ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN NORTHWEST
The so-called “compression” of social and economic space has been the subject of quite a few studies in the past decades. There are two principle types of compres-sion: communicative, that is, associated with the development of transport and in-formation systems, and physical, mani-fested in the rapid decrease of the number of new territories to explore. While physi-cal and communicative compression are in-terrelated, they have different spatial ex-pressions depending on geographical con-ditions, economic, environmental, histori-cal, and political characteristics of the re-gion. The authors identify the patterns of communicative and physical space com-pression using comparative mapping, sta-tistical and historical research methods, and a model showing the spatial differen-tiation of regional socioeconomic charac-teristics in the Northwestern Federal Dis-trict. The study focuses on border areas, where the following key manifestations of compression have been identified: trans-port connectivity, level of agriculture de-velopment, and depopulation. All these in-dicators of space compression process are studied at the municipal level. The authors identify the key features of socioeconomic space compression for the border areas of the Russian Northwest.
Key words: socТoeconomТc space
com-pressТon, communТcatТve connectТvТtв, economТc development of terrТtorТes, de-populatТon
Over tСe past quarter centurв, Rus-sТa’s European part Сas eбperТenced steadв depopulatТon Тn rural areas. BotС populatТon and economТc actТvТtТes concentrate Тn tСe admТnТstratТve
cen-SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SPACE COMPRESSION IN BORDER AREAS: THE CASE
OF THE NORTHWESTERN FEDERAL DISTRICT
E. Romanova
*,
O. Vinogradova
*,
I. Frizina
** Immanuel Kant BaltТc Federal UnТversТtв
14 A. NevskТ St.,
KalТnТnРrad, βγ6041, RussТa
Submitted on April 15, 2015
doТŚ 10.59ββ/β079-8555-β015-γ-γ © Romanova E., VТnoРradova O.,
29 tres and suburbs. TСТs Сas often been mentТoned bв RussТan researcСers, аСo also stress tСe spatТal СeteroРeneТtв of tСe ‘centre-perТpСerв’ sвstem [γś 4ś 8ś 15ś ββ]. PolarТsatТon processes observed Тn non-Black eartС reРТons trТРРered pСвsТcal compressТon of tСe socТoeconomТc space — economТc actТvТtТes are concentrated аТtСТn tСe selected nodes and development centres leadТnР to tСe ‘desertТfТcatТon’ of Тntra-node spaces [β1]. StudТes Тnto tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon’s landscape envТronment and settlement and nature manaРement sвs-tems conducted at IKBFU over tСe past tаentв вears Сave sСoаn tСat tСe compact border reРТon Тs mucС less polarТsed tСan tСe central reРТons of non-Black eartС RussТa. Supposedlв, space Тs deformed dТfferentlв Тn border ar-eas affected bв tСe ‘border effect’. TСТs studв focuses on tСe NortСаestern federal dТstrТct (NWFD), eТРСt of аСose eleven reРТons border on foreТРn states. Moreover, fТve of tСese reРТons Сave land borders, ТncludТnР tСose crossТnР rТvers and lakes.
TСТs аork aТms to ТdentТfв Сoа tСe socТoeconomТc space compressТon affects tСe border dТstrТcts of tСe NWFD.
Two interpretations of the ‘space compression’ concept as applied to the studied territory
TСe term ‘space compressТon’ аas coТned bв D. Harveв Тn 1990 [γ1] РaТnТnР аТde currencв amonР RussТan and ТnternatТonal socТal РeoРrapСers, socТoloРТsts, and economТsts [4—6ś 11ś 1γś β8ś γ0ś γβś γγ]. TСe tаo modern ТnterpretatТons of tСese concept аere consТdered Тn detaТl bв A.I. TreвvТsС, L.A. Beгrukov et al. Тn β010 at a conference Тn tСe toаn of MвsСkТn and Тn tСe Demoscope e-journal [γś 8ś 15ś 16ś 19ś β1—βγś β7]. TСese are tСe com-munТcatТve compressТon of space (tСrouРС reducТnР transport travel tТme and due to tСe development of ТnformatТon tecСnoloРв) and tСe pСвsТcal com-pressТon resultТnР from a decrease Тn tСe area of reclaТmed lands.
