❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás
❘❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛t❛❧ã♦
❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞❡
▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠
▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ▼ús✐❝❛
❆ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛s Pr♦❣r❡ssõ❡s
●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s
❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛
❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛
▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ▼ús✐❝❛
❆ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛s Pr♦❣r❡ssõ❡s
●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❈✉rs♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ à ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛✲ t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛t❛❧ã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼ár❝✐♦ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❘♦❝❤❛ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦
❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳ ➱ ♣r♦✐❜✐❞❛ ❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ t♦t❛❧ ♦✉ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡♠ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡ ❞♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳
✳✳✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❉❊❯❙✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ ♥❡st❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✳ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❛♠ ♥❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❝♦♥✲ tr❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ t✉t♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❡①í♠✐❛ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛ s♦✉❜❡r❛♠ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝✉rs♦✳
❊♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✱ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ▼ár❝✐♦ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❘♦❝❤❛ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦✱ q✉❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ tr❛③ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ▼ús✐❝❛✱ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡st❛ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦s ♣r✐♠ór❞✐♦s ❞❛ ❤✉♠❛♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ ♣ô❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣♦r P✐tá❣♦r❛s✳ ❆❜♦r❞❛♠♦s ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ▼ús✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐♠♦s ❛s ♥♦çõ❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✱ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ◆♦ss♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❢♦❝❛❞♦s ♥♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦r❞❛s✱ ♣❡❧♦s q✉❛✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡ ❛s ♣r♦❣r❡ssõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s❀ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s ❡ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ▼ús✐❝❛ ❡ ❛s ❝♦r❡s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ s♦♠ ❡ ❧✉③✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠♦s ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦r❞❛s✱ ✈✐❛ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ➪✉r❡❛✱ ❡ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞❛s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡
▼ús✐❝❛✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛✱ Pr♦❣r❡ssõ❡s ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ▼✉s✐❝❛✐s✱ ❚r❛st❡s ❞♦ ❱✐♦❧ã♦✱ ❈♦r❡s ❡ ▲✉③✱ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ➪✉r❡❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ❢♦r r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ st✉❞✐❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♠✉s✐❝✱ ❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ t❤❛t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❞❛✇♥ ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥✐t②✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ st✉❞✐❡s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❜② P②t❤❛❣♦r❛s✳ ❲❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠✉s✐❝ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t ❛♥❞ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝s ♦❢ ♠✉s✐❝ t❤❡♦r②✱ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ✇✐t❤ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✳ ❖✉r ❡✛♦rts ✇❡r❡ ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ str✐♥❣s✱ ❜② ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ s❝❛❧❡✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❈❤r♦♠❛t✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐♦♥s❀ ❛❧s♦ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧s ❛♥❞ r✐❣❤t tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s✳ ❲❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠✉s✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧♦rs✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡✐r r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❡s ♦❢ s♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❧✐❣❤t✳ ❆❧s♦ ✇❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ str✐♥❣s✱ ✈✐❛ ●♦❧❞❡♥ Pr♦♣♦rt✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✜♥✐s❤❡❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ s♦♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s ❢♦r ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✇♦r❦❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ssr♦♦♠✱ ❛✐♠❡❞ ❛t ❤✐❣❤ s❝❤♦♦❧ st✉❞❡♥ts✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s
