ɍȾɄ 330.3:005.591.6(474)
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɟ-ɝɢɨɧɭ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨ-ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-ɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ. ȼ ɫɜɹ-ɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹ» ɢ «ɮɚɤɬɨ-ɪɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɉɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ-ɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɪɟ-ɝɢɨɧɚ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚ-ɥɢɡ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɛɭɞɭ-ɳɟɦ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɛɵɥ ɫɨɛɪɚɧ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɫɬɚɬɢ-ɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
К : ɪɟɝɢɨɧ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣ -ɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɮɚɤ
-ɬɨɪɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚ
-ɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɪɚ
-ɛɨɬɚ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɩɨɤɚ
-ɡɚɬɟɥɢɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥ
-ɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ (ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɵ ɩɨ
-ɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɟɜɹɬɶ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ: Ⱦɚ
-ɧɢɸ, ɗɫɬɨɧɢɸ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɸ, Ƚɟɪɦɚ
-ɧɢɸ, Ʌɚɬɜɢɸ, Ʌɢɬɜɭ, ɉɨɥɶɲɭ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ
ɢ ɒɜɟɰɢɸ) ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɚ
ɫɚɦ ɨɧ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɜɟ
-ɬɚɸɳɢɦ. ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣ
-ɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɫɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ
-àççéÇÄñàéççõâ èêéñÖëë
Ç êÖÉàéçÖ
ÅÄãíàâëäéÉé åéêü
ï. åÂÍËÌÂÌ
**ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɌɭɪɤɭ
.
FI-20014, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ, Ɍɭɪɤɭ.
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ɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢɞɪɭɝ ɫɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟɢɦɟɟɬɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɥɹɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɜɧɟɝɨ. ɊɟɝɢɨɧȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹɬɚɤɠɟɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɜɚɠ
-ɧɵɦɰɟɧɬɪɨɦɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɜȿɜɪɨɩɟ — ɧɚɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ-ɱɥɟɧɵ
ȿɋ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɜɪɟɝɢɨɧ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɨɤɨɥɨ 30% ȼȼɉȿɜɪɨɫɨɸɡɚ. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣ
-ɫɤɢɣɫɨɸɡɬɚɤɠɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹɢɩɪɢɧɹɥ
ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸɞɥɹɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹ (ɩɟɪɜɭɸɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸȿɋɦɚɤɪɨɪɟ
-ɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ), ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɭ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɫɜɨɣɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɢɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢɢɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɚɹɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹɫɪɟɞɚ
ȼɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟɜɪɟɦɹɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦɷɤɨ
-ɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɨɧɢɬɚɤɠɟɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦɞɥɹɨɬɜɟɬɚɧɚɜɵ
-ɡɨɜɵ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨ
-ɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɢɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹ — ɷɬɨ «ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɧɨɜɨɝɨɢɥɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɬɨɜɚɪɚɢɥɢɭɫ
-ɥɭɝɢ) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪ
-ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɜɞɟɥɨɜɨɣɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨɦɟɫɬɚ
ɢɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ» [13, ɪ. 46]. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ «ɇɨɪɞɢɤ ɂɧɧɨ -ɜɟɣɲɧ» (Nordic Innovation)1 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɸɤɚɤ «ɧɨɜɵɣɢɥɢɭɫɨ
-ɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɭɫɥɭɝɭ, ɬɨɜɚɪɢɥɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɢɥɢɢɧɭɸɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢɷɬɨɦɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹ
ɜɚɠɧɚɤɚɤɞɥɹɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤɢɞɥɹɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ» [11].
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ
-ɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɪɵɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɩɪɨɫ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟ
-ɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ — ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚ
-ɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɣɫɩɪɨɫ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɟɣ [10].
ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ
ɫɩɪɨɫ, ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɨɪɝɚ
-ɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ [11]. Ⱦɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɭɫɩɟɯ, ɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɧɭɠɞɚɦ ɩɨ
-ɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɟɞɶɩɪɨɫɬɨɫɞɟɥɚɬɶɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ — ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟɢɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ — ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɜɫɟɛɹɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸɢ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦɜɧɟɲɧɢɟɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢɧ
-ɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵ. ȼɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ
ɦɟɠɞɭɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸɢɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɢɧɧɨɜɚ
-ɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ.
Ɇɟɫɬɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɛɟɡ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, — ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
ɞɥɹɫɮɟɪɵɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ [15, ɪ. 28—29].
1
«ɇɨɪɞɢɤɂɧɧɨɜɟɣɲɧ» — ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸɩɪɢɝɪɚɧɢɱ
-ɧɨɣɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢɢɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣɢɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɚɹɩɨɞɷɝɢɞɨɣɋɨɜɟɬɚɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɜɋɟɜɟɪ
ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɉɨɪɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɋɬɟɪɧɚ [15, ɪ. 29], ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢ
-ɨɧɧɵɣɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɜɥɢɹɟɬɧɚɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢɜɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ
-ɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ «ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢ
-ɦɵɯɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ. ɗɬɨɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣɭɪɨɜɟɧɶɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɚɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɨɫɨɛɭɸɫɪɟɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ
ɜɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ».
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ — ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɭɫ
-ɥɨɜɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɵ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɞɥɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢɢɢɧɜɟ
-ɫɬɢɰɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚ
-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨ
-ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣɫɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ [15, ɪ. 29].
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ «ɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ» ɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣɢɧɧɨɜɚ
-ɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɫɪɟɞɟɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ: ɭɧɢ
-ɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ,
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɈɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢ
-ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɢɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ [12, ɪ. 7—10], ɤɥɸɱɨɦɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢ
-ɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɜɫɟɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸ
-ɳɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ,
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɭ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚ
-ɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɩɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɡɚ 2011—2012 ɝɝ. [7, ɪ. 8] ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɨ
-ɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɫɪɟɞɵɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢɫɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɤɚɤɝɨɫɭ
-ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤɢɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɭɱ
-ɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟ
-ɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ,
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɤɪɭɝɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ — ɜɚɠɧɵɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɭ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɎɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ [6], ɞɥɹɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ,
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤɪɚɛɨɱɟɣɫɢɥɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɫɨɛɥɸ
-ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭ
-ɬɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
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ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɫɟɬɟɣɢɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸɢɧ
-ɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɛɥɢɡɤɚɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚ
-ɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ȼɨ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟɰɟɧɬɪɵ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟ
-ɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɜɨɣ ɢɧɧɨ
-ɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ʉɪɨɦɟɬɨɝɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɢɝɪɨ
-ɤɨɜ ɜɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢɦɨɠɟɬɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ.
ɏɚɭɬɚɦɟɤɢ [8, ɪ. 71] ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣɢɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɪɚɦɨɤ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɞɥɹɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɢɧɧɨ
-ɜɚɰɢɣ. Ʉɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɢɫɬɢɦɭɥ — ɜɨɬɜɚɠɧɵɟɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵɢɧɨɝɞɚ
ɦɨɝɭɬɫɬɚɬɶɞɚɠɟɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟɦɧɚɩɭɬɢɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ.
ȼ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨ
-ɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧ
-ɰɢɚɥ: ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɚɹɞɟɥɨɜɚɹɫɪɟɞɚ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹɢɧ
-ɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ — ɬɚɤɠɟɨɞɧɚɢɡɫɢɥɶɧɵɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹɫɪɟɞɚɜɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟ
-ɫɬɜɚ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɨɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶ
-ɫɤɢɟ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɢɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟɧɚɜɵɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨ
-ɪɵɟɢɝɪɚɸɬɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢ
-ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ [2]. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1, ɜɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɪɟ
-ɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹɢɦɟɸɬɛɨɥɶɲɨɣɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɫɬɨɱɤɢɡɪɟɧɢɹɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ) — ɞɨɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɨɟ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɧɢɯɜɵɲɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɞɥɹ 27 ɫɬɪɚɧȿɋ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɜɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 25—64 ɥɟɬ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɨɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɜɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ
Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹ, 2011 ɝ. [4]
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɜɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ. ȼɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɢɜɭɡɨɜ, ɡɚɳɢɬɢɜɲɢɟɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɨɧɢɭɠɟɢɦɟ
-ɸɬ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ
-ɧɢɹɧɨɜɵɯɧɚɭɱɧɵɯɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ȼɰɟɥɨɦɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜɫɭɱɟɧɵ
-ɦɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬɜɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹɜ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɞɨɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɭɱɚɫɬ
-ɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɫɤɢɯɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ. Ʉɚɪɶɟɪɧɵɟɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹɫɩɟɰɢɚ
-ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɟɧɵɦɢɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɬɚɤ ɠɟɜɚɠɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ.
Ȼɟɡɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬɟɟɫɩɨ
-ɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ
-ɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɷɤɨ
-ɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟ
-ɥɢ — ɷɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɫɭ
-ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɜɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɜɚɠɧɵɦɪɚɛɨ
-ɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɜ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ ɢ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨ
-ɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ [14, ɪ. 68—74], ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ
ɟɝɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸɪɨɥɶɜɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯɪɚɛɨɬɜ
ɷɬɢɯɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ — ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɧɜɟ
-ɫɬɢɰɢɢ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬ
-ɜɟɧɧɵɣɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɧɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɧɚɭɱ
-ɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣɪɚɛɨɬɵ [7, ɪ. 8].
ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ — ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ
-ɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɞɥɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [8, ɪ. 54]. Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟ
-ɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚɯ ɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɝɨ
-ɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɯ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨ
-ɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɜɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
-ɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯɪɚɛɨɬɜɪɚɡɧɵɯɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ [14, ɪ. 78].
Ⱦɨɥɹȼȼɉ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɚɹɧɚɧɚɭɱɧɵɟɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɢɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɹɜ
-ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ [14, ɪ. 76]. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡ
-ɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɦɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢɤ ȼȼɉɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɜɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɪɟɝɢɨ
-ɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹ. ȼȾɚɧɢɢ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢɢɒɜɟɰɢɢɞɨɥɹɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɧɚ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 3% ɨɬ ȼȼɉ —
ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɚɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯɰɟɥɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ
«ȿɜɪɨɩɚ 2020». ȼ Ʌɚɬɜɢɢ, ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ Ʌɢɬɜɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ
fl fl
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: *ɞɚɧɧɵɟɩɨɊɨɫɫɢɢɡɚ 2009 ɝ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞɵɧɚɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɜɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹɜ 2010 ɝ.
ɜɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɦɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢɤȼȼɉ [4; 5]
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɦɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫ
-ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɜɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɨɪɹ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ
ɩɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫɨ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ,
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ɚ ɜɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ ɧɚɷɬɨɬɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ
ɜɫɟɯɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɧɚɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯɪɚɛɨɬ
ɩɨɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɜɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹɜ 2010 ɝ. (ɦɥɧɟɜɪɨ) [4]
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ ȼɫɟɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ Ʉɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ȼɭɡɵ ɑɚɫɬɧɵɟɇɄɈ Ⱦɚɧɢɹ 7 208 4 909 151 2 117 31
ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ 232 116 25 89 3
Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ 6 971 4 854 645 1 425 47
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ 69 810 46 980 10 230 12 600 ɇɟɬɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ 109 40 25 43 ɇɟɬɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ʌɢɬɜɚ 219 64 39 117 ɇɟɬɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 2 608 694 936 970 7
ɒɜɟɰɢɹ 11 870 8 160 578 3 127 4
ȿɋ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ 245 673 151 126 32 602 59 509 2 436
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɡɚɱɚɫ
-ɬɭɸɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɝɭɬɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɬɵ, ɡɚɣɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ
-ɤɭɩɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ — ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ
ɥɶɝɨɬ. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫ
-ɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣɫɟɤɬɨɪɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬɜɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟɇɂɈɄɊɜɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚɯɢɝɨɫɭ
-ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɯ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɭɟ
-ɦɵɯ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɨɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ, ɧɚ
-ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɊɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ [14, ɪ. 39, 90—91]. Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
-ɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɜɚɠɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣɢɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɪɨɫɬɚ — ɫɬɪɚɧɵ,
ɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵɜɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢɩɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢ
-ɬɢɹ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɜɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹɪɚɡ
-ɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ: ɟɫɥɢɜȾɚɧɢɢ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢɢɒɜɟɰɢɢɞɟɥɨɜɨɣɫɟɤ
-ɬɨɪ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɬɨ ɜɅɚɬɜɢɢ, Ʌɢɬɜɟ,
ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɢɊɨɫɫɢɢ (ɢ ɜɦɟɧɶɲɟɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɜɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ) ɪɨɥɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɟɤ
-ɬɨɪɚɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ.