TСe communТcatТve compressТon of space Тs an Тncrease Тn tСe Тnternal coСesТon of tСe oecumene manТfested Тn tСe reductТon of tТme requТred for transportТnР people and carРoes. TСe ‘end of dТstances’ Сas been dТscussed Тn tСe West sТnce tСe second Сalf of tСe β0tС centurв [β9ś γ4ś γ5]. Indeed, due to advances Тn transportatТon, passenРers and carРoes moved Тn tСe β0tС centurв аТtС ТncreasТnР speed, аСereas transportatТon costs аere de-creasТnР [16ś 19ś γ4—γ6]. TСe development of communТcatТons (prТmarТlв, mobТle telecommunТcatТons) as аell as ТnformatТon sвstems (e-maТl and tСe Internet) resulted Тn Тncreased connectТvТtв betаeen countrТes and contТ-nents, аСТcС contrТbuted to tСe communТcatТve space compressТon. Hoа-ever, even Тn tСe β1st centurв, Тt Тs stТll earlв to speak of tСe Рlobal nature of tСТs pСenomenon. TСere are vast spaces, аСose populatТon stТll does not enjoв access to modern transportatТon and ТnformatТon sвstems, аСТcС Тs also tСe case Тn RussТa.
pСвsТcal compressТon — tСe reductТon Тn tСe areas of reclaТmed lands — Сas been dТscussed Тn relatТon to tСe countrв’s European part [4ś 1βś 14ś β0].
DespТte tСe seemТnР СeteroРeneТtв, tСese pСenomena are closelв con-nected. A decrease Тn tСe economТc actТvТtв on ‘old’ reclaТmed terrТtorТes of-ten results Тn tСe destructТon of Тnfrastructure, аСТcС elТmТnates tСe possТ-bТlТtв of space compressТon.
TСТs studв Тnterprets tСe pСвsТcal compressТon of socТoeconomТc space Тn tСe NWFD border areas as a reductТon Тn tСe areas of reclaТmed lands, Т.e. tСose used Тn economТc, recreatТonal, and otСer Сuman actТvТtТes. TСe pСвsТ-cal compressТon of economТc space Тs manТfested Тn a reductТon Тn cultТvated terrТtorТes, mostlв tСose used Тn aРrТculture and forestrв, and depopulatТon of rural areas. TСe opposТte process аТll be called space ‘eбpansТon’ cСaracter-Тsed bв an Тncrease Тn reclaТmed areas to tСe poТnt of joТnТnР.
AnotСer aspect of tСe studв Тs eбamТnТnР tСe reclamatТon deРree of tСe studТed areas. Increases Тn tСe populatТon densТtв and tСe landscape load are determТned bв several factors, for Тnstance, tСe dТrectТon of mТРratТon floаs. If tСe populatТon Тs ‘redТstrТbuted’ across tСe reРТon, tСe concentratТon of populatТon and dТfferent actТvТtТes Тncreases Тn attractТve areas. If mТРratТon Тs dТrected beвond tСe reРТon, tСe concentratТon of populatТon and economТc actТvТtТes mТРСt not take place Тn tСe remaТnТnР areas. In tСТs case, botС space and polarТsatТon anТsotropв Тncreases.
In tСТs studв, tСe second ТnterpretatТon of space compressТon — tСe cept of ‘communТcatТve space compressТon’ — аТll be replaced bв tСe con-cept of ‘communТcatТve permeabТlТtв’. If tСe space betаeen transport corrТ-dors Тs used ТnsuffТcТentlв, as B.B. Rodoman stresses, Тts anТsotropв Тn-creases, Т.e. tСe space becomes less permeable. If tСe space Тs evenlв re-claТmed, Тf Тt Сas a Рood Тnfrastructure, Тt becomes communТcatТvelв perme-able. CommunТcatТve permeabТlТtв Тs manТfested spatТallв Тn transport acces-sТbТlТtв, terrТtorв’s area, dТstance from a paved road, mobТle coveraРe, and Internet access.
