Adriano Stephan Nascente(1) and Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol(2)
(1)Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Rodovia GO‑462, Km 12, Zona Rural, Caixa Postal 179, CEP 75375‑000 Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, Brazil.
E‑mail: adriano@cnpaf.embrapa.br (2)Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Produção
Vegetal, Campus de Botucatu, Caixa Postal 237, CEP 18603‑970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E‑mail: crusciol@fca.unesp.br
Abstract – The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of cover crops and timing of pre-emergence herbicide applications on soybean yield under no-tillage system. The experiment consisted of four cover crops (Panicum maximum, Urochloa ruziziensis, U. brizantha, and pearl millet) and fallow, in addition to four herbicide timings (30, 20, 10, and 0 days before soybean sowing), under no-tillage system (NTS), and of two control treatments under conventional tillage system (CTS). The experimental design was a completely randomized block, in a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates. Soybean under fallow, P. maximum, U. ruziziensis, U. brizantha, and pearl millet in the NTS and soybean under U. brizantha in the CTS did not differ signiicantly regarding
yield. Soybean under fallow in the CTS signiicantly reduced yield when compared to the other treatments. The amount of straw on soil surface did not signiicantly affect soybean yield. Chemical management of P. maximum and U. brizantha near the soybean sowing date causes signiicant damage in soybean yield. However, herbicide timing in fallow, U. ruziziensis, and pearl millet does not affect soybean yield.
Index terms: Glycine max, Panicum maximum, brachiaria, chemical management, herbicide timing, pearl millet.
Plantas de cobertura e manejo da época de aplicação de herbicida
na produção de soja em sistema plantio direto
Resumo – O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de plantas de cobertura e época de aplicação de herbicidas antes do semeio na produtividade da soja em plantio direto. O experimento consistiu em quatro plantas de cobertura (Panicum maximum, Urochloa ruziziensis, U. brizantha e milheto) e pousio, além de quatro épocas de aplicação de herbicidas (30, 20, 10 e 0 dias antes do semeio da soja), em sistema plantio direto (SPD), e em dois tratamentos controle em sistema convencional (SC). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. Soja sobre pousio, P. maximum, U. ruziziensis, U. brizantha e milheto em SPD e soja sobre U. brizantha em SC não diferiram signiicativamente entre si quanto à produtividade. Soja sobre pousio em SC
resultou em redução signiicativa na produtividade da soja, em comparação aos demais tratamentos. A quantidade de palha na superfície do solo não teve efeito signiicativo na produtividade da soja. O manejo químico de P. maximum e U. brizantha próximo à época de semeadura da soja causa dano signiicativo na produtividade da soja. Entretanto, a época de aplicação do herbicida após pousio, U. ruziziensis e milheto não afeta a produtividade da soja.
Termos para indexação: Glycine max, Panicum maximum, braquiaria, manejo químico, época aplicação de herbicida, milheto.
Introduction
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is largely planted in soil under no-tillage system (NTS), which is becoming an important soil management in Brazil. During the 2009/2010 harvest, no-tillage systems covered close to 25 million hectares of land area in the country (Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento, 2011). The lack of soil disturbance, use of crop rotation and the inclusion of cover crops in rotations are the major characteristics of the NTS (Dabney et al., 2001; Oliveira Junior et al., 2008; Yahuza, 2011). Currently,
the use of forage species, such as Urochloa and
Panicum, has attracted the interest of farmers and researchers due to the high quality and quantity of the straw produced (Crusciol et al., 2005; Torres et al., 2008; Nunes et al., 2009; Valle & Pagliarini, 2009).
broad spectrum, non-selective systemic herbicide, normally used for the control of annual and perennial weeds and cover crops (Galli & Montezuma, 2005;
Matallo et al., 2009). However, the effect of glyphosate
on plant coverage is slow, taking a few days for those plants to die completely (Constantin & Oliveira Junior, 2005). Therefore, when herbicides are applied on the same day as that of soybean sowing, cover crops are still alive and standing. Consequently, there is initial shading in soybean seedlings, which harms their initial development (Santos et al., 2007). There have been reports of effects, such as yellowing, shading, reduced development, and reduction in crop yield (Constantin & Oliveira Júnior, 2005). According to Matallo et al. (2009), when glyphosate is applied near the crop sowing time, there may occur root exudation of herbicides from cover crops to soybean, especially if the roots from the cover crops treated with the herbicide are numerous and close to the roots of the crop.
