

.

ȼɚɧɸɤɨɜ

,

Ⱥ

.

Ɇ

.

Ȼɨɧɱ

-

Ȼɪɭɟɜɢɱ

,

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

Ʌɟɜɢɤɨɜ

),

ɚ

ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɩɟɪɜɨɤɥɚɫɫɧɵɟ

ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ

ɲɤɨɥɵ

ɨɩɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ

ɢ

ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ

(

ȼ

.

ɉ

.

Ʌɢɧɧɢɤ

,

ȿ

.

ɇ

.

ɐɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɣ

,

ɂ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ɍɟɥɶɬɟɜɫɤɢɣ

)

ɢ

ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ

ɫɪɟɞ

ɥɚɡɟ

-ɪɨɜ

(

ȼ

.

Ɍ

.

ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɣ

,

Ⱥ

.

ɂ

.

ɋɬɨɠɚɪɨɜ

,

Ƚ

.

Ɉ

.

Ʉɚɪɚɩɟɬɹɧ

).

ɂɦɟɧɧɨ

ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ

ɷɬɨɦɭ

ɜ

ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ

.

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ

ɛɵɥɢ

ɧɚɱɚɬɵ

ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

ɬɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

.

ɋ

ɤɨɧɰɚ

1960

ɝ

.

Ʌ

.

Ⱦ

.

ɏɚɡɨɜɵɦ

ɛɵɥɨ

ɧɚɱɚɬɨ

ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ

ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

ɜ

ɋɒȺ

,

ɚ

ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ

ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ

ɛɚɡɵ

ɞɥɹ

ɡɚ

-ɩɭɫɤɚ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚ

ɧɚ

ɪɭɛɢɧɟ

ɜ

ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ

.

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ

[10].

ɇɚ

ɪɢɫ

. 5,

ɛ

,

ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ

ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ

ɢɡ

ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ

ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ

Ʌ

.

Ⱦ

.

ɏɚɡɨɜɚ

.

ɇɚ

ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ

ɨɬ

2

ɢɸɧɹ

1961

ɝ

.

ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ

ɧɚɲɢ

ɨɩɵɬɵ

ɩɨ

ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ

ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ

ɧɚ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɯ

ɪɭɛɢɧɚ

:

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɥɚɦɩɵ

ɧɚɤɚɱɤɢ

ɨɬ

550

Ⱦɠ

ɞɨ

2200

Ⱦɠ

ɨɬ

ɥɸɦɢɧɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ

ɞɨ

ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ

ɩɢɤɚ

.

Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ

ɞɥɹ

ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ

ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ

ɪɟɠɢɦɚ

08.06.1961

ɝ

.

ɢ

12.06.1961

ɝ

.

Ʌ

.

Ⱦ

.

ɏɚɡɨɜɵɦ

ɛɵɥɢ

ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ

ɨɩɵɬɵ

ɫ

ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ

ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɤɨɣ

ɨɫɰɢɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɚ

ɢ

ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ

ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ

ɩɢɱɤɨɜɨɝɨ

ɪɟɠɢɦɚ

,

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ

ɞɥɹ

ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ

.

. 5. . . ( ); . . ( )

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ

ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ

,

ɱɬɨ

ɜɫɟ

ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ

ɨɩɵɬɚ

ɛɵɥɢ

ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ

ɜ

ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ

.

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ

:

ɤɪɢ

(6)

ȼ

.

ɇ

.

Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ

,

ɥɚɦɩɵ

ɧɚɤɚɱɤɢ

ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ

ɜ

ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

Ʌɟɜɢɤɨɜɚ

,

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ

ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ

ɦɚɫɬɟɪɚɦɢ

-

ɨɩɬɢɤɚɦɢ

ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ȽɈɂ

.

ȼ

1961

ɝɨɞɭ

,

ɩɨɫɥɟ

ɜɵɯɨɞɚ

ɫɬɚɬɶɢ

Ⱥ

.