Physical space compression — reduction in the reclaimed land area (spatial aspects of land management)
31 and LenТnРrad reРТons, onlв γ7.9% of aРrТcultural lands are actТvelв used Тn aРrТculture [46]. TСe LenТnРrad reРТon cannot be compared аТtС tСe otСers Тn terms of economТc and РeoРrapСТcal cСaracterТstТcs — Тt Тs not onlв a border area, but also a satellТte of tСe larРest cТtв Тn NortС-West RussТa — SaТnt PetersburР. TСerefore, tСe Pskov and KalТnТnРrad reРТons аere cСosen for furtСer ТnvestТРatТon. TСe NovРorod reРТon, аСТcС neТРС-bours tСe Pskov reРТon but does not border anв foreТРn states, Тs analвsed to ТdentТfв tСe ‘border area effect’.
TСe studв focuses on aРrТculture, sТnce commercТal forestrв Тs absent Тn tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon due to Тts loа forest coveraРe, аСereas tСe Pskov and NovРorod reРТons boast a developТnР forest Тndustrв. TСe most spatТallв rep-resentatТve brancС of aРrТculture Тs СortТculture, sТnce anТmal Сusbandrв (es-pecТallв, daТrв Сusbandrв and pТР farmТnР) are usuallв located Тn compact areas and fodder productТon ТndТcators are Тncluded under Рeneral СortТcul-ture performance.
In Рeneral, tСe aРroclТmatТc condТtТons are ratСer sТmТlar Тn tСese re-РТons. TСe dТfferences betаeen tСe KalТnТnРrad and tСe NovРorod/Pskov reРТons lТe Тn tСe veРetatТon perТod (Тt Тs lonРer Тn tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon), аСereas all tСree of tСem are sТmТlar Тn terms of РroаТnР-deРree daвs. Snoа cover deptС and stabТlТtв Тs СТРСer Тn tСe Pskov and NovРorod re-РТons, аСТcС posТtТvelв affects аТnter crops [6]. TСe precТpТtatТon-evapo-ratТon ratТo ranРes from 1.γ to 1.5 Тn all tСree reРТons, аСТcС Тs ТndТcatТve of аater saturatТon. TСe aРrocСemТcal cСaracterТstТcs of sod-podгol soТl are comparable. TСe sod-podгol soТls account for 69% of tСe terrТtorв Тn tСe NovРorod, 7γ% Тn tСe Pskov, and 50% Тn tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon. Broаn forest soТls, аСТcС Сave sТmТlar aРronomТc propertТes, account for β0.4% [β]. In all reРТons, most lands Рroа sprТnР and аТnter аСeat, oat, and bar-leв, Т.e. cereals, аСose вТeld depends on tСe level of aРrТcultural tecС-nТques. TСerefore, tСe level of СortТculture development and Тts dТstrТct dТf-ferentТatТon are affected more bв socТoeconomТc condТtТons tСan envТron-mental cСaracterТstТcs.
In aРrТculture, tСe economТc space compressТon Тs manТfested Тn tаo parameters — tСe cropland area (tСe reverse parameter Тs tСe falloа land area) and tСe вТeld of crops (determТnes tСe deРree of СortТculture Тnten-sТtв). Some scСolar stress a trend toаards a РroаТnР area of abandoned aРrТcultural lands and a reductТon Тn tСe вТeld (especТallв, Тn tСe nortСern dТstrТcts of ТntensТve aРrТculture) as tСe dТstance from tСe reРТonal centres Тncreases [9].
dТfference Тn tСe NovРorod reРТon Тs β0-fold, ranРТnР from 6β.6% Тn tСe most advanced to 5 and γ.8% Тn tСe most depressТve dТstrТcts. TСerefore, tСere Тs no pronounced cropland percentaРe dТfferentТatТon Тn tСe KalТnТn-Рrad reРТon. In tСe Pskov and NovРorod reРТons, tСe dТfferences folloа tСe ‘centre-perТpСerв’ аatersСed.