▼✉s✐❝✱ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✱ ❈❤r♦♠❛t✐❝ ❙❝❛❧❡✱ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ Pr♦❣r❡ss✐♦♥s✱ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧ ■♥str✉✲ ♠❡♥ts✱ ❚❤❡ ●✉✐t❛r ❋r❡ts✱ ❈♦❧♦rs ❛♥❞ ▲✐❣❤ts✱ ●♦❧❞❡♥ Pr♦♣♦rt✐♦♥✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ◆❡✉♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❣r❛✜❛ ❞❛s ❝❧❛✈❡s ❞❡ ❋➪ ❡ ❉Ó ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸ P❛rt✐t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❈â♥t✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❧♦✉✈♦r ❛ ❙ã♦ ❏♦ã♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✹ ❈â♥t✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❧♦✉✈♦r ❛ ❙ã♦ ❏♦ã♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ▼✉s✐❝❛✐s ❡ s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♥♦♠❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✻ P❡♥t❛❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✼ ❉✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦t❛s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s ♥❛s ❈❧❛✈❡s ❞❡ ❙❖▲ ❡ ❋➪✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✷✹ ✽ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♥♦t❛s ❡ ♣❛✉s❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✾ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♥♦t❛s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛❞✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❋❡r♠❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣❛ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✶✹ ❆❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ▼✉s✐❝❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✶✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✶✻ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛ ❛s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❉Ó ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✶✼ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❉Ó ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✶✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞✐❛tô♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✶✾ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♣❡s♦s ❡♠ ❝♦r❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✵ ▼♦♥♦❝ór❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✶ ❖✐t❛✈❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✷ ◗✉❛rt❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✸ ◗✉✐♥t❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✹ Pr♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ●✉✐t❛rr❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✺ ❱✐♦❧ã♦ ❡ s✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✻ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♥♦t❛s ✲ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✼ P♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s tr❛st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✽ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s tr❛st❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr❛❜❛✐①♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✾ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✷✵ tr❛st❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr❛❜❛✐①♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✵ ❉✐st❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s tr❛st❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈✐♦❧ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✶ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✷ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✸ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❱❛❧❧✉♠❜r♦s✐❛♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✸✹ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❱❛❧❧✉♠❜r♦s✐❛♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s tr❛st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✺ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s tr❛st❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈✐♦❧ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✻ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✼ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛s ♦✐t❛✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✽ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ s♦♥s ❡ ❧✉③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✾ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✵ ❘❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✶ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ➪✉r❡❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❝❤❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✷ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ➪✉r❡❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✸ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ➪✉r❡❛ ♥♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✹ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ➪✉r❡❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈✐♦❧✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✺ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ➪✉r❡❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈✐♦❧♦♥❝❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✻ ❊stát✉❛ ❞❡ ❆♣♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝ít❛r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✼ P❛rt❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈✐♦❧ã♦ ❡♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✽ ◆♦t❛s ❞❛s ❝♦r❞❛s s♦❧t❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈✐♦❧ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✾ ❉✐❛♣❛sã♦ ♦✉ ❛✜♥❛❞♦r ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✵ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♥♦t❛s ❡ ❧❡tr❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✵✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✷ ❉♦s❡s ❞✐ár✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❡rt♦ ♠❡❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✸ ❚r❡♥❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✹ ❖r❞❡♠ ❞♦s tr❛st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✺ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ✵✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✻ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ✵✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✺
✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ▼ús✐❝❛ ✶✽
✷✳✶ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ ▼ús✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸ ❖r✐❣❡♠ ❞♦s ◆♦♠❡s ❞❛s ◆♦t❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ▼✉s✐❝❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧ ✷✸
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✸ ❆s ❈❧❛✈❡s ❡ ❛s ◆♦t❛s ▼✉s✐❝❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✹ P♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ▲✐❣❛❞✉r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛ss♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✻ ❚♦♥s ❡ ❙❡♠✐✲t♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✼ ❙✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❆❧t❡r❛çã♦ ✭❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✽ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✹ ❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦s ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❈♦r❞❛s ✸✶
✹✳✶ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ❡ ♦s ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❈♦r❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✷ ❆ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛s Pr♦❣r❡ssõ❡s ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✷✳✶ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❚r❛st❡s ❞♦s ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❈♦r❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✸ ▼ús✐❝❛ ❡ ♦ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❘❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✺ ❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ▼ús✐❝❛ ♥❛s ❈♦r❡s ✺✸
✺✳✶ ▼ús✐❝❛ ❡ ❛s ❈♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✻ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ➪✉r❡❛ ♥❛ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ▼✉s✐❝❛✐s ✺✽
✻✳✶ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ➪✉r❡❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✻✳✷ ❱✐♦❧✐♥♦s✱ ❱✐♦❧♦♥❝❡❧♦s ❡ ❛ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ➪✉r❡❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✼ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✻✺
✼✳✸ ❆✉❧❛ ✵✸ ✭❘❡✈❡r ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❡ssã♦ ●❡♦✲ ♠étr✐❝❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✼✳✹ ❆✉❧❛ ✵✹ ✭Pr♦❣r❡ssã♦ ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❚r❛st❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❱✐♦❧ã♦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✽ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✼✻
✾ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✼✼
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❉❡s❞❡ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣❛s ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛çõ❡s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❡✐t❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ❡st✐❝❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ ♦ s♦♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✈✐❜r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ♣r♦✈♦✉ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛✱ ❛ ✈✐❜r❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠ s♦♠ ❝♦♠ t♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ àq✉❡❧❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ✐♥t❡✐r❛✱ ♠❛s ✉♠❛ ♦✐t❛✈❛ ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❛❣✉❞♦✳ ❆♦ t❡st❛r ♥♦✈❛s ❞✐✈✐sõ❡s✱ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐✉ q✉❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥s♦♥â♥❝✐❛s ✭❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦♥s ♠❛✐s ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡✐s✮ ❡r❛♠ ❛s ♦✐t❛✈❛s✱ ❛s q✉❛rt❛s ❡ ❛s q✉✐♥t❛s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ às ❞✐✈✐sõ❡s ❡①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ❡st✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛r❝♦ ❡ sã♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦r❞❛s✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ❛ss♦❝✐♦✉ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ✐♥t❡✐r❛✱ 1
2 ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡
❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛✱ 1
3 ❛ ✉♠ t❡rç♦ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛ ❡st❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛♠♦s ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦r♠❛s q✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ♥✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s ✈ár✐❛s ✐♥t❡rs❡çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❢❛t♦s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❖rt♦❧♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✿
◆♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■✱ ♦ ✐t❛❧✐❛♥♦ ●✉✐❞♦ ❞✬❆r❡③③♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❡ s✉❜st✐t✉í❛ ❛s ❧❡tr❛s ✭✈♦❣❛✐s✮ ♣♦r ♥♦t❛s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s✱ ♥♦ ❝❛♥t♦ ❡❝❧❡s✐ást✐❝♦✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈♦❣❛❧ ❡r❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛✳ ❊st❡ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ✉s❛ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ✉s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❞✬❆r❡③③♦✳
◆♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■■✱ ♦ ❛strô♥♦♠♦ ❑❡♣❧❡r✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❧✐✈r♦ ✧❆ ❍❛r♠♦♥✐❛ ❞♦s ▼✉♥❞♦s✧✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✳ ❑❡♣❧❡r ❛ss♦❝✐❛✈❛ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❧❛♥❡t❛s ❡ ❞❡ s✉❛s ór❜✐t❛s ❝♦♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡s❝❛❧❛s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛ ♣♦ss✉í❛ ✉♠❛ t♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❡ ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣❧❛♥❡t❛s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❛ ✉♠❛ ✧♠❡❧♦❞✐❛ ❝❡❧❡st❡✧✳ ❆♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ❛ s✉❛ ▲❡✐ ❍❛r♠ô♥✐❝❛✱ ❡❧❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡✉ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❛s ór❜✐t❛s ❞♦s ♣❧❛♥❡t❛s ❡ ❛s s✉❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❙♦❧✳
❖s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t♦r❡s ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ✈❛❧✐❛♠ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠á✲ t✐❝❛✳ ◆♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❇❛rr♦❝♦✱ ❇❛❝❤ ❛♣❧✐❝♦✉ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ s✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çõ❡s✱
❛s q✉❛✐s t✐♥❤❛♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝❧❛r❛s ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ▼♦✲ ③❛rt✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❛ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r✱ ❝r✐♦✉ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✧❏♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ▼♦③❛rt✧✱ q✉❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✈❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r t❡♠❛s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s✳
◆♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖s ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t♦r❡s ▼✐❧t♦♥ ❇❛❜❜✐t ❡ ❆❧❧❡♥ ❋♦rt ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✶✾✹✺✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ●✉❡rr❛✱ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❙t♦❝❦❤❛✉s❡♥✱ ❑❛r❧ ❍❡✐♥s ❡ ❍❡❜❡rt ❊✐♠❡rt✱ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ❢❛③❡r ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ s♦♥s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❡ ❝r✐❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ❡stú❞✐♦ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦❧ô♥✐❛ ♥❛ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ✈ár✐❛s t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s s❡ ❛❜r✐r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦♥s s✐♥t❡t✐③❛❞♦s✱ ✜❧tr♦s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛s s♦♥♦r❛s ❡ ♣r♦❞✉çõ❡s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❡❧❡tr♦♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❆ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ♠ús✐❝❛ ✜❝♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s í♥t✐♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✺✼✱ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✳ ❋♦✐ ✉♠ ♠❛r❝♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ à ✐♥✈❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❡tr❛s ♣♦r ♥♦t❛s✱ ❢❡✐t♦ ♥♦✈❡ sé❝✉❧♦s ❛♥t❡s ♣♦r ●✉✐❞♦ ❞✬❆r❡③③♦✳
❖✉tr♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳ ♠♦str❛♠ ♥♦✈❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t♦r ■❛♥♥✐s ❳❡♥❛❦✐s✱ q✉❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡✉ ♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ✧❋♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ▼✉s✐❝✧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❡ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦♠ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❳❡♥❛❦✐s ✉s❛✈❛ ♦s Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛s s♦♥♦r❛s ❡✈♦❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❖s Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡st✉❞❛ ♦s Pr♦❝❡ss♦s Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦s ❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ✉♠ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
