❘❊◆❆❚❆ P❊❙❙❖❆ ❇■❋❆◆❖
❯▼ ❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❖ ❉❊❙❊▼P❊◆❍❖ ❉❖❙ ❊❙❚❯❉❆◆❚❊❙ ❉❆ ❊❙❈❖▲❆ ❊❙❚❆❉❯❆▲ ❲❆▲❉❖▼■❘❖ ▼❊◆❉❊❙ ❉❊ ❆▲▼❊■❉❆ ◆❖❙ ❊❳❆▼❊❙ ❉❖
❙■▼❆❱❊ ❊ ❊◆❊▼
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳
❱■➬❖❙❆
Ficha catalográfica preparada pela Biblioteca Central da Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Câmpus Viçosa
T
Bifano, Renata Pessoa,
1976-B591e
2015
Um estudo sobre o desempenho dos estudantes da Escola
Estadual Waldomiro Mendes de Almeida nos exames do
SIMAVE e ENEM / Renata Pessoa Bifano. – Viçosa, MG, 2015.
vii, 43f. : il. (algumas color.) ; 29 cm.
Inclui apêndice.
Orientador: Marinês Guerreiro.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Referências bibliográficas: f.41-43.
1. Sistemas de ensino - Avaliação. 2. Aprendizagem.
3. Desempenho. 4. SIMAVE. 5. ENEM. I. Universidade Federal
de Viçosa. Departamento de Matemática. Programa de
Pós-graduação em Matemática. II. Título.
❘❊◆❆❚❆ P❊❙❙❖❆ ❇■❋❆◆❖
❯▼ ❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❖ ❉❊❙❊▼P❊◆❍❖ ❉❖❙ ❊❙❚❯❉❆◆❚❊❙ ❉❆ ❊❙❈❖▲❆ ❊❙❚❆❉❯❆▲ ❲❆▲❉❖▼■❘❖ ▼❊◆❉❊❙ ❉❊ ❆▲▼❊■❉❆ ◆❖❙ ❊❳❆▼❊❙ ❉❖
❙■▼❆❱❊ ❊ ❊◆❊▼
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳
❆P❘❖❱❆❉❆✿ ✶✸ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳
❱❛❧ér✐❛ ▼❛tt♦s ❞❛ ❘♦s❛ ❈❛t❛r✐♥❛ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❏❡s✉s
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ❡ ❛ ◆♦ss❛ ❙❡♥❤♦r❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❛r❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝✉rs❛r ❡ss❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❛❣♦r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s✱ ▼❛r✐❛♥❛ ❡ ▼❛t❤❡✉s✱ ♣♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❢❡r✐❛❞♦s ❡ ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❡♠❛♥❛ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❡✐ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ t❡r t✐❞♦ ✉♠ ❛♠♦r ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦r ♠✐♠✳ ❙❡✐ q✉❡ ✈♦❝ês ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❛♠ ♥❡st❛ ✈✐tór✐❛ ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ ❞❡❞✐❝♦ ❡❧❛ ❛ ✈♦❝ês✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❛♠❛❞♦ ♠❛r✐❞♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r ❡st❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦ ❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ ❡ss❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦✱ ❛s s✉❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❡stí♠✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❡st❛ ✈✐tór✐❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❉❡❧③❛ ❡ ❉♦♠✐♥❣♦s✱ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❡♠ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❝❤❡❣❛r✐❛ ❛té ❛q✉✐ ❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥✜❛r❡♠ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ ❱♦❝ês ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠ ❛ ❧✉t❛r ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ s✉❜✐r ❝❛❞❛ ❞❡❣r❛✉ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✱ ✈♦❝ês t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❡✉ t❡r ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦ ❛té ❛q✉✐✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❡ à t✐❛ ◆❡♥❡♠ ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥❝❛♥sá✈❡✐s ♦r❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❢é q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❝♦♠✲ ♣❛♥❤❛r❛♠ ♣♦r ❡ss❡s ✷ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❡str❛❞❛✳ ❆ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❡♥❝♦r❛❥♦✉ ❛ ✐r ♠❛✐s ❧♦♥❣❡✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s✱ t❛✐s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❝♦♠ ê①✐t♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ t❡s❡✳ ▼❛r✐♥ês✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r r❡♣❛rt✐r ❝♦♠✐❣♦ s❡✉s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣♦r t❡r s✐❞♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❣✉✐❛ ♥❡st❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ às ♠✐♥❤❛s ❡t❡r♥❛s ❛♠✐❣❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛s ▲✉❝✐❛♥❛ ❡ ▲❡♦♥í❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✈✐✈✐ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ú♥✐❝❛s✳ ❙❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦ss❡♠ ✈♦❝ês✱ ♥ã♦ s❡✐ s❡ t❡r✐❛ ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦ ❛té ❛q✉✐✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ t✉r♠❛ P❉■✬s✱ ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❡ ✉♥✐ã♦✳ ❊ ❛ ✈♦❝ês ❞✐❣♦ ✉♠ ✏❛té ❜r❡✈❡✑✱ ♥ã♦ ♠❡ ❞❡s♣❡❞✐r❡✐✱ ♣♦✐s t❡♥❤♦ ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❡✐ t♦❞♦s ♥♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❞♦ s✉❝❡ss♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ às ♠✐♥❤❛s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ▲✉r❞✐♥❤❛ ❡ ▼ô♥✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛✳ ❱♦❝ês ❢♦r❛♠ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✐✐✐
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❛♠ ❞❡st❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✳ ❱♦❝ês ❢♦r❛♠ ♦s ♠❡str❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝rít✐❝❛ ❡ ❛♠♣❧❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❈❆P❊❙ ♣❡❧♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❡ ❛♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✈✐
❆❜str❛❝t ✈✐✐
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊①t❡r♥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✸
✶✳✶ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊①t❡r♥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s P♦❧ít✐❝❛s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✸ ❙❆❊❇ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✹ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✐♥❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✺ ❊◆❊▼ ✲ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷ ▼❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✶✵
✷✳✶ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✶✳✶ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✲ 3a
sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✿ ❊✐①♦ ❡ ❉❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✲ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✶✻ ✸✳✶ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✈