FТР. 1. Cropland area percentaРe Тn tСe Pskov reРТon, %
DistrictsŚ 1 — BeгСanТtsв, β — VelТkТe LukТ, γ — Gdov, 4 — DedovТcСТ,
5 — Dno, 6 — KrasnoРorodsk, 7 — Kunвa, 8 — Loknвa, 9 — Nevel, 10 — NovorгСev, 11 — NovosokolnТkТ, 1β — OpocСka,
1γ — Ostrov, 14 — PalkТno, 15 — PecСorв, 16 — Plвussa, 17 — PorkСov, 18 — Pskov, 19 — PustosСka, β0 — PusСkТnskТвe Gorв,
33 Physical space compression — decrease in land reclamation rate
TСe вТeld of cereals Тs an ТndТcator of crap farmТnР ТntensТtв. Almost all dТstrТcts of tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon boast advanced aРrТcultural tecСnТques. In β014, aРaТnst tСe backРround of favourable аeatСer condТtТons, tСe averaРe вТeld of leРumes reacСed 4100 kР/Сa. In tСТs respect, tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon entered top ten of RussТan reРТons and ranked fТrst Тn terms of rapeseed вТeld (β500 kР/Сa). TСe СТРСest cereal crop аas observed Тn tСe Polessk (5740 kР/Сa), Slavsk, Nesterov, and Gusev dТstrТcts (4160, 4970, and 5010 kР/Сa) (fТР.β) [γ8].
FТР. β. Cereal crop Тn tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon, kР/Сa, β01γ .
DistrictsŚ 1 — Slavsk, β — Neman, γ — Krasnoгnamensk,
4 — ZelenoРradsk, 5 — Polessk, 6 — Gurвevsk, 7 — Gvardeвsk, 8 — CСernвakСovsk, 9 — Gusev, 10 — Nesterov, 11 — BaРratТonovsk,
1β — PravdТnsk, 1γ — Oгersk
TСe averaРe cereal crop Тn tСe Pskov reРТon Тs at 1790 kР/Сa ranРТnР from γ740 kР/Сa Тn tСe Nevel, γ100 kР/Сa Тn tСe Ostrov, and β570 kР/Сa Тn tСe Pskov dТstrТcts to 840 kР/Сa Тn tСe Loknвa, 970 kР/Сa Тn tСe NovorгСev, and 10γ0 kР/Сa Тn tСe DedovТcСТ dТstrТcts [41].
As to tСe вТeld dТstrТbutТon, one can dТstТnРuТsС tаo tвpes of perТpСerТes Тn tСe Pskov reРТon — Тn tСe NortС (at tСe border аТtС tСe NovРorod reРТon) and tСe SoutСeast (at tСe border аТtС tСe Smolensk reРТon) (fТР. γ). MaбТ-mum cereal crop Тs Сarvested Тn tСe suburban dТstrТcts and tСose borderТnР on tСe RepublТc of Belarus.
In β01γ, tСe averaРe cereal crop Тn tСe NovРorod reРТon аas 1990 kР/Сa (ranРТnР from 860 to γβ00 kР/Сa) [4γ]. TСere Тs a compact Рroup of ‘soutС-ern perТpСerв’ dТstrТcts at tСe border аТtС tСe Pskov and Tver reРТons.
and Pskov reРТons. TСe dТsparТtТes Тn tСe cropland area percentaРe and вТeld are ТnsТРnТfТcant amonР tСe KalТnТnРrad munТcТpalТtТesś and tСeв tend to nar-roа. Hoаever, Тn tСe Pskov and NovРorod reРТons, tСese dТsparТtТes are more sТРnТfТcant. TСerefore, one can speak of tСe pСвsТcal compressТon of economТc space Тn tСese areas.
FТР. γ. Cereal crop Тn tСe Pskov reРТon as of β01γ, kР/Сa For leРend, see fТР. 1
Physical space compression — depopulation of rural areas
35 β010 census, tСe number of unpopulated rural settlements or tСose аТtС feаer tСan 10 resТdents accounted for γ0.9% Тn tСe Murmansk reРТon, γ0.7% Тn KarelТa, γ0.8% Тn tСe LenТnРrad reРТon, and 46.6% Тn tСe Pskov reРТon. Onlв tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon stands out аТtС 7.9% of unpopulated rural settlements [γ7—4β]. One can assume Тn vТeа of tСe current demo-РrapСТc and mТРratТon trends tСat tСe depopulatТon of rural areas Сas Тn-creased sТnce tСe last census. TСТs sТtuatТon makes tСe аestern border ar-eas of RussТa a terrТtorв of cТtТes аТtС a СТРС proportТon of urban popula-tТon (from 9β.8% Тn tСe Murmansk to 65.7% Тn tСe LenТnРrad reРТon). AltСouРС most small toаns (eбcept for tСose Тn tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon) are losТnР populatТon, urban settlements are ТncreasТnРlв surrounded bв depopulated terrТtorТes, аСТcС аere dubbed ‘Тnternal perТpСerв’ bв T.G. Nefedova [14—16]. TСe landscape of tСe аestern borderlands Тs becomТnР ТncreasТnРlв polarТsed [β0ś β1].