▼❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❱❛❧❞❡r ❙t❡✛❡♥ ❏r✳ ❡ ❘♦♠❡s ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❇♦r❣❡s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r❛♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t✲ ♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♥çã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✱ ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❡ ❞❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞❛s ♥♦t❛s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ à t❡♦r✐❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❝r♦♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛s ♣r♦❣r❡ssõ❡s ❣❡♦✲
♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❝✉❧♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ♥✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣rát✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s tr❛st❡s ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s✳
P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✱ ♠♦str❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r✱ ❛s ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♥♦t❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❧✉③❡s ♥♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❛♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✱ ❛♦ ♠♦str❛r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ➪✉r❡❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡t❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡st❛ ♣♦r♣♦rçã♦✳
❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❛s ✶❛ sér✐❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼✱ ❛✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ s❡❥❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✴❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ssõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡❣✉❡♠ ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❡ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ▼ús✐❝❛
✷✳✶ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ ▼ús✐❝❛
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❖rt♦❧❛♥ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ é ❞✐③❡r ♣r❡❝✐s❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❛s❝❡✉ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ r❡❧❛t♦s ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛çõ❡s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s✳ ❆s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦s ♣r✐♠✐✲ t✐✈♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛rq✉❡♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♥❞✉③❡♠ à ❞❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❞❛s ❝❛✈❡r♥❛s ✉s❛✈❛ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❛r s❡✉s ❞❡✉s❡s✳ ❆ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡r❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ à ❞❛♥ç❛✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s✱ ❥✉♥t❛s✱ ❛ss✉♠✐❛♠ ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r r✐t✉❛❧íst✐❝♦✳
❖ q✉❡ s❡ s✉♣õ❡✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❙t♦♣♣❛ ❡ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ é q✉❡ ♦ r✐t♠♦ t♦♠❛✈❛ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❜❛t❡r ❝❛❞❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠ã♦s ❡ ♣és✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛r ✈✐tór✐❛s ♥❛ ❣✉❡rr❛✱ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s✱ ❡t❝✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ✉s❛r só ❛s ♠ã♦s ❡ ♦s ♣és✱ r✐t♠❛✈❛♠ s✉❛s ❞❛♥ç❛s ❝♦♠ ♣❛♥❝❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♠❛❞❡✐r❛✱ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❛s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛✈❛♠ ♣❛r❛ s♦❛r❡♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝✉ssã♦✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡❧❡s ♣❛ss❛r✐❛♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r s✉❛s ❣❛r❣❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡♠✐t✐r s♦♥s✱ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛❧✐✱ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ r✉❞✐♠❡♥t❛r ❞❡ ❝❛♥t♦ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ r✐t♠♦✱ r❡s✉❧t❛r✐❛ ♥✉♠❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❧♠❛s✱ r♦♥❝♦s✱ ♣✉❧♦s✱ ✉✐✈♦s✱ ❜❛t✐❞❛s ❡ ❜❡rr♦s✳
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦s ❛t✉❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s✱ ❡ss❛s ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛çõ❡s t❡r✐❛♠ s✐❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦❜r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥tr❛r❡♠ ♥✉♠❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♥✉♠❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❤✐stór✐❝❛✱ ❡❧❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ❡✈♦❧✉✐♥❞♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦t❛çõ❡s✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❡r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ r❡❧✐❣✐♦s❛✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❡✈♦❧✉✐✉ ❞❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s r♦♥❝♦s ❡ ♣❛❧♠❛s ❛ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡✳
✷✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧
❖s ♣♦✈♦s ❛♥t✐❣♦s ✭❣r❡❣♦s✱ r♦♠❛♥♦s ❡ ❤❡❜r❡✉s✮ ♣r♦❝✉r❛✈❛♠ ♥❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇♦r❞✐♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♣♦r ✈♦❧t❛ ❞♦s sé❝✉❧♦s ■❱ ❡ ❱✱ ❝♦♠ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ❧❛t✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♥t❛r ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛✱ ✉♠ t♦♠ ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ✉♠ t♦♠ ❛❜❛✐①♦✱ ❡t❝✳