Previous studies have shown that the best time to dry out weeds or cover crops is between 7 and 20 days before soybean sowing (Santos et al., 2007; Nunes
et al., 2009; Monquero et al., 2010). However, there are
few studies on the best time for drying out cover crops before soybean seeding (Monquero et al., 2010).
The correct management of cover crops with chemicals can provide higher nutrient availability due to subsequent degradation, greater persistence of straw on soil surface, and lower release of allelopathic substances to the soil (Yamada & Castro, 2007). It is also important to determine which cover crops are the best to promote soybean productivity.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of cover crops and timing of pre-emergence herbicide applications on soybean yield under NTS.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was carried out in Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, Brazil (16o27'S and 49o17'W, at 823-m
altitude). The climate of the region is a tropical
savanna, classiied as Aw, according to Köppen, with two well‑deined seasons. The soil is an Oxisol (Santos
et al., 2006) with gently undulating topography and clayey texture (540 g kg-1 of clay, 11 g kg-1 of silt, and
35 g kg-1 of sand). Soil analysis was performed at 0–5,
5–10, and 10–20-cm depth, according to Claessen (1997) (Table 1).
The experiment was done in an area that had been cultivated under NTS for six years (2001/2002 to 2006/2007) in rotation with corn (2001, 2003, and 2005) and soybean (2002, 2004, and 2006) in the summer and fallow in the winter. This experiment consisted of cover
crops in the irst summer (2007/2008) and soybean in
the second one (2008/2009).
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, in a split-plot, with three replicates in a 5.0x4.0 factorial arrangement (cover crops, plots) x (desiccation times, split-plots) under NTS, with two control treatments in the CTS. The cover crops used were: fallow, Panicum maximum, Urochloa ruziziensis
(Syn. Brachiaria ruziziensis), Urochloa brizantha
cultivar Marandu (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha cultivar Marandu), and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.BR cultivar BN-2). Two additional treatments were included under the CTS: U. brizantha incorporated 30 days before soybean sowing and fallow, when weeds were incorporated 30 days before soybean seeding. Plot size was 6.0x40 m, and split-plot size was 6.0x10 m.
Tropical forages were planted intercropped with corn (cultivar BRS 1010), in 0.20-m rows, using a mechanical planter set to distribute 10 kg ha-1 of seeds with at
least 30% of varietal purity, mixed with N-P2O5‑K2O
fertilizer (4-30-16, 400 kg ha-1), according to the “Santa
Fé” system (Kluthcouski et al., 2000), on 11/27/2007.
Pearl millet was sowed after soybean (cultivar
Emgopa 316 RR) on 3/14/2008, at a 0.20‑m row
spacing. The cultural practices were conducted in
accordance with Kluthcouski et al. (2000). Cover
crops were desiccated at 30, 20, 10, and 0 days before soybean sowing. The drying was done by applying herbicide glyphosate at 1.8 kg ha-1 of acid equivalent
using boom sprayer with spray volume of 200 L ha-1.
Environmental conditions during pulverization were
weak winds, temperature around 25oC, and relative
humidity around 80%. This procedure was done after drying dew of cover crop leaves.
Soybean was sowed on 11/21/2008, using the
cultivar 316 Emgopa RR in 0.45‑m rows with 20 viable
seeds per meter. Furrow opening, fertilizer distribution, and soybean seeding were done with a planter tractor implement (model Personale DRILL-13, Semeato, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil). A total of 80 kg ha-1 of
P2O5 and K2O was used, and cultural practices were
Plant stands were measured seven days after soybean emergence in one linear meter on the soybean row in each split-plot. Cover crops were sampled from a 1.0x1.0-m area randomly selected and then sampled four times in each plot. The collected plant material was placed in paper bags, dried in a forced ventilation oven at 65°C, and weighed. Dry matter was converted to kilograms per hectare.
Soybeans were harvested by hand in three 5.0-m rows. Plants were threshed and grain dried until seed moisture content reached 13%. Data of soybean plant stand, cover crop dry matter, and soybean yield were subjected to analysis of variance in a randomized complete block design with three replicates using the SAS program (SAS Institute, 1999), and means were compared by the LSD test, at 5% probability. To assess the effect of cover crops on soybean stand and yield, data from desiccated cover crops at 30 days before soybean sowing were used. Correlation analysis was performed to quantify the strength of association between herbicide timing, soybean yield, cover crop dry matter, and soybean stand. Regression analysis was applied between herbicide timing and soybean yield.