SТnce β010, tСe total populatТon of tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon Сas Рroаn due to a populatТon Тncrease, аСereas dТverse trends are observed Тn tСe rural ar-eas (fТР. 4). In β009-β01γ, tСe populatТon of tСe BaРratТonovsk, Gurвevsk, Krasnoгnamensk, and Oгersk dТstrТcts Тncreased. In tСe case of tСe suburban dТstrТct of Gurвevsk, tСТs Тncrease Тs a result of botС a posТtТve mТРratТon rate (14β9 people arrТved Тn β01γ) and tСe natural Тncrease (tСe СТРСest natural Тncrease rate Тn tСe reРТon of 4.β ‰). In tСe otСer dТstrТcts, populatТon Рreа due to natural Тncrease (natural Тncrease rates ranРТnР from 0.6 to γ.9 ‰ Тn β01γ). Gvardeвsk, Gusev, ZelenoРradsk, Polessk, Slavsk, and CСernвak-Сovsk Сave ratСer stable populatТon (аТtСТn 5% of tСe total populatТon, as of β009), аСТcС Тs accounted for bв a loа out-mТРratТon rate and a close to гero natural Тncrease. A steadв decrease Тn populatТon tСrouРСout tСe fТve-вear perТod аas observed Тn tСe PravdТnsk (10.γ%), Nesterov (6.7%), and Neman (7.9%) dТstrТcts as a result of out-mТРratТon not onlв from rural areas, but al-so tСe dТstrТct centres.
TСe populatТon of tСe Pskov reРТon Сas been steadТlв decreasТnР over manв decades. Hoаever, tСe natural decrease rate reduced Тn β005 — β014 from 15.7 to 7.6‰. A relatТvelв stable populatТon Тs observed onlв of tСe Pskov and tСree remote dТstrТcts of VelТkТвe LukТ (аСose centre Тs tСe re-РТon’s second larРest toаn), SebeгС (border area), and Usvвatв. In tСese dТs-trТcts, tСe populatТon decrease rate аas beloа 5% over tСe past 5 вears (fТР. 5). TСe maбТmum decrease rate Тs observed Тn tСe alreadв scarcelв pop-ulated dТstrТcts of Gdov, KrasnoРorodsk, Loknвa, NovosokolnТkТ, PorkСov and StruРТ Krasnвe [41]. Moreover, tСe Gdov, PorkСova, and StruРТ Krasnвe dТstrТcts border on tСe Pskov dТstrТct, from аСТcС people probablв move to tСe suburbs.
FТР 4. PopulatТon cСanРe Тn tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon Тn β009-β01γ, %. For leРend, see fТР. β
37 AnotСer Тmportant ТndТcator of depopulatТon Тs tСe proportТon of scarcelв populated (a populatТon of feаer tСan sТб people) and abandoned rural set-tlements. SucС settlements account for onlв 7.9% of all rural settlements Тn tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon and 46.6% Тn tСe Pskov reРТon [41ś 4β]. TСe most ‘deserted’ dТstrТcts of tСe Pskov reРТons are tСose of BeгСanТtsв, NovorгСev, and Ostrov, аСere 6β% of settlements are abandoned. TСese dТstrТcts are sТt-uated Тn tСe Тnternal dТstrТcts to tСe soutС from tСe reРТonal centresś tСeв are neТtСer border, nor suburban areas, аСТcС makes tСem tСe so-called ‘Тnternal perТpСerв’ (fТР. 6).
FТР. 6. TСe proportТon of scarcelв populated (< 6 people) and abandoned rural settlements Тn tСe Pskov reРТon, % of tСe total number of rural settlements.
For leРend, see fТР. 1
TСe most populated dТstrТcts are tСose borderТnР VelТkв NovРorodś depopu-latТon Тncreases toаards tСe perТpСerв.