✸✳✶✳✶ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ Pr♦❣r❡ssã♦ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❇❛✐①♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✷ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ P❡rí♠❡tr♦✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❇❛✐①♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ P♦❧í❣♦♥♦s✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❉✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✸ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ●rá✜❝♦s✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❇❛✐①♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ▼é❞✐❛ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛s ◗✉❡stõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛
♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ 2011 ❛ 2013 ✸✵
✹✳✶ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶ ❛ ✷✵✶✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✸ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❉✐❞át✐❝❛s ❡ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ▼❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ♥♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s
❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❖ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ■♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✸✽
❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ✹✵
❘❡s✉♠♦
❇■❋❆◆❖✱ ❘❡♥❛t❛ P❡ss♦❛✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❯♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ♥♦s ❡①❛♠❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❊◆❊▼✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ ▼❛r✐♥ês ●✉❡rr❡✐r♦✳
◆❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❢❛③❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶✱ ✷✵✶✷ ❡ ✷✵✶✸ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✱ ❞❡ss❡s ♠❡s♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s✱ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✳ P♦r ♦❜s❡r✈❛r♠♦s ✉♠❛ q✉❡❞❛ ♥♦ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r❡❢❡r✐❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥✲ t❡s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ♥♦s ❛♥♦s ✷✵✶✶ ❛ ✷✵✶✸✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❇■❋❆◆❖✱ ❘❡♥❛t❛ P❡ss♦❛✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❆ st✉❞② ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ st✉❞❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙t❛t❡ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ✐♥ ❡①❛♠s ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❛♥❞ ❊◆❊▼ ❆❞✈✐s♦r✿ ▼❛r✐♥ês ●✉❡rr❡✐r♦✳
■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✇❡ ♠❛❦❡ ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ②❡❛r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ s❝❤♦♦❧ ✏❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ♦❢ ✷✵✶✶✱ ✷✵✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✶✸✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❛♥❞ ❊◆❊▼ ✐♥ t❤♦s❡ ②❡❛rs✳ ❚♦ ❤❡❧♣ t❤❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❜r✐❡❢ ❤✐st♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❛♥❞ ❊◆❊▼✳ ❇② ♦❜s❡r✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❢❛❧❧✐♥❣ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤♦s❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛ss❡ss✲ ♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ✐♥ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ✷✵✶✶ t♦ ✷✵✶✸✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ❢♦r ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r② ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s✳
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ t❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s✉r❣✐✉ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ♥❛s ♣r♦✈❛s ❞♦ ❙✐s✲ t❡♠❛ ▼✐♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛✭❙■▼❆❱❊✮ ❡ ❞♦ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✭❊◆❊▼✮✱ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ❡①❛♠❡s✳ ❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❡stá ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ à ê♥❢❛s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞á ❛ ❡ss❡s ❡①❛♠❡s ❡ à ❝♦❜r❛♥ç❛ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ♥❡ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳
❖ ❙■▼❆❱❊ é ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✭❙❊❊✲▼●✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡st❛❞✉❛✐s✳
❊♠ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❢♦✐ ✐♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ◆♦14 ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡2000✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❣♦✲
✈❡r♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ✲ ■t❛♠❛r ❋r❛♥❝♦✱ q✉❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❝r✐♦✉ ♦ P❘❖❊❇ ❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❣❡r❛✐s✿ ✏❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦✱ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❣❡stã♦ ❝♦♥✲ s♦r❝✐❛❞❛✱ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❡q✉✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣✉✲ ❜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✳✑❬✶✶❪
❖ ❙■▼❆❱❊ é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✭P❘❖❊❇✮✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s ♥❡st❛s ♣r♦✈❛s✱ ❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠❡t❛s ♣❧❛✉sí✈❡✐s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ r❡❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❢❛✈♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ♠✐♥❡✐r❛s✳
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷
❡♥tr❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ♣❧✉r❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞✐á❧♦❣♦ s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✳
❖ ❊◆❊▼ é ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ♣❡❧♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❡ ❡①❛♠❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧✲ t❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡♠ t❛❧ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡♠ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s✱ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♣r✐✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❚♦❞♦s✭P❘❖❯◆■✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❋✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❊s✲ t✉❞❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ✭❋■❊❙✮✳ ❊ss❡ ❡①❛♠❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ q✉❛tr♦ ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✿ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s❀ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s❀ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s❀ ❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳
▼❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❊♥✲ s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♥í✈❡✐s s❛t✐s❢❛tó✲ r✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❙✐s✲ t❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✭❙❆❊❇✮✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✭❊◆❊▼✮ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✈❡♥❤❛♠ ❛ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s✳❬✶✼❪
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❢♦❝❛r❡♠♦s ♥♦ss❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ à ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❊◆❊▼ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ P❘❖❊❇✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ♥♦s ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ❛ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ss❛s ❞✉❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ❡ s✉❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ 3 sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ s✐t✉❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼❛t✐♣ó✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢❛③❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❊◆❊▼✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ q✉❡stõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶✱ ✷✵✶✷ ❡ ✷✵✶✸✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠♦s ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ 3a
sér✐❡ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ♥❡ss❡s ❛♥♦s ♥♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s t♦♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊①t❡r♥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧
◆❡st❡ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❢❛③❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú✲ ❜❧✐❝❛s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❙❆❊❇✱ ♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ♦ ❊◆❊▼✳
✶✳✶ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊①t❡r♥❛ ♥♦
❇r❛s✐❧
❖ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ✈❡♠ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❤♦❥❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳
❖ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ s❡ ❞❡✉ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✶✾✺✵ ❡ ✶✾✻✵✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞♦ ❤♦❥❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ✭■◆❊P✮✱ ♥❛q✉❡❧❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ór❣ã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✈❛ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✱ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✉ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♥❛ r❡✲ ❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❢♦❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❛r❝❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦s ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬✶✽❪✱ ❡ss❡ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❛ís ❡st❛✈❛ ❛tr❡❧❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❢❛③✐❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛ ✜❝❛ss❡♠ ❡♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛
✶✳✶✳ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊①t❡r♥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✹
❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛✈❛ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈ê✲❧❛s t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
◆❛q✉❡❧❛ é♣♦❝❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡r❛♠ ❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦r ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠✱ ♣♦✐s ♥ã♦ ❛❜r❛♥❣✐❛♠ ❛ t♦t❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❈❡♥tr♦s ❘❡❣✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱ ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ é ❛❢❛st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ■◆❊P ❡ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝✉♥❤♦ s♦❝✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❡r❞❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦✳ ◆❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡1980✱ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❝♦♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✈♦❧t❛♠ ❛ ❣❛♥❤❛r ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❢❛t♦ ❡ss❡ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧✉t❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛ís ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❙❆❊❇✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ 1990✱ s✉❜st✐t✉✐✉ ♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ Pú❜❧✐❝♦ ❞❡ 1o
●r❛✉ ✲ ❙❆❊P✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✼✳
❆ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❆❊❇ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛s ❡ ♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✵✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❆❊❇ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✸ ❢♦✐ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛ ❡♠ três ❡✐①♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✿ 1✲ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦❀2 ✲ ♣❡r✜❧ ❡ ♣rá✲
t✐❝❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s❀ 3 ✲ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦s ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡
❣❡stã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✶✾✾✺✱ ♦ ❙❆❊❇ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✉ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡ ❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉✲ ❧❛r ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦❀ ❛❞♦t♦✉ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ♠♦❞❡r♥❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s❀ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r♦✉ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s só❝✐♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡ s♦✲ ❜r❡ ♦s ❤á❜✐t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s❀ ❡ r❡❞❡✜♥✐✉ ❛s sér✐❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✱ 4a ❡8a sér✐❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛✲
♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡3a sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❬✶✷❪✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❬✶✽❪✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡♠ 1997✱ ❛s ✏▼❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✑✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈✐st❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✳
❆ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♣r❛✲ t✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ▼é❞✐♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙❆❊❇ ❬✶✷❪✳
✶✳✷✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s P♦❧ít✐❝❛s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ✺
◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✭❆♥❡❜✮ é ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú✲ ❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♣❛ís✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❡q✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✶✸✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❙❆❊❇✱ s✉r❣✐✉ ♦✉tr❛ ✐♥♦✈❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❆❧❢❛❜❡t✐③❛çã♦ ✭❆◆❆✮✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦3o
❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ■ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❧❢❛❜❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❧❡tr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❡♥s✐tár✐♦✳
✶✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s P♦❧ít✐❝❛s Pú✲
❜❧✐❝❛s
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬✺❪ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ s✉r❣❡♠ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s r❡❢♦r♠❛s ♥❡♦❧✐❜❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❇❡♠ ❊st❛r ❙♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ●✉❡rr❛ ▼✉♥❞✐❛❧ ✭✶✾✸✾ ✲ ✶✾✹✺✮✱ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❊st❛❞♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦✱ s❡♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ✐♥st❛✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡♦❧✐❜❡r❛❧ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭✶✾✾✵ ✲ ✶✾✾✷✮✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❢❡rr❡♥❤❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❡st❛ ✐❞❡♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❊ss❡ ✐❞❡ár✐♦ ❢♦✐ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❈❛r❞♦s♦ ✭❋❍❈✮ ❡✱ ♣♦r q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❞✐③❡r✱ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ▲✉ís ■♥á❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ✭▲✉❧❛✮✳
❘❡❧❛t❛ ❬✺❪ q✉❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✱ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ s❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛ à ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣♦rq✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣♦r q✉❡♠ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦s✐çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s✱ ❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳
❋❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❤✐stór✐❝❛✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ tr♦✉①❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡①tr❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❛ ❡ss❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✱ ❛ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ❣r❛❞❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❢❡③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣❛ss❛ss❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ❊ss❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❛❝❛❜❛r❛♠ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❢r❛❝❛ss♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛✈❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ q✉❡✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛✈❛ ❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ♣❛♣❡❧ s♦❝✐❛❧✳
✶✳✸✳ ❙❆❊❇ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✻
❋♦✐ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ❡s✲ ❝♦❧❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛✲ tór✐❛ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❞❡✲ s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣r✉♣♦s s♦❝✐✲ ❛✐s ❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣❛ís❡s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s à ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ s✉r✈❡②s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡st❡s ❧❡✈❛♥✲ t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r❛♠ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦♣♦rt✉✲ ♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ét♥✐❝♦s✱ ❝✉❧✲ t✉r❛✐s ❡ s♦❝✐♦❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛t♦ ✐♥❝♦♥t❡stá✈❡❧ ❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r❛♠ ❞❡s❞♦❜r❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s ❡ s♦❝✐♦❧ó✲ ❣✐❝♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s✳ ❬✺❪
❆ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ss❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❢♦✐ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❜❛t✐❞❛ ❡ ❡ss❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣♦❧ê♠✐❝❛s✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐♥❞♦ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ s✉❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛s ✐♥t❡♥çõ❡s✳ P❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ ❝r✐❛r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛ss❡♠ ♥♦ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s q✉❡ ✈✐❡ss❡♠ ❛ s✉r❣✐r ❡♠ ❢❛✈♦r ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳
❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❛ ❡q✉✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛s ♠❡t❛s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s ❡①✐❣✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❊st❛❞♦✱ ♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛❝❛❜❛♠ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛çõ❡s r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❛s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥✲ t❡♠♣❧❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s✳ ◆❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛♠ ♣r♦✈❛s ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡❛s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣❛ís✱ s❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡ s♦❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❞ã♦ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s✳
❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ t♦t❛❧ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❝✉❥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s tê♠ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦ t❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳
✶✳✸ ❙❆❊❇ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦
❇ás✐❝❛
❖ ❙❆❊❇ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✽✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✵ ❡ ✈❡♠ s♦❢r❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡✲ ❞✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ r❡❛✜r♠❛❞❛ ♥❛ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡ ❇❛s❡s ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭▲❉❇✮ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❆rt✐❣♦ 9o
✶✳✹✳ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✐♥❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ✼
❬✳✳✳❪ ❱■ ✲ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛✲ çã♦ ❞♦ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥✲ t❛❧✱ ▼é❞✐♦ ❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s s✐s✲ t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♦✲ r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❬✶✸❪
✳
❖ ❙❆❊❇ ❢♦✐ r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✺✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡❞✐çõ❡s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❙❆❊❇ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✭■❉❊❇✮ ❡ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s✳ ❆ ❆♥❡❜ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ♠❛tr✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥❛s r❡❞❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♣❛ís✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ár❡❛ r✉r❛❧ ❡ ✉r❜❛♥❛✱ ♠❛tr✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥❛ 4a ❡
8a sér✐❡s ✭♦✉
5o ❡
9o ❛♥♦s✮ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡
t❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦ 3a sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❙ã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♣r♦✈❛s ❞❡ ▲í♥❣✉❛ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ❡ ▼❛✲
t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ♥♦t❛s q✉❡ ✈ã♦ ❞❡ 0 ❛ 10✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❡str❛t♦s✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳
❆ ❆♥r❡s❝ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ 4a
❡ 8a
sér✐❡s ✭♦✉ 5o
❡ 9o
❛♥♦s✮ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥✲ ❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ♥❛s r❡❞❡s ❡st❛❞✉❛✐s✱ ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛✐s ❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛✐s✱ ❞❡ ár❡❛ r✉r❛❧ ❡ ✉r❜❛♥❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s❝♦❧❛s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ♥♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ 20❛❧✉♥♦s ♠❛tr✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥❛ sér✐❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❡str❛t♦s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦✱ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛ís✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✱ ❖ ❙❆❊❇ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❡ ♥❡ss❡s sã♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s s♦❝✐✲ ♦❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✳
❆♠♣❧✐❛r❛♠✲s❡ ❛s ár❡❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥✲ ❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ◗✉í♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❙❡♠♣r❡ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙❆❊❇✱ ❥á ♥♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✼✱ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛ s✉❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦✿ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ■t❡♥s✱ ❛ ♣❛r✲ t✐r ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ▼❊❈✴■◆❊P ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛❞♦ ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ sã♦ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬✶✾❪✳
✶✳✹ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✐♥❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛
P❛r❛ P❛t❡♥t❡ ❬✶✺❪✱ ♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✵ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ Pú❜❧✐❝♦ ▼✐♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳
✶✳✺✳ ❊◆❊▼ ✲ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✽
✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❡st❛❞✉❛❧ ❡ ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳
❆ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ t❡✈❡ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❝✉❥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❖ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❛s ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❡ ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳
❖ ❙■▼❆❱❊ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦s Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❢❛❜❡t✐③❛çã♦✭P❘❖❆▲❋❆✮✱ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❊s❝♦❧❛r✭P❆❆❊✮ ❡ P❘❖❊❇✱ t♦❞♦s ❝❡♥s✐tár✐♦s✳ ❆s ❛✈❛✲ ❧✐❛çõ❡s sã♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❢❡❞❡r❛✐s s❡❞✐❛❞❛s ❡♠ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳
❈♦♠ ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ P❘❖❊❇✱ ❞♦ P❆❆❊ ❡ ❞♦ P❘❖❆▲❋❆✱ ♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❞❛ ❙❊❊✲▼● ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❉❡ ♣♦ss❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✱ ❛ ❙❊❊✲▼● ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❛çõ❡s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❛♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ à q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✱ à ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳
✶✳✺ ❊◆❊▼ ✲ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦
❈r✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✽✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐str♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❘❡♥❛t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ♥♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❈❛r❞♦s♦✱ ♦ ❊◆❊▼ t❡✈❡ ♣♦r ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣❛ís ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ♥❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣♦♥t✉❛✐s ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭P❈◆s✮ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❡ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ss❡ ♦ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✳ ❋♦✐ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
✶✳✺✳ ❊◆❊▼ ✲ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✾
❊♠ ✷✵✵✹✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ▼❊❈ ✐♥st✐t✉✐✉ ♦ P❘❖❯◆■ ❡ ✈✐♥❝✉❧♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❜♦❧s❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✱ ♦ ❡①❛♠❡ t❡✈❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ 2,4 ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✷✵✵✾ q✉❡ ♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❢♦✐ r❡❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❡ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✈✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ às ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♣❛ís✳
❖✉tr♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❞✐á❧♦❣♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ P❛r❛ t❛❧✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛s✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✾✱ ♥♦✈❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s✳
❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❤♦❥❡ ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛✲ ❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✱ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ s❡♠ ❋r♦♥✲ t❡✐r❛s ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡ té❝♥✐❝♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛♥t❡✳ ❊ss❛s ❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♠ ❛♦ ❡①❛♠❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣♦r s❡✉ ❝❛rát❡r ❞❡♠♦❝rát✐❝♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈♦✳❬✼❪
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
▼❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳
❯♠❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦r✲ t❡❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❛♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ❝✉rrí✲ ❝✉❧♦s ❡ ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❯♠❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡✲ ❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ é ❛♣❡✲ ♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❈✉rr✐✲ ❝✉❧❛r ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s t❡st❡s q✉❡ ✐rã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐á✲❧♦✳ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❈✉rr✐✲ ❝✉❧❛r é ❛♠♣❧❛ ❡ ❡s♣❡❧❤❛ ❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❝✉❥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❬✶❪✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦s ❝❛❞❡r♥♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tê♠ ❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s tr❛③❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❡♠❜❛s❛♠ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ✭q✉❡stõ❡s✮ s♦❜r❡ ▲í♥❣✉❛ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡✲ ♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛s sér✐❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✳
✷✳✶ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊
❆q✉✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❞❛ 3a
sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡✉s ❊✐①♦s ❡ ❉❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s✳
✷✳✶✳ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ✶✶
✷✳✶✳✶ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✲
3
asér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✿ ❊✐①♦ ❡ ❉❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s
✭■✮ ✲ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❋♦r♠❛
❉1❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ♣❧❛♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ♠❛✐s ✉s✉❛✐s ✭♣r✐s♠❛s✱ ♣✐râ♠✐✲ ❞❡s✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❡♣í♣❡❞♦✱ ❝✉❜♦✱ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❡✮✳
❉2 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✱ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ r❛③ã♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♥♦ tr✐✲ â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ✭s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦✱ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡✮✳
❉3❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦✳
❉4■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡t❛✳ ❉5❈♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳
✭■■✮ ✲ ●r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s
❉6❯t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❡ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ♣❧❛♥❛s✳ ❉7❯t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ♣❧❛♥❛s✳
❉8 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ár❡❛ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ✭♣r✐s♠❛✱ ♣✐râ♠✐❞❡✱ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✱ ❝♦♥❡✱ ❡s❢❡r❛✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❡♣í♣❡❞♦✮✳
❉9❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ só❧✐❞♦ ✭♣r✐s♠❛✱ ♣✐râ♠✐❞❡✱ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✱ ❝♦♥❡✱ ❡s❢❡r❛✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❡♣í♣❡❞♦✮✳
✭■■■✮ ✲ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ❡ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✲ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ❋✉♥çõ❡s
❉10 ❊st✐♠❛r r❛✐③ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡①❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈♦s✳