Ⱦɠɚɜɚɧɚ

ɨ

ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ

ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ

ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚ

ɧɚ

ɫɦɟɫɢ

ɝɚɡɨɜ

ɝɟ

-ɥɢɣ

ɧɟɨɧ

,

ɜ

ȽɈɂ

ɩɨ

ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ

ɂ

.

Ɇ

.

Ȼɟɥɨɭɫɨɜɨɣ

ɛɵɥɢ

ɧɚɱɚɬɵ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɜ

ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

[11].

ȼ

1962

ɝ

.

ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ

ɂ

.

Ɇ

.

Ȼɟɥɨɭɫɨɜɨɣ

(

ɤɭɞɚ

ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢ

ɂ

.

Ɇ

.

Ȼɟɥɨɭɫɨɜɚ

,

Ɉ

.

Ȼ

.

Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨɜ

,

ɂ

.

Ⱥ

.

ȿɥɶɤɢɧɚ

)

ɛɵɥ

ɡɚɩɭ

-ɳɟɧ

ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ

ɝɟɥɢɣ

-

ɧɟɨɧɨɜɵɣ

ɥɚɡɟɪ

ɫ

ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ

ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪɨɦ

ɢ

ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪɨɦ

ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ

ɫɮɟɪɚ

[12].

Ʉɨɧɫɬ

-ɪɭɤɰɢɹ

ɝɟɥɢɣ

-

ɧɟɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚ

ɛɵɥɚ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ

ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ

ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɨɦ

ɂ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ɍɟɥɶɬɟɜɫɤɢɦ

.

Ʌɚɡɟɪ

ɛɵɥ

ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ

ɧɚ

ɨɩɵɬɧɨɦ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ

ȽɈɂ

,

ɝɞɟ

ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ

ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɢɟ

ɦɚɫɬɟɪɚ

-

ɨɩɬɢɤɢ

,

ɫɭɦɟɜɲɢɟ

ɜ

ɬɟ

ɝɨɞɵ

ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ

ɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ

ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪɚ

ɫ

ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ

ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ

ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ

ɞɨ

0,01

ɩɨɥɨɫɵ

(

ɪɢɫ

. 6).

ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ

ɩɟɪɜɵɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

,

ɬɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɢ

ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ

,

ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ

ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ

ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɯ

ɪɚɛɨɬ

ɪɹɞɚ

ɨɬ

-ɞɟɥɨɜ

ɢ

ɝɪɭɩɩ

ȽɈɂ

ɧɚɞ

ɧɨɜɵɦɢ

ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ

ɫɪɟɞɚɦɢ

,

ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ

ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

ɢ

ɢɯ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ

.

. 6. - ( );

, ±1 ( );

( )

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ

ɚɜɬɨɪ

ɫɬɚɬɶɢ

ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɥɚ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɜ

ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

,

ɬɨ

ɜ

ɫɬɚɬɶɟ

,

ɜ

ɨɫɧɨɜ

-ɧɨɦ

,

ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ

ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ

ɢɦɟɧɧɨ

ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦ

ȽɈɂ

ɩɨ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ

ɢ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ

ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

.

Ɍɚɤ

,

ɧɚɩɪɢ

-ɦɟɪ

,

ɨɞɧɢɦ

ɢɡ

ɩɟɪɜɵɯ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ

ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ

ɝɟɥɢɣ

-

ɧɟɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚ

ɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ

ɪɚɛɨɬɚ

ɩɨ

ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ

ɢɧɮɨɪ

-ɦɚɰɢɢ

ɩɨ

ɥɭɱɭ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚ

(

ɂ

.

Ɇ

.

Ȼɟɥɨɭɫɨɜɚ

,

Ɉ

.

Ȼ

.

Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨɜ

,

ɘ

.

ȼ

.