◆♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❱■■ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ t❡①t♦ ❛ s❡r ❝❛♥t❛❞♦✱ s✐♥❛✐s ❞❡r✐✲ ✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❣r❛♠át✐❝❛ ❣r❡❣❛✿ ✴\ ∧
❊st❡s s✐♥❛✐s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇♦r❞✐♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ r❡❝❡❜❡r❛♠ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ♥❡✉♠❛s ✭✧❛r✧❡♠ ❣r❡❣♦✮✳ ❖s ♥❡✉♠❛s ❛❥✉❞❛✈❛♠ ♦ ❝❛♥t♦r ❛ s❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛r ❞❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧♦❞✐❛✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛✈❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❛s ♥♦t❛s✳ ❖s ♥❡✉♠❛s ❢♦r❛♠ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ■❳ ❛♦ ❳■■■✱ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ◆❡✉♠❛s
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✶✴✵✾✴❤✐st♦r✐❛✲❞❛✲♠✉s✐❝❛✲♦❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧✴
P❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡①❛t❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✈❛✲s❡ ❧❡tr❛s ❞♦ ❛❧❢❛❜❡t♦ ❧❛t✐♥♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥❡✉♠❛s ❡ ♦ t❡①t♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♥♦t❛✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ t♦♠ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❢♦✐ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♦ ❢á ✭❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞♦ ❞ó ❝❡♥tr❛❧✮✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈♦③ ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥❛✳ ▼❛✐s t❛r❞❡✱ ❝♦❧♦❝♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦r ❛♠❛r❡❧♦ ♦✉ ✈❡r❞❡✱ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ♦ ❞ó ❝❡♥tr❛❧✳
◆♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❇♦r❞✐♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ♦ ♠♦♥❣❡ ✐t❛❧✐❛♥♦ ●✉✐❞♦ ❉✬❛r❡③③♦ ✭✾✾✶✲ ✶✵✸✸✮✱ ❝r✐♦✉ ♦ t❡tr❛❣r❛♠❛✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❧✐♥❤❛s✱ t♦❞❛s ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✳ ❆s ❞✉❛s
❧✐♥❤❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❡r❛♠ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛s ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❛♥t✐❣❛s ❡ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ♦✉ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❞✉❛s ❛♥t✐❣❛s✳
❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■■✱ ♦ ♣❡♥t❛❣r❛♠❛ ✭q✉❡ sã♦ ❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❝✐♥❝♦s ❧✐♥❤❛s✮✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛❞♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ♣♦❧✐❢ô♥✐❝❛s✱ ❝❛♥çõ❡s ❡ ❞❛♥ç❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ♣r♦❢❛♥❛s✱ ❡ ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■✱ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦s s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✳
▼❛✐s t❛r❞❡✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉s❛r ❛s ❝❧❛✈❡s ✭✧❝❤❛✈❡s✧❡♠ ❧❛t✐♠✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r✲ ♠✐♥❛r ❛s ❛❧t✉r❛s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❜♦❧✐r ❛ ❝♦❧♦r❛❝ã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❣r❛✜❛ ♠❡❞✐❡✈❛❧ ❡ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❛s ❝❧❛✈❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❣r❛✜❛ ❞❛s ❝❧❛✈❡s ❞❡ ❋➪ ❡ ❉Ó
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✶✴✵✾✴❤✐st♦r✐❛✲❞❛✲♠✉s✐❝❛✲♦❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧✴
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❙❖▲✱ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡✱ só s✉r❣✐✉ ❡♠ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■❱✳
✷✳✸ ❖r✐❣❡♠ ❞♦s ◆♦♠❡s ❞❛s ◆♦t❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ▼✉s✐❝❛✐s
❍❛✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ❛s ♥♦t❛s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s✱ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛❞❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❧❡tr❛s ❞♦ ❛❧❢❛❜❡t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❛s✿ ❆✱ ❇✱ ❈✱ ❉✱ ❊✱ ❋ ❡ ●✳▼❛✐s t❛r❞❡ ♦ ♠♦♥❣❡ ●✉✐❞♦ ❉✬❆r❡③③♦✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦r ❞♦ ♣❡♥t❛❣r❛♠❛✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛❝ã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡❧♦❞✐❛s✱ ❛❞♦t♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ♥♦♠❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♥♦t❛s ✭♣♦✐s ❡r❛♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❡tr❛s✮✳
❆ ✐♥s♣✐r❛çã♦ s✉r❣✐✉✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇♦r❞✐♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛r ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❝â♥✲ t✐❝♦s✱ ❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❤❛✈✐❛ ✉♠ ❡♠ ❧♦✉✈♦r ❛ ❙ã♦ ❏♦ã♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ✭❙❛♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠ús✐❝♦s✮✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✈❡rs♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛✈❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t✉r❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡❧❡ tr♦❝♦✉ ❛s ❧❡tr❛s ♣❡❧❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s sí❧❛❜❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡rs♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ P❛rt✐t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❈â♥t✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❧♦✉✈♦r ❛ ❙ã♦ ❏♦ã♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♠✉s✐❝❛✳✉❢♠❛✳❜r✴❜♦r❞✐♥✐✴♥♦t❴♠✉s✴❤✐st✳❤t♠★◆✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✿ ❈â♥t✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❧♦✉✈♦r ❛ ❙ã♦ ❏♦ã♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ❋♦♥t❡✿