ȿɜɪɨɩɚɱɚɫɬɨɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɢɞɟɣ, ɬ. ɟ. ɢɡɨɛɪɟ -ɬɟɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɟɣɧɟɜɫɟɝɞɚɭɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶɜɵɜɟɫɬɢɢɯɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ [2]. Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚ
-ɡɨɦ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞ
-ɯɨɞ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢɧ
-ɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬ
-ɧɵɦɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɪɚɛɨɱɟɣɫɢɥɵ ɢɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣɜɧɚɭɱɧɨ
-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɧɟɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɚɞɥɹɪɚɡɜɢ
-ɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ȼɚɠɧɵɟɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢ
-ɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ — ɷɬɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɢɧ
-ɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɬɶ. ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹɩɨ
-ɥɢɬɢɤɚɜɫɮɟɪɟɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣɬɚɤɠɟɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ Ȼɚɥ
-ɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɢ
-ɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ «ȼɢɧɧɨɜɚ» ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ
-ɝɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ «Ɍɟɤɟɫ» ɜɎɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ, Ⱦɚɬɫɤɨɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɧɚɭɤɟ,
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ ɜ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ, ɆɂɌȺɜ Ʌɢɬɜɟ, Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɫɬɪɚɬɟ
-ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɜɊɨɫɫɢɢ.
Ɂɚɳɢɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ. ɉɪɚɜɚɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɩɚɬɟɧɬɵ,
— ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɟɡɜɟɧɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹɦɢɢɪɵɧɤɨɦ. ɑɟ
-ɪɟɡɡɚɹɜɤɭɧɚɩɚɬɟɧɬɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚ
-ɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɧɨɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɫɬɪɚɧɵ
fl fl
ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ [3]. ɉɨɞɚɧɧɵɦȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɨɛ
-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ȼɈɂɋ), ɜ 2010 ɝ. Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ, ɒɜɟɰɢɹɢɎɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹɛɵɥɢɫɪɟ
-ɞɢɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɫɬɪɚɧɦɢɪɚ, ɩɨɞɚɜɲɢɯɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟɱɢɫɥɨɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɩɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɹɜɨɤɜɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢɫ Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣɤɨɨɩɟ
-ɪɚɰɢɢ ȼɈɂɋ, ɩɪɢɷɬɨɦ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦɦɟɫɬɟ, ɒɜɟɰɢɹ — ɧɚ
ɞɟɫɹɬɨɦ, ɚɎɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ — ɧɚɬɪɢɧɚɞɰɚɬɨɦ [18].
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɞɥɹɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢɢɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɟɟɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ
-ɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ [15,
ɪ. 29]. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɮɟɪɚɢɧɮɨɪ
-ɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (ɂɄɌ). ȼ ɧɟɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɢɧ
-ɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ
-ɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɂɄɌ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɚ ɫɨɨɬ
-ɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɪɦ [1]. ɋɟɤɬɨɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧ
-ɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ — ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɨ
-ɪɨɧɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹ.
ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɜɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹ
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ «Ɍɚɛɥɨ ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ 2011»
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ-ɱɥɟɧɵȿɋɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢ
-ɬɢɹɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɥɢɞɟɪɵɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢ
-ɬɢɹ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɵɢɨɬɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ
ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɵ.
ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ: Ⱦɚɧɢɹ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ, Ƚɟɪ
-ɦɚɧɢɹɢɒɜɟɰɢɹ. ɂɯɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɵɲɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜ ȿɋ [9, ɪ. 3]. ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ
ɜɯɨɞɢɬɜɨɜɬɨɪɭɸɝɪɭɩɩɭ — ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚ
-ɹɫɶ ɤɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɩɨ ȿɜɪɨɫɨɸɡɭ, ɉɨɥɶɲɚɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ
ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɚɦ. Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ ɢ Ʌɢɬɜɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɨɬɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɜɚɬɨ
-ɪɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɯɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɪɟɞ
-ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨȿɜɪɨɫɨɸɡɭ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɊɨɫɫɢɢɫɨɨɬ
-ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɩɨ ȿɋ, ɯɨɬɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɭ «Ɍɚɛɥɨ ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢ
-ɨɧɧɨɝɨɫɨɸɡɚ 2011», ɨɛɳɢɟɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹȿɜɪɨ
-ɫɨɸɡɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɜɵɫɲɟɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ [9, ɪ. 3, 19—20].
Ʌɢɞɟɪɵɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɢɦɟɸɬɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɨɛɳɢɯɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɜɢɯɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣɢɢɧɧɨ
-ɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ — ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɛɢɡɧɟɫɚɢɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɦɟɠɞɭɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ȼɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬ
-ɜɭɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫ
-ɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɭɫɩɟɥɢ ɜɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚ
-ɰɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ (KEI) ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɨɪɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɡɧɚɧɢɣɞɥɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɚɬɚɤɠɟ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɫɪɟɞɟ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
ɂɧɞɟɤɫɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɧɚɭɱɧɵɯɡɧɚɧɢɣɢɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣɜɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ (KEI)
ɞɥɹɫɬɪɚɧɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹ, 2012 ɝ. [17]
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ KEI
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɂɧɧɨɜɚ
-ɰɢɢ Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɂɄɌ
Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝ ɜ 2012 ɝ.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɟ ɫ 2000 ɝ.
ɒɜɟɰɢɹ 9,43 9,58 9,74 8,92 9,49 1 0
Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ 9,33 9,65 9,66 8,77 9,22 2 6
Ⱦɚɧɢɹ 9,16 9,63 9,49 8,63 8,88 3 0
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ 8,90 9,1 9,11 8,2 9,17 8 7
ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ 8,40 8,81 7,75 8,6 8,44 19 7
Ʌɢɬɜɚ 7,80 8,15 6,82 8,64 7,59 32 2
Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ 7,41 8,21 6,56 7,73 7,16 37 0
ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 7,41 8,01 7,16 7,76 6,7 38 –3
Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ 5,78 2,23 6,93 6,79 7,16 55 9
ɂɧɞɟɤɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ:
1. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ — ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ
-ɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɢ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɜɨɛ
-ɳɟɫɬɜɟ.
2. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ — ɜɤɥɚɞɜɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɭɩɥɚɬɭ
ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɨɧɧɵɯɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣɢɫɛɨɪɨɜ, ɜɵɞɚɧɧɵɟɩɚɬɟɧɬɵɢɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɫɬɚ
-ɬɟɣɜɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɠɭɪɧɚɥɚɯ.
3. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ — ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɭɱɟɬɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɫɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɦɢɜɵɫɲɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
4. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ — ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɨ
-ɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɢɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɨɜ, ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜɢɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ [16].
ɒɜɟɰɢɹ, ɎɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹɢȾɚɧɢɹɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɬɪɟɦɹɦɢɪɨɜɵɦɢɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɦ. Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɟɦɟ
-ɫɬɨɫɪɟɞɢɫɬɪɚɧɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɭ «Ɍɚɛɥɨɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɫɨɸɡɚ 2011».
ɉɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚ
-ɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɫɬɪɚɧɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹɨɛɵɱɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ
-ɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ: Ⱦɚɧɢɹ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɒɜɟɰɢɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ — ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ, Ʌɚɬɜɢɢ, Ʌɢɬɜɟ, ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ — ɟɳɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɜɷɬɨɦɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ⱦɚɧɢɹ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ
ɢ ɒɜɟɰɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɜɝɥɨɛɚɥɶ
-fl fl
ɪɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚɦɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ, ɦɨ
-ɠɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭ
-ɞɚɪɫɬɜ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ
Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ
-ɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɜɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ.
ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɨ
-ɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɞɟɥɨɦ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɩɨ
-ɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɧɚɭɱɧɨɣɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɪɚɧɫɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢ
-ɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧ
-ɧɵɦ ɈɗɋɊ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞ
-ɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɩɨɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɵɜ ɪɚɡ
-ɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɶ
-ɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɬɪɚɧɫ
-ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɜɪɟɝɢɨɧɟȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹ, ɚɲɢɪɨɤɨɟɢɫ
-ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣɧɚɦɧɨɝɨɟɝɨɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɬ [14, ɪ. 46—49].
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɬɚɤɠɟɤɥɸɱɨɦɤɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸɢɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɸɧɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟɬɨɝɨ,
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɪɟɲɢɬɶɢɥɢ ɫɦɹɝɱɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɟɝɥɨɛɚɥɶ
-ɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɛɟɡ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɚɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣ
-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɜɟɳɟɛɨɥɟɟɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɸɳɢɣɪɟɝɢɨɧ, ɚɬɚɤɠɟɧɢ
-ɜɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɠɢɡɧɢɠɢɬɟɥɟɣɷɬɨɝɨɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɚɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹɫɪɟɞɚɜɱɢɫɥɟɩɪɨɱɟɝɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɚɥɢ
-ɱɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ
-ɧɹɬɶɧɚɫɟɛɹɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɪɢɫɤɚɩɪɢɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɢɧ
-ɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣɜɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚɬɚɤɠɟɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢ
-ɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɫɬɪɚɧɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹɲɥɨɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢɩɭɬɹɦɢ, ɬɟɦ
ɧɟɦɟɧɟɟɭɧɢɯɭɜɫɟɯɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɜɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɜɫɟɨɧɢɢɦɟɸɬɨɛɳɢɟɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢɞɥɹ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɪɟɝɢɨ
-ɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹɟɫɬɶɪɹɞɨɛɳɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤɩɟɪɟɞɨ
-ɜɵɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ
-ɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢɢɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɢɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɣɤɚɤɜɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢɜɱɚɫɬɧɨɦ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ, ɚɬɚɤɠɟɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯɱɚɫɬɧɵɯɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɫɨɛɨɣɩɨ ɦɧɨ
-ɝɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹɢɦɟɸɬ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɥɹɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨɪɟɝɢ
-ɨɧ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɢɜɩɟɪɜɭɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢ
-ɟɦɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɜɪɟɝɢɨɧɟȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹɜɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɤɥɢɦɚ
-ɬɚɢɜɨɩɪɨɫɵɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɦɢɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ
-ɫɤɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ «ȿɜɪɨɩɚ 2020» ɢɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢȿɋɞɥɹɪɟɝɢɨɧɚȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɨɪɹ2. ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ
ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹɨɞɧɢɦɢɡɫɚɦɵɯɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯɦɨɪɟɣɦɢɪɚ. Ⱦɥɹɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɷɬɢɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɜɪɟɝɢɨɧɟȻɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬɹɜɧɵɣɫɩɪɨɫɧɚɢɧɧɨ
-ɜɚɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟɫ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟɤɨɦɩɚ
-ɧɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟɜɷɬɨɦɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ
-ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ,
ɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɜɡɚɢ
-ɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ.
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ — ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨɷɬɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹɤɚɤɪɚɡɟɝɨɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɨ
-ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɧɚ
-ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɡɧɚɧɢɣɢɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɚɬɚɤɠɟɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ
ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɫ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɦɨɝɭɬɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɵɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢ
-ɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɜ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚ
-ɧɢɢ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɧ
-ɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɦɨɪɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚ
-ɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ
-ɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɧɨɢɦɟ
-ɠɞɭɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢɢɝɪɨɤɚɦɢɧɚɛɨɥɟɟɧɢɡɤɢɯɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ
-ɧɵɟɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ.
1. European Commission 2012. ICT for Competitiveness & Innovation. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/index_en.htm (accessed 9 July 2012).
2. Eurostat 2012: Innovation statistics. Statistics Explained. URL: http://epp.euro-stat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Innovation_statistics (accessed 10 July 2012).