Results and Discussion
An interaction between the amount of cover crop on soil surface and herbicide timing was observed,
although regression analysis was signiicant only for U. ruziziensis (Figure 1). In this sense, longer intervals between herbicide application and follow-crop planting
signiicantly reduced the amount of U. ruziziensis biomass on soil surface. However, cover crop biomass,
in general, does not affect soybean yield (Table 2). When correctly managed, cover crops do not impair soybean emergence and development, even with large biomass. Ricce et al. (2011) observed that cover crops did not affect soybean yield when desiccated at different times before soybean sowing (30, 20, 10, and 0 days).
The amount of straw remaining on soil surface for
P. maximum was greater than that for all of the others cover crops (Table 2). In addition, dry matter was slightly lower for P. maximum in comparison to that obtained by Ferreira et al. (2010), which was 16,584 kg ha-1.
However, with the exception of pearl millet, all of
the other cover crops produced considerable biomass, more than 4,000 kg ha-1 of dry matter. In the NTS,
cover crops that produce large amounts of dry matter are desirable for suitable ground cover (Nunes et al., 2006, 2009; Valle & Pagliarini, 2009; Ferreira et al., 2010).
Parcels under P. maximum were signiicantly
different from those under U. brizantha in the CTS for soybean plant stand (Table 2). Furthermore, the
correlation coeficient between cover crop biomass and soybean plant stand was highly signiicant (Table 3).
Monquero et al. (2010) observed lower soybean stand with larger amounts of cover crop biomass, which did not cause reductions in soybean development. Soybean yield under P. maximum was similar for almost all treatments, except for fallow plowed, and did not
signiicantly differ from higher yields, even with low
soybean plant stand, but differed from parcels under
U. brizantha plowed (Table 2). According to Peixoto et al. (2000), Scheeren et al. (2010), and Ricce et al. (2011), soybean has greater tolerance to variation in
inal plant population per area.
The NTS and the CTS with U. brizantha allowed satisfactory yield, which was superior to the national soybean average yield of 2,823 kg ha-1 in 2010/2011
(Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento, 2011). These
indings can be useful for cover crop selection in soil
management systems, such as the NTS and the CTS.
Although signiicant, differences in the amount of
cover crop straw they did not cause reduction in soybean yield (Table 2). In addition, correlation analysis showed
no signiicant differences between soybean yield and
amount of dry matter (Table 3).
Table 1. Soil chemical properties at the experimental area(1).
Depth pH Ca Mg Al P K Cu Zn Fe Mn MO
(cm) H2O --- (cmolc dm-3) --- --- (mg dm-3) --- (g dm-3)
0–5 6.6 2.5 1.0 0.0 12.1 194.4 1.6 3.9 29.4 20.8 21.1
5–10 6.2 1.9 0.7 0.0 14.3 107.7 1.6 3.6 30.2 18.8 20.1
10–20 5.9 1.6 0.5 0.1 11.2 69.5 1.7 3.5 29.5 17.7 19.3
(1)P and K were extracted with Mehlich 1 extracting solution (0.05 M HC1 in 0.0125 M H
2SO4). Phosphorus was determined colorimetrically, and K by
Other authors have reported that a large amount of straw can affect plant growth and yield productivity (Constantin & Oliveira Junior, 2005; Oliveira Junior et al., 2006; Santos et al., 2007; Monquero et al., 2010). Constantin et al. (2009) found reduction in the initial development and productivity of soybeans emerging
on soil with large amount of cover crop biomass. This was also observed for parcels under U. brizantha, in
which plant stands were signiicantly reduced when
herbicide was applied near the soybean sowing
date (Figure 2). However, there were no signiicant
interactions between cover crops and herbicide timing for the others treatments.
The correlation of herbicide timing and soybean
yield was positive (0.47). There was signiicant
interaction between cover crop x herbicide timing, and
regression analyses were signiicant only for parcels
under P. maximum and U. brizantha (Figure 3). Therefore, for these grasses, increasing the period of time between the application of the herbicide and soybean sowing increases soybean yield. According to Nunes et al. (2009), the best time to apply glyphosate is between 7 and 14 days before soybean sowing, whereas desiccation held over 20 days is detrimental to the crop due to weed reinfestation. Monquero et al. (2010) also reported that straw desiccation more than 20 days before soybean sowing can cause damage in soybean
development. However, Oliveira Junior (2006), Santos
et al. (2007), and Constantin et al. (2009) recommend that cover crop desiccation should be done more than ten days before sowing to avoid possible cash crop yield reduction caused by the herbicide.