❤tt♣✿✴✴♦rq✉❡str❛✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✳❜❧♦❣s♣♦t✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴♣✴✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝♦❡s✲❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳❤t♠❧
❱❛❧❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛ ❙■✱ s✉r❣✐✉ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❙❛♥t♦ ❤♦♠❡♥❛❣❡❛❞♦✱ ❙❛♥❝t❡ ■♦♥♥❡s✳
❆ ♥♦t❛ ❉Ó ✉s❛❞❛ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡r❛ ❯t ❡ ❢♦✐ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❯t ♣❛r❛ ❉Ó✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦s✐t♦r ❡ t❡ór✐❝♦ ✐t❛❧✐❛♥♦ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ❉♦♥✐ ✭✶✺✾✺✲✶✻✹✼✮✱ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ sí❧❛❜❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ ♥♦♠❡ ❉❖ ✭❉♦♥✐✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ s♦❧❢❡❥♦ ♥♦ ✐❞✐♦♠❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ ♣❛ís✳
◆❛ ♠❡s♠❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❜❛✐①❛r ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ t♦♠ ♦ ❙■✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ♦ trít♦♥♦✱ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞♦s ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✳
❆ ❧❡tr❛ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛ ❜ ❡r❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❛ ♣❛✉t❛✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❡ ♠♦❧❧❡ ✭❜ s✉❛✈❡✱ ❜ ♠❛❝✐♦✱ ❡♠ ❧❛t✐♠✮ ♦✉ ❜❡ r♦t✉♥❞✉♠ ✭❜ r❡❞♦♥❞♦✮✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛✈❛ ♦ ❙■ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ❡s❝r❡✈✐❛♠✲♥♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛✱ ❇✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ r❡❝❡❜✐❛ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ❜❡ q✉❛❞r❛t✉♠ ✭❜ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦✮ ♦✉ ❜❡ ❞✉r✉♠ ✭❜ ❞✉r♦✮✳ ❈♦♠ ♦s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s r❡❜❛✐①❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♥♦t❛s✱ ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ✈♦❧t❛s ❛♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ❡st❛s ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s s❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧✐③❛r❛♠✳
❖ s✉st❡♥✐❞♦ ✭❡❧❡✈❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❧❛t✐♠✮✱ ❞❡❝♦rr❡ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ trít♦♥♦✱ ♠❛s ❡❧❡✈❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ t♦♠ ❛ ♥♦t❛ ❋á✳ ◆❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ❡r❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛ ✉♠❛ ❝r✉③✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞♦ ❜❡♠♦❧✱ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♥♦t❛s ♣✉❞❡r❛♠ s❡r ✧s✉st❡♥✐③❛❞❛s✧✳ ❖ ✉s♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡s só s❡ ❞❡✉ ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■■✳
❆ ❣r❛✜❛ ❞❛s ❞✉r❛çõ❡s ✭t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✲❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛✮✱ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❡r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞♦s ♣❛❞r❡s✱ ❡ só ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■■■✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❛♥t✐❣♦s ♥❡✉♠❛s✳
✸ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ♠ús✐❝❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▲❛❝❡r❞❛ ✭✶✾✻✻✮✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛rt❡ ♦✉ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s s♦♥s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧ ❛♦s ♦✉✈✐❞♦s✳ ❉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✉s✉❛❧✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r q✉❛tr♦ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✿
❛✮ ❉✉r❛çã♦✿ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦♠❀
❜✮ ■♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❞❡✜♥❡ s❡ ♦ s♦♠ é ❢r❛❝♦ ♦✉ ❢♦rt❡❀ ❝✮ ❆❧t✉r❛✿ ♦s ❣r❛✈❡s ❡ ♦s ❛❣✉❞♦s❀
❞✮ ❚✐♠❜r❡✿ é ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s♦♥s✳
✸✳✷ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧
❆ ♠ús✐❝❛ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✜❣✉r❛s ♦✉ s✐♥❛✐s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ♥♦t❛s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦♠✱ ❡ r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ♥♦♠❡s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♥❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✳ ✺ ❛❜❛✐①♦✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✿ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ▼✉s✐❝❛✐s ❡ s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♥♦♠❡s
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♠❛❣✐❛❞❛♠✉s✐❝❛✳✇❡❜♥♦❞❡✳♣t✴❢✐❣✉r❛s✲♠✉s✐❝❛✐s✴
❆s ✜❣✉r❛s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s ✭♦✉ ♥♦t❛s✮✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ▲❛❝❡r❞❛ ✭✶✾✻✻✮✱ sã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛s ♥♦ ♣❡♥t❛❣r❛♠❛✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦s✳ ❆❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦ ♣❡♥t❛❣r❛♠❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✳ ✻✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✿ P❡♥t❛