ɉɨɩɨɜ

,

ɂ

.

ɇ

.

Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɜɚ

). 7

ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ

1963

ɝɨɞɚ

ɛɵɥɚ

ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ

ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɚ

ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ

ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ

ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ

ɩɨ

ɥɭɱɭ

ɝɟɥɢɣ

-

ɧɟɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚ

ɱɟɪɟɡ

ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ

ɧɚ

1300

ɦ

ɦɟɠɞɭ

ȽɈɂ

ɢ

Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ

ɜɨɟɧɧɨ

-

ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ

ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɟɣ

(

ɅȼɂɄȺ

)

ɢɦ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ɏ

.

Ɇɨɠɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ

(

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

Ȼɚɯɬɢɧ

,

ȼ

.

Ɇ

.

Ɉɱɟɥɟɧɤɨɜ

,

Ȼ

.

ɋ

.

Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨɜ

),

ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɚɹ

ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢ

-ɨɧɧɭɸ

ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ

ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ

ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ

ɞɥɢɧ

ɜɨɥɧ

ɢ

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ

ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ

ɱɟɪɟɡ

ɚɬɦɨ

-ɫɮɟɪɭ

.

ɗɬɨ

ɛɵɥɨ

ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ

ɜ

ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɟ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ

ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ

ȽɈɂ

ɢ

ɅȼɂɄȺ

ɩɨ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟ

-ɧɢɸ

ɮɚɤɬɚ

ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ

ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ

ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ

ɫ

ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚ

.

ɇɚ

ɪɢɫ

. 7

ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ

ɩɪɢɦɟɪ

ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧ

-ɧɨɝɨ

ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ

.

. 7. ,

-Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ

ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ

ɷɬɢ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ

ɜ

ɨɩɵɬɧɨ

-

ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ

ɪɚɛɨɬɟ

(

ɈɄɊ

) «

Ʉɪɚɬɟɪ

»

ɩɨ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ

ɦɧɨɝɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ

ɥɢɧɢɢ

ɫɜɹɡɢ

(300

ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɯ

ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ

)

ɩɨ

ɥɭɱɭ

ɝɟɥɢɣ

-

ɧɟɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚ

.

ɈɄɊ

ɜɟɥɚɫɶ

Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɦ

ɨɩɬɢɤɨ

-

ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɡɚɜɨɞɨɦ

,

ȽɈɂ

,

ɅȼɂɄȺ

ɢ

ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ

ɧɚɭɱɧɨ

-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ

ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ

ɫɜɹɡɢ

(

ɐɇɂɂɋ

).

Ɉɩɵɬɧɵɟ

ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ

ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ

ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ

ɛɵɥɢ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ

-ɥɟɧɵ

ɧɚ

ɪɹɞɟ

ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ

,

ɜ

ɬɨɦ

ɱɢɫɥɟ

ɜ

Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ

,

Ⱥɪɦɟɧɢɢ

ɢ

ɧɚ

ɤɨɫɦɨɞɪɨɦɟ

«

Ȼɚɣɤɨɧɭɪ

».

ɇɚ

ɪɢɫ

. 8

ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ

ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ

ɩɪɢɟɦɨ

-

ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣ

ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ

«

Ʉɪɚɬɟɪ

»

ɢ

ɬɢɬɭɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɥɢɫɬɚ

ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ

«

ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ

ɋɨɸɡ

»

ɫ

ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ

ɥɭɱɚ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚ

ɧɚɞ

Ɇɨɫɤɜɨɣ

(1965

ɝ

.)

ɩɪɢ

ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ

ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ

300

ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɯ

ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ

ɩɨ

ɥɭɱɭ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚ

ɦɟɠɞɭ

Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ

ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ

ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɦ

ɢɦ

.

Ɇ

.

ȼ

.

Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ

(

ɆȽɍ

)

ɢ

ɝ

.

Ʉɪɚɫ

-ɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɦ

(33

ɤɦ

).