3. Eurostat 2012: Patent statistics backgrounds. Statistics Explained. URL: http://epp. eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index. /Patent_statistics_ backgrounds (ac-cessed 10 July 2012).
2 ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ
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4. Eurostat 2012: Statistics URL: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/ portal/statistics/themes (accessed 9 July 2012).
5. Federal State Statistics Service of Russian Federation 2011. Russia in figures — 2011. URL: http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b11_12/Main.htm (accessed 9 July 2012).
6. Finland’s Ministry of Employment and the Economy 2012. Innovative envi-ronments. URL: http://www.tem.fi/index.phtml?l=en&s=2362 (accessed 9 July 2012). 7. The Global Competitiveness Report 2011—2012. World Economic Forum 2011 / ed. by K. Schwab. URL: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/ WEF_GCR_Re-port_2011—12.pdf (accessed 10 July 2012).
8. Hautamäki A.Sustainable Innovation. A New Age of Innovation and Finland’s Innovation Policy: Sitra Reports 87. 2010. URL: http://www.sitra. fi/julkaisut/raportti87.pdf (accessed 10 July 2012).
9. Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Tech-nology UNU-MERIT 2011. Innovation Union Scoreboard 2011. The Innovation Un-ion’s performance scoreboard for Research and Innovation, 7 February 2011. URL: http://www.proinno-europe.eu/inno-metrics/page/innovation-union-scoreboard-2011 (accessed 10 July 2012).
10. Miles I. Demand-led innovation. Mini Study 11. Global Review of Innova-tion Intelligence and Policy Studies, March 2010. URL: http://grips-public.mediac-tive.fr/knowledge_base/view/898/demand-led-innovation (accessed 10 July 2012).
11. Nordic Innovation 2011. What is innovation? URL: http://www. nordicin-novation.org/innovation/defining-innovation/ (accessed 10 July 2012).
12. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD // Na-tional Innovation Systems. 1997. URL: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/56/ 2101733.pdf (accessed 10 July 2012).
13. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD 2005 // Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data. 3rd ed. URL: http://www.oecd.org/document/23/0,3746,en_2649_ 34451_35595607_1_1_ 1_1,00.html (accessed 10 July 2012).
14. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD 2011 // OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2011: Innovation and Growth in Knowledge Economies. URL: http://www.oecd.org/document/10/0,3746,en_2649_ 33703_39493962_1_1_1_1,00.html (accessed 10 July 2012).
15. Porter M.E.,Stern S. Innovation: Location Matters // MIT Sloan Manage-ment Review. 2001. Summer. P. 28—36. URL: http://www.ibr.hi.is/sites/files/ibr/ out. pdf (accessed 9 July 2012).
16. World Bank 2011. Key Variables. URL: http://go.worldbank.org/ 9PM78XYUU0 (accessed 10 July 2012).
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18. World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO 2011. International Patent Filings Recover in 2010. URL: http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/arti-cles/2011/article_0004.html (accessed 10 July 2012).
Ɇɟɤɢɧɟɧɏɚɧɧɚ, ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɉɚɧ-ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɢɧ
-ɫɬɢɬɭɬ, ɒɤɨɥɚɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɩɪɢɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟɌɭɪɤɭ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ.
THE INNOVATIVE PROCESS
IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION
H. Mäkinen
University of Turku FI-20014, Turku, Finland
Received on July 27, 2012
In order to maintain its global competitiveness in the future, the Baltic Sea region (BSR) needs to preserve and improve its technological capability and innovativeness. This article focuses on innovations in the Baltic Sea region, particularly on external innovation drivers and innovation environments in the BSR and individual countries within the region. Firstly, some definitions of innovations, innovation drivers, and characteristics of a favourable innovation environment are presented. Secondly, the current condition of innovation environments in the BSR is described and the innova-tion performances of Baltic countries are compared. Finally, the research aims to conclude, as well as to analyse, the future innovation development of the BSR. The re-search material for this desk study is collected from various sources, including journal articles, statistics, media, research reports, and other publications.
Key words: Baltic Sea region, competitiveness, innovation, innovation environment, innovation drivers, education, R&D, innovation capacity, innovation performance.
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About author
Hanna Mäkinen, MA, Project Researcher, Pan-European Institute, Turku School of Economics at the University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