❉11▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ r❡t❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✳
❉12❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛s ♥ã♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❉13 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❞✉❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥✈❡rs❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❉14❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♥s✳ ❉15❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ 2o
❣r❛✉✳ ❉16❘❡s♦❧✈❡r ✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞♦2o
❣r❛✉✳
❉17❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞♦2o
❣r❛✉✳ ❉18❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ 2o
❣r❛✉✳ ❉19❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡2o
❣r❛✉ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s❡✉ ❣rá✜❝♦✳ ❉20 ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ✉♠ ♣♦❧✐♥ô♠✐♦ ❞❡ 2o
❣r❛✉ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✉❛ ❢❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ 1o
❣r❛✉✳
❉21❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠á①✐♠♦ ♦✉ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡2o
✷✳✷✳ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✶✷
❉22❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠á①✐♠♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ 2o
❣r❛✉✳
❉23❈♦♥str✉✐r✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠ três ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❡ três ✐♥❝ó❣♥✐t❛s✳
❉24❘❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ❝♦♠ três ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❡ três ✐♥❝ó❣♥✐t❛s✳ ❉25❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✴❞❡❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ③❡r♦s ❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s r❡❛✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❣rá✜✲ ❝♦s✳
❉26❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ssã♦ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✳ ❉27❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ssã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳ ❉28■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛r❝♦s ♥♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦✳
❉29❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❣r❛✉s ❡ ❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦s✳
❉30❆♣❧✐❝❛r r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s r❛③õ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦✳
❉31❘❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ♥♦çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✉t❛çã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♦✉ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✳
❉32❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦✳
❉33❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ y ❂ a.x
❉34❘❡s♦❧✈❡r ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛✐s✳
❉35❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❧♦❣❛rít♠✐❝❛ y= logxa
❉36❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♦♣❡r❛tór✐❛s ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❧♦❣❛rít♠✐❝❛✳
❉37❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛s r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐❛❧ ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞♦ 1o
❡✴♦✉ 2o
❣r❛✉✳
✭■❱✮ ✲ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❉38 ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❡✴♦✉ ❣rá✜❝♦s ✭s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❝♦❧✉♥❛s✱ s❡t♦r❡s✮✳
❉39❆ss♦❝✐❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧✐st❛s ❡✴♦✉ t❛❜❡❧❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❛♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s q✉❡ ❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡ ✈✐❝❡✲✈❡rs❛✳
❉40❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛✳
✷✳✷ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼
✷✳✷✳ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✶✸
❆ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ tr❛③ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ 120 ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ 30 ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ❡①❛♠❡✿ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦s❀ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❍✉♠❛♥❛s❀ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
▲✐st❛♠♦s ♥❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✲ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
✭■✮ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ➪r❡❛1✲ ❈♦♥str✉✐r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ✐♥t❡✐r♦s✱ r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ r❡❛✐s✳
❍1❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✲ ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ✐♥t❡✐r♦s✱ r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ r❡❛✐s✳
❍2 ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ♦✉ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠✳
❍3 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s✳
❍4 ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ r❛③♦❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s✳
❍5❆✈❛❧✐❛r ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s✳ ✭■■✮ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ➪r❡❛2✲ ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛
❡ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛❣✐r s♦❜r❡ ❡❧❛✳
❍6■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✴♦❜❥❡t♦s ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥✲ s✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ s✉❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳
❍7 ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ♣❧❛♥❛s ♦✉ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳
❍8 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛✳
❍9 ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❝♦♠♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✳
✭■■■✮ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ➪r❡❛ 3 ✲ ❈♦♥str✉✐r ♥♦çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✳
❍10 ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳
❍11 ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛s ♥❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✳ ❍12 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s✳