ɇɟɥɶɡɹ

ɧɟ

ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ

ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ

ɜɚɠɧɵɟ

ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ

,

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ

ɜ

ɎɂȺɇ

ɋɋɋɊ

ɩɨ

ɩɟɪɜɵɦ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ

ɬɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

.

Ɍɚɤ

,

ɜ

1963

ɝ

.

ɭɱɟɧɵɦɢ

ɎɂȺɇ

ȼ

.

ɋ

.

Ɂɭɟɜɵɦ

ɢ

ɉ

.

Ƚ

.

Ʉɪɸɤɨɜɵɦ

ɛɵɥɚ

ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ

ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɚ

ɥɨɤɚɰɢɹ

Ʌɭɧɵ

ɫ

ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ

ɪɭɛɢɧɨɜɨɝɨ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚ

ɫ

ɦɨɞɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ

ɞɨɛɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ

.

(7)

-ɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɞɥɹ

ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ

ɮɢɡɢɤɢ –

ɤɚ-ɮɟɞɪɚ

ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɨɣ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ.

Ɂɚ

ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɱɟɦ 50-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ

ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɧɚ

ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ

ɛɵɥɨ

ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ

ɛɨɥɟɟ

1200 ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ-ɥɚɡɟɪɳɢɤɨɜ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ

ɜ

ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ

ɜɪɟɦɹ

ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ

ɧɚ

ɦɧɨɝɢɯ

ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ

Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ

ɢ

ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ

ɫɬɪɚɧ

.

ɋ

ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ

ɧɚ

ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ

ɧɚɱɚɥɢ

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ

ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɩɨ

ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ

ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɦ

ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ.

ȼ

ɤɨɧɰɟ 1960-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ

ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ Ʉ.ɂ. Ʉɪɵɥɨɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɩɭɳɟɧɵ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ

ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ

ɫ

ɦɟɞɢɤɚɦɢ

(

ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ

Ȼ

.

ɂ

.

ɏɪɨɦɨɜ

)

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ

ɜ

ɩɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɢɯ

ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ

ɩɨ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ

ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɢ

.

. 8. - « » ( ); « »

(1965 .) ( )

Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɋɋɋɊ,

ɩɪɟ-ɠɞɟ

ɜɫɟɝɨ,

Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɨɣ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

ɋ.Ⱥ. Ɂɜɟɪɟɜɚ, ɡɧɚɜɲɟɝɨ

ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ

ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ

ɨɬ-ɪɚɫɥɶ

,

ɧɚɭɤɭ

ɢ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ

,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ

ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ

ɛɵɜɚɥ

ɜ

ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ

.

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ

.

ȼ 1964

ɝ.

ɜ

Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ

Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ

ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɨɣ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

ɛɵɥɚ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ

ɩɟɪɜɚɹ

ɜɵ-ɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ. ɇɚ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ ɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ

ɬɟɥɟ-ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ, ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɨɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɥɚɡɟɪɚɯ – ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ȽɈɂ,

ɇɚɭɱɧɨ

-

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ

ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ

ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ

ɮɢɡɢɤɢ

(

ɇɂɂɉɎ

),

Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ

ɨɩɬɢɤɨ

-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ (ɅɈɆɈ) ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɵɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɥ ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ, ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɶ

ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɇ.ɋ. ɏɪɭɳɟɜ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ ɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ.

ȼ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɜ

ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ

,

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ

ɢ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥɢɫɶ

ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚ

-ɰɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɧɚɭɤ ɋɋɋɊ

,

ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ

ɢ

ɪɚɞɢɨɩɪɨɦɵɲ-ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,

ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ

ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ.

ȼ

ɋɋɋɊ

ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ

ɷɩɨɯɚ

ɛɭɪɧɨɝɨ

ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ

ɬɢɩɨɜ

ɢ

ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.

Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ

ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ

,

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɣ

ɨɬɞɟɥ

ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ

.