TСerefore, tСe depopulatТon pСenomena observed Тn tСe Pskov Тs absent Тn tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon. UnlТke tСe Тnland NovРorod reРТon, аСere de-populatТon Тncreases from tСe centre to tСe perТpСerв, Тn tСe Pskov reРТon, Тt Тs pronounced Тn tСe Тnternal dТstrТct, аСereas tСe border dТstrТcts remaТn ra-tСer stable.
Physical space compression — changes in population density
Over tСe past fТve вears, studТes Тnto tСe populatТon densТtв Тn rural areas of tСe KalТnТnРrad and Pskov reРТons Сave sСoаn certaТn dТffer-ences. As of β014, tСe densТtв of rural populatТon Тn tСe munТcТpal dТs-trТcts of tСe Pskov reРТon ranРed from 1.9 people/kmβ (BeгСanТtsв dТs-trТct) to 10.6 people/kmβ (Pskov), аСereas Тn tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon, Тt ranРed from 7.1 people/kmβ (Krasnoгnamensk dТstrТct) to γ1.7 peo-ple/kmβ (Gurвevsk). TСe dТfferences Тn fТve-вear rates of rural populatТon densТtв cСanРe over tСe past fТve вears are even more dramatТc. In β014, tСe populatТon densТtв of most rural areas of tСe Pskov reРТon аas 76— 9β% of tСe β009 level. Onlв tСe suburban Pskov dТstrТct sСoаs a posТtТve rate (108.β%). In tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon, tСe rates of rural populatТon densТtв cСanРe dТffer avoТdТnР tСe ‘centre-perТpСerв’ pattern. In β014, tСe rate of rural populatТon densТtв cСanРe аas sТmТlar Тn tСe suburban Gu-rвevsk and remote Krasnoгnamensk dТstrТcts reacСТnР 109%. TСe neРa-tТve rates of populatТon densТtв cСanРe ranРe from 9β.γ to 96.8 % (Тn four out of tСТrteen rural dТstrТcts).
Theoretical interpretation of the obtained results
Space polarТsatТon folloаs a dТfferent pattern Тn tСe border reРТons tСan Тn tСe ‘Тnland’ ones. TСe borderland condТtТons dТstort tСe ‘centre-perТpСerв’ sвstem, sТnce border cСeckpoТnts РТve a boost to economТc, busТness, and otСer actТvТtТes. TСe deformatТon of socТoeconomТc space Тs caused bв manв polТtТcal, economТc, demoРrapСТc, and РeoРrapСТc fac-tors, аСТcС provТde opportunТtТes for benefТtТnР from tСe ‘border effect’. TСe above analвsТs of tСe selected areas sСoаs tСat tСe most Тmportant factors for tСe spatТal dТmensТon of socТoeconomТc space compressТon are as folloаsŚ
— tСe sТгe and coСesТon of tСe terrТtorв,
39 The territory’s size and cohesion. TСe sТгe of tСe reРТon’s terrТtorв and tСe eбТstТnР transport sвstem determТne Тts communТcatТve permeabТl-Тtв. Moreover, a small area Тncreases tСe sТРnТfТcance of tСe border effect, аСТcС РТves munТcТpalТtТes and economТc entТtТes addТtТonal opportunТtТes for enterТnР tСe eбternal market.
General geographical and demographic situation in the region af-fects all aspects of socТoeconomТc space compressТon [7ś β4—β6]. A Рen-eral populatТon decrease and out-mТРratТon from rural areas to tСe reРТonal centre/suburban гone create larРe terrТtorТes аТtС a populatТon densТtв be-loа 5 people/kmβ (Тn some areas, 1 person/kmβ). SucС populatТon densТtв makes contТnuous reclamatТon of tСe terrТtorв ТmpossТble. ReclaТmed areas reduce to dТsconnected ‘Сotspots’. Space anТsotropв Тncreases. In tСese condТtТons, tСe border effect — ТnsТРnТfТcant for tСe majorТtв of popula-tТon — Тs tanРТble onlв Тn tСe reРТonal centre, suburban dТstrТcts, and bor-der dТstrТcts.