In the P. maximum and U. brizantha treatments, timing of herbicide application was important for better soybean yield (Figure 3). In both treatments, herbicide application near the sowing date was detrimental to soybean yield. In this sense, Yamada & Castro (2007) reported that the injury caused by cover crops due to herbicide application near the sowing date of the next summer crop could be aggravated by the higher dry matter yield of cover crops. According to Constantin & Oliveira Júnior (2005) and Matallo et al. (2009), because of the systemic nature of the effect of glyphosate on cover plants or weeds, it takes a few days to completely kill these plants. Consequently, there is Figure 1. Cover crop dry mater production from Urochloa
ruziziensis as a function of pre-emergence herbicide application timing.
Table 2. Cover crop dry matter on soil surface, soybean plant stand measures seven days after seeded, and soybean yield(1).
Cover crops Dry matter Plant stand Yield (kg ha-1) (no per m) (kg ha-1)
Fallow 4,487cd 13ab 3,658a
Panicum maximum 13,604a 12b 3,746a
Urochloa ruziziensis 6,207bc 14ab 3,269a
Urochloa brizantha 7,614b 15ab 3,496a
Pearl millet 2,793d 16ab 3,506a
Fallow plowed - 14ab 2,616b
U. brizantha plowed - 17a 3,607a
Average 10,029 14 3,229
Coeicient of variation (%) 24.7 19.38 9.21
p <0.0001 <0.0004 <0.0075
No-tillage - 14a 3,535a
Tillage - 16a 3,112a
(1)Means followed by equal letters do not differ by the LSD test, at 5%
pro-bability.
Table 3. Pearson correlation coeficients and p‑value between herbicide timing, soybean yield (kg ha-1), cover crop dry matter production (DMP), and soybean plant stand under no-tillage system.
Feature Herbicide timing Soybean yield DMP Stand
Herbicide timing 1.00 0.47 (0.0001) 0.44 (0.0004) 0.005 (0.9696)
Soybean yield 0.48 (0.0001)(1) 1.00 -0.16 (0.2158) -0.13 (0.3186)
DMP 0.44 (0.0004) -0.16 (0.2158) 1.00 -0.50 (<0.0001)
Stand 0.005 (0.9696) -0.13 (0.3186) -0.50 (<0.0001) 1.00
a great expenditure of energy from soybean seedlings to overcome the large amount of cover crop biomass (Constantin et al., 2009).
According to Yamada & Castro (2007), it is very important to wait from two to three weeks between desiccation and sowing of annual crops to avoid the interference of glyphosate, the allelopathic effect of weeds or shading, and to provide initial rapid and vigorous development of the succeeding crop. Managing the cover crop before sowing of agricultural
crops with the use of herbicides brings beneits, such
as the reduction of competition for water in early crop development; the promotion of the decomposition of cover crop residues or weeds, which can provide nutrients for the crop; the improvement of the uniformity of planting; the reduction in possible allelopathic effects of cover crops or weeds; and the promotion of increased productivity (Tokura & Nóbrega, 2006;
Borghi & Crusciol, 2007; Mauli et al., 2011; Yahuza, 2011). U. ruziziensis, pearl millet, and fallow can be
desiccated any time before soybean sowing. However,
for P. maximum and U. brizantha, desiccation done near the soybean sowing date causes decreases in crop yield.
Conclusions
1. The use of different cover crops, such as Urochloa brizantha, U. ruziziensis, Panicum maximum, and pearl millet, under no-tillage system, and U. brizantha
in conventional tillage, does not affect soybean yield. 2. Soybean under conventional tillage system after fallow produces the lowest soybean yield.
3. The amount of straw on soil surface does not
signiicantly affect soybean yield.
4. Chemical management of Panicum maximum and
U. brizantha close to the soybean sowing date reduces soybean yield, but herbicide timing has no effect on soybean yield after fallow, U. ruziziensis, and pearl millet.
Acknowledgements
To Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, for inancial support and for scholarship granted; and to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientíico e
Tecnológico, for scholarship granted.
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