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ

(1971

ɝ

.),

ɇɂɂ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ

ɮɢɡɢɤɢ

(1993

ɝ

.)

ɋɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ

ɫ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɢ

ɭɱɟɛɧɵɦɢ

ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ

.

ȼ 1971 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ

ɥɚɡɟɪ-ɧɨɣ

ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ

ɛɵɥ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɣ

ɨɬɞɟɥ

ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ

.

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ

.

ȼ

1993

ɝ

.

ɧɚ

ɛɚɡɟ

ɷɬɨɝɨ

ɨɬɞɟɥɚ

ɛɵɥ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ

ɇɂɂ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ

ɮɢɡɢɤɢ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ

ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɢɥ

ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ

Ⱥɪɬɭɪ

Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜɢɱ

Ɇɚɤ (ɪɢɫ. 9).

ȼ

2005 ɝ. ɇɂɂ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɎȽɍɉ «ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ «ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ.

ɋ.ɂ. ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ»,

ɧɵɧɟ

ɈȺɈ «ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ.

ɋ.ɂ.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ».

ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ. ɋ.ɂ. ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ – ɨɞɢɧ

ɢɡ

ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ

ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ

ɫɬɪɚɧɵ

ɜ

ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ

ɮɢɡɢɤɢ

.

Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ

,

ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ

ɜ

ȽɈɂ

,

ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ

ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ

ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ.

ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ

ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɢ

ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ

ɇɂɂ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ

ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɢ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ (ɧɵɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ) ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ

ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

ɢ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨ

-

ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

ɫ

ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ

ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ

.

ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɪɚɛɨɬ

ɢ

ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ

ɜ

ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ȽɈɂ ɢɦ. ɋ.ɂ. ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [13], ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɞɟɫɶ

ɨɬɦɟ-ɬɢɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ.

(8)

. 9. . . , , ,

, ,

- ,

Ɉɞɧɨɣ

ɢɡ

ɫɚɦɵɯ

ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ

ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ

ɜ

70–80-

ɵɟ

ɝɨɞɵ

ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ

ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ

ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ

ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ

ɥɚ

-ɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ

ɬɟɪɦɨɹɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ

ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ

(

ɅɌɋ

).

ȼ

ȽɈɂ

ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ

ɩɨ

ɅɌɋ

ɛɵɥɢ

ɧɚɱɚɬɵ

ɜ

1963–1964

ɝ

.

ɝ

.

ɩɨ

ɢɧɢ

-ɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ

Ɇ

.

ɉ

.

ȼɚɧɸɤɨɜɚ

.

Ⱦɚɥɟɟ

ɷɬɢ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɢɥ

Ⱥ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ɇɚɤ

.

ɉɨɞ

ɟɝɨ

ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ

ɛɵɥɚ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ

ɲɟɫ

-ɬɢɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ

«

ɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ

» (

ɜ

ɮɢɥɢɚɥɟ

ȽɈɂ

ɜ

ɋɨɫɧɨɜɨɦ

Ȼɨɪɭ

),

ɧɚ

ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ

ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ

ɜ

ɦɢɪɟ

ɛɵɥɢ

ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ

ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ

ɫɨ

ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ

ɦɢɲɟɧɹɦɢ

ɩɪɢ

ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚɯ

ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ

ɫ

ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟ

-ɦɨɣ

ɮɨɪɦɨɣ

ɢ

ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ

(

ȼ

.

Ⱥ

.

ɋɟɪɟɛɪɹɤɨɜ

,

Ⱥ

.

Ⱦ

.

ɋɬɚɪɢɤɨɜ

,

Ⱥ

.

ȼ

.

ɑɚɪɭɯɱɟɜ

ɢ

ɞɪ

.).

ȼ

1970–1990

ɝ

.

ɝ

.

ɩɪɢ

ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ

ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ

ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ

ȽɈɂ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɛɵɥɨ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ

ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ

ɱɢɫɥɨ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

,

ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɞɜɭɯ

ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

ɛɵɥɢ

ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ

ɧɚ

ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ

ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ

Ⱥɪɦɢɢ

(

ɪɢɫ

. 10).