Migration increase/decrease and its redistribution within the re-gion. In tСe condТtТons of natural decrease, tСe mТРratТon Тncrease con-trТbutes to tСe stabТlТtв of border reРТons, sТnce part of mТРrants settles Тn tСe rural area tСus preventТnР depopulatТon. TСe effect of mТРratТon Тn-crease on tСe borderland polarТsatТon depends on Тts scale as compared to natural decrease. In tСe condТtТons of depopulatТon and Тnfrastructure de-clТne, reРТonal populatТon redТstrТbutТon contrТbutes to space polarТsatТon, sТnce populatТon tends to mТРrate to reРТonal centres or suburbs. A stable demoРrapСТc sТtuatТon and developed transport Тnfrastructure maв de-crease polarТsatТon and level tСe populatТon densТtв Тn adjacent and re-mote suburbs.
Internal and external communicative permeability.Internal
perme-ability. As compared to tСe otСer terrТtorТes of tСe NWFD, Тts аestern
For Тnstance, Тn tСe Pskov reРТons, larРe terrТtorТes are sТtuated at dТstances of more tСan 5 km from paved roads. TСe terrТtorв’s Тnternal coСesТon also depends on tСe frequencв of suburban and ТntercТtв publТc transportatТon.
Internal communТcatТve permeabТlТtв affects pСвsТcal compressТon of tСe socТoeconomТc space as folloаsŚ a СТРСer level of permeabТlТtв means more emploвment opportunТtТes for reРТonal populatТon, sТnce job searcС Тs no lonРer lТmТted bв tТme- and transportatТon-related and fТnancТal con-sТderatТons. Job searcС Тs less affected bв tСe place of resТdence. Popula-tТon of rural and urban settlements stabТlТses, and tСe аСole terrТtorв Тs developed evenlв. A compact terrТtorв аТtС a developed transportatТon sвstem ensures a СТРС communТcatТve permeabТlТtв. AlonРsТde tСe trans-port sвstem, communТcatТve permeabТlТtв depends on tСe mobТle cover-aРe and Internet access. MobТle covercover-aРe dТffers Тn tСe аestern border-lands from tСe maбТmum (more tСan 90% of tСe terrТtorв) Тn tСe LenТn-Рrad and KalТnТnLenТn-Рrad reРТons and tСe mТnТmum (less tСan 50%) Тn tСe Pskov reРТon [44]). MobТle telecommunТcatТons and tСe development of Internet also contrТbute to a СТРС deРree of terrТtorТal development mak-ТnР Тt possТble to enjoв varТous servТces, аork from Сome, and benefТt from dТstance learnТnР opportunТtТes, аСТcС makes tСe envТronment more comfortable and supports tСe stabТlТtв of tСe РeoРrapСТc and demoРrapСТc sТtuatТon.
External communicative permeability Тs ensured bв tСe border
41 Pskov reРТon prove tСe above tСesТs — tСeв are crossed onlв bв raТlаaвs and motorаaвs, tСe number of paved Тnter-reРТonal roads Тs ТnsТРnТfТcant. Probablв, Тnternal permeabТlТtв sСould be estТmated tСe same аaв as eбter-nal permeabТlТtв.
To cСaracterТse a reРТon’s eбternal communТcatТve space compressТon Тn Тts classТcal ТnterpretatТon (Т.e. a dramatТc decrease Тn travel tТmes), Тt Тs Тmportant to consТder tСe publТc transport connectТons betаeen tСe ter-rТtorв and natТonal reРТons and tСe neТРСbourТnР terrТtorТes of foreТРn states (aТr, raТlаaв, and motor servТces). WТtСout takТnР Тnto account tСe SaТnt PetersburР transport node, tСe most developed aТr connectТon Тs found Тn tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon (10 routes, over 60 аeeklв flТРСts to Moscoа and over 40 to SaТnt PetersburР) folloаed bв tСe Murmansk re-РТon. TСe Pskov reРТon and KarelТa enjoв more developed raТlаaв trans-portatТon Тn comparТson to tСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon [45]. Moreover, tСe Pskov reРТon Сas a favourable posТtТon for motor transport — federal and ТnternatТonal motorаaвs run tСrouРС Тts terrТtorв. TСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon does not Сave bus connectТons to otСer RussТan cТtТes, аСТcС Тs eбplaТned bв Тts specТal РeoРrapСТcal posТtТon.
A СТРС level of eбternal communТcatТve compressТon contrТbutes to tСe deformatТon of reРТonal socТoeconomТc space, sТnce terrТtorТes adjoТn-ТnР cСeckpoТnts and ТnternatТonal transport corrТdors tend to concentrate economТc actТvТtТes. A space deformatТon deРree depends on tСe level of ТnternatТonal cooperatТon development and a current РeopolТtТcal sТtua-tТon, as аell as tСe sТгe of tСe terrТtorв and communТcatТve permeabТlТtв of tСe border reРТon. If tСe terrТtorв Тs poorlв developed beвond РroаtС poles and transport corrТdors, space anТsotropв Тncreases, tСe effect of re-claТmed space compressТon spreads, and tСe landscape becomes Тncreas-ТnРlв polarТsed. In compact areas, a СТРС deРree of communТcatТve com-pressТon — accompanТed bв suffТcТent Тnternal permeabТlТtв — results Тn even terrТtorТal development. Moreover, Тt cusСТons tСe effect of pСвsТcal space compressТon.
Conclusions
TСe effect of socТoeconomТc space compressТon manТfests dТfferentlв Тn tСe NWFD borderlands and Тnternal reРТons, аСere Тt folloаs tСe ‘centre-perТpСerв’ pattern.
SocТoeconomТc space compressТon Тs Тnterpreted as tСe pСвsТcal com-pressТon of areas enРaРed Тn dТfferent Сuman actТvТtТes, as аell as a Рeneral sloаdoаn.
re-РТon Тs used Тn tСТs studв Тnstead of tСe term ‘communТcatТve space com-pressТon’.
TСe border KalТnТnРrad and Pskov reРТons аere cСosen as focus ter-rТtorТes due to tСeТr sТmТlar РeoРrapСТcal posТtТon and envТronmental con-dТtТons. TСe NovРorod reРТon does not border on foreТРn states, Тt аas cСosen for tСe purposes of comparТson.
TСe NovРorod reРТon demonstrates tвpТcal terrТtorв dТfferentТatТon folloаТnР tСe ‘centre-perТpСerв’ pattern cСaracterТstТc of tСe non-Black eartС areas of tСe RussТan FederatТon. StudТes Сave sСoаn tСat tСe ef-fect of pСвsТcal compressТon of economТc space Тs tаofold Тn tСe border reРТon — tСe ‘border effect’ does not affect tСe cropland area propor-tТon and cereal crop. Hoаever, tСe maбТmum depopulapropor-tТon level Тs reР-Тstered Тn tСe ‘Тnland’ areas, аСereas borderlands prove to be stable. TСe KalТnТnРrad reРТon’s rural areas are Сardlв affected bв depopula-tТon processes. Moreover, Тnternal dТstrТct dТfferentТadepopula-tТon bв tСe aРrТ-cultural development level Тs almost absent Тn tСe reРТon. Due to tСe re-РТon’s compact area and a developed road netаork, tСe border effect spreads tСrouРСout Тts terrТtorв.
TСe above analвsТs of terrТtorТes sСoаs tСat, Тn border areas, tСe keв factors beСТnd tСe spatТal dТmensТon of socТoeconomТc space compressТon are tСe terrТtorв’s area, Рeneral РeoРrapСТcal and demoРrapСТc sТtuatТon, mТРratТon Тncrease/decrease and Тts dТstrТbutТon аТtСТn tСe reРТon, and tСe terrТtorв’s Тnternal and eбternal communТcatТve permeabТlТtв.
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About the authors
Dr Elena Romanova, AssocТate Professor, tСe Department of Urban
De-velopment, Land ManaРement and DesТРn, Immanuel Kant BaltТc Federal UnТversТtв, RussТa.
E-maТlŚ alberta6γ@maТl.ru
Dr Olga Vinogradova, AssocТate Professor, tСe Department of Urban
Development, Land ManaРement and DesТРn, Immanuel Kant BaltТc Federal UnТversТtв, RussТa.
E-maТlŚ olvТnoРr69@maТl.ru
Irina Frizina, PСD student, Immanuel Kant BaltТc Federal UnТversТtв,
RussТa.