. 10. , . . .

. . . ( )

ɐɟɥɵɣ

ɪɹɞ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ

ɢ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ

ɛɵɥ

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ

ɧɚ

ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ

ɬɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɢ

ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ

ɥɚ

-ɡɟɪɨɜ

ɫ

ɦɚɥɨɣ

ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ

ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ

,

ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ

ɤ

ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ

,

ɧɚ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ

ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪɨɜ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɬɢɩɚ

,

ɧɚ

ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ

ɩɪɢɱɢɧ

ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ

ɜ

ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ

ɫɪɟɞɚɯ

ɢ

ɢɯ

ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ

,

ɧɚ

ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɬɨɱɧɨɣ

ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɢɢ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ

ɩɭɱɤɚ

,

ɚ

ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ

ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ

ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ

ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ

ɜ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ

ɫɪɟɞɚɯ

ɢ

ɨɩɬɢ

-ɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ

(

Ⱥ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ɇɚɤ

,

ɘ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ⱥɧɚɧɶɟɜ

,

ȼ

.

ȿ

.

ɒɟɪɫɬɨɛɢɬɨɜ

,

Ⱥ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ʌɟɳɟɜ

,

Ʌ

.

ɇ

.

ɋɨɦɫ

,

ɋ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ⱦɢɦɚɤɨɜ

ɢ

ɞɪ

.).

ɇɨɜɵɟ

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ

ɜ

ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

ɞɥɹ

ɅɌɋ

ɨɬɤɪɵɥɢ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɩɨ

ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ

ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ

ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ

ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ

ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ

ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ

ɢ

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ

ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ

ɩɢɤɨɫɟ

-ɤɭɧɞɧɵɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ

ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ

,

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ

ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ

ɧɚ

ɦɢɲɟɧɢ

ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ

ɞɨ

10

19

ȼɬ

/

ɫɦ

2

ɢ

ɩɨɥɭ

-ɱɢɬɶ

ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ

ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ

ɫ

ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɞɨ

10

15

ȼɬ

/

ɫɦ

2

(

ɋ

.

Ȼ

.

ɉɚɩɟɪɧɵɣ

,

ȼ

.

ȿ

.

əɲɢɧ

ɢ

ɞɪ

.)

(

ɪɢɫ

. 11).

Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ

ɦɟɫɬɨ

ɜ

ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ

ɨɬɞɟɥɚ

ȽɈɂ

ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ

ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ

ɬɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ

ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥɢ

ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ

ɜ

ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

ɫɜɹɡɢ

,

ɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ

ɢ

ɢɡ

-ɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

(

ȼ

.

ɂ

.

ɍɫɬɸɝɨɜ

,

Ⱥ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ɉɪɥɨɜ

ɢ

ɞɪ

.).

ɒɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ

ɜ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɦ

ɨɬɞɟɥɟ

ɩɨ

ɝɚɡɨɜɵɦ

ɥɚɡɟɪɚɦ

(

ɮɨɬɨɞɢɫ

-ɫɨɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ

,

ɋɈ

2

-

ɢ

ɋɈ

-

ɥɚɡɟɪɚɦ

)

ɩɨɞ

ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ

ɂ

.

Ɇ

.

Ȼɟɥɨɭɫɨɜɨɣ

,

Ɉ

.

Ȼ

.

Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨɜɚ

ɢ

ȼ

.

ȿ

.

ɒɟɪɫɬɨɛɢɬɨɜɚ

.

Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ

ɫ

ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ

ɢ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɦɢ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ

ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ

ɢ

ɫɢɫ

-ɬɟɦ

ɩɨɞ

ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ

ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ

ɇ

.

ɇ

.

Ɋɨɡɚɧɨɜɚ

(

ɪɢɫ

. 12)

ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ

ɮɪɨɧɬɨɦ

ɜɟɥɢɫɶ

ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɢɫ

(9)

ɱɢɫɥɟ

ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ

ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ

ɜ

ɫɪɟɞɚɯ

(

ɜɨɞɟ

ɢ

ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ

),

ɱɬɨ

ɞɚɥɨ

ɨɩɨɪɧɵɟ

ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ

ɞɥɹ

ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

.

. 11.

ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ

ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ

ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɜ

ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ

ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ

ɫɬɪɚɧɵ

,

ɩɪɟɠɞɟ

ɜɫɟɝɨ

ɜ

ɅɂɌɆɈ

,

ɆɂɎɂ

,

ɆɎɌɂ

,

Ʌɉɂ

ɢ

ɅɗɌɂ

.

Ɍɚɤ

,

ɜ

ɅɂɌɆɈ

ɜ

1970–1980

ɝ

.

ɝ

.

ɜɟɥɚɫɶ

ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ

ɪɚɛɨɬɚ

ɩɨ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ

ɬɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ

ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ

ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ

,

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ

ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ

-

ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ

ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɨɣ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ

,

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ

ɧɨɜɵɯ

ɬɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɨ

-

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ

ɚɤɬɢɜ

-ɧɵɯ

ɫɪɟɞ

ɧɚ

ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ

.

ɗɬɢ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ

ɜ

ɬɟɫɧɨɦ

ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ

ɤɚɤ

ɫ

ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ

,

ɬɚɤ

ɢ

ɫ

ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɦɢ

ɧɚɭɱɧɨ

-

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ

ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢ

ɢ

ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ

(

ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ

ɯɢɦɢɢ

ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɨɜ

Ⱥɇ

ɋɋɋɊ

,

ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ

ɨɛɳɟɣ

ɮɢɡɢɤɢ

Ⱥɇ

ɋɋɋɊ

,

ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ

ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ

,

ȽɈɂ

ɢɦ

.

ɋ

.

ɂ

.

ȼɚɜɢɥɨɜɚ

,

ɅɈɆɈ

ɢ

ɞɪ

.).

ȼ

1984–1989

ɝ

.

ɝ

.

ɧɚ

ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ

ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɨɣ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ

ɛɵɥ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ

ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɵɣ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɣ

ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɶ

ɫ

ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɦɢ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ

ɞɥɹ

ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ

ɩɨ

ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ

«

Ɏɨɛɨɫ

».

Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ

ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ

ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɚ

ɧɚɱɚɥɨ

ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ

ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ

ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ

ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ

ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɨɣ

ɷɥɟɤ

-ɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ

ɜ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ

ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ

ɩɨ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ

ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ

ɬɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ

ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ

ɫ

ɭɧɢ

-ɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ

.

Ɍɚɤ

,

ɞɥɹ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ

ɜ

ɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɨɥɨɝɢɢ

ɛɵɥ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ

ɬɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ

ɥɚɡɟɪ

ɫ

ɞɥɢɧɨɣ

ɜɨɥɧɵ

ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ

200

ɧɦ

,

ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ

ɫ

ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ

ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ

LMI

ɞɥɹ

ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ

ɛɵɥɚ

ɪɚɡ

-ɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ

ɬɪɟɯɜɨɥɧɨɜɚɹ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ

«

Ɉɧɢɤɫ

»,

ɞɥɹ

ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ

ɥɚɡɟɪ

ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ

ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ

ɧɚ

ɧɟɨɞɢɦɨɜɨɦ

ɫɬɟɤɥɟ

ɫ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɣ

ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ

ɛɨɥɟɟ

15

ɤȾɠ

,

ɞɥɹ

ɞɚɥɶɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ

ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ

ɬɢɩɨɜ

ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɯ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ

ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ

.

ȼ

ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ

ɜɪɟɦɹ

ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚ

ɧɨɫɢɬ

ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ

«

Ʉɚɮɟɞɪɚ

ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ

ɬɟɯ

-ɧɢɤɢ

ɢ

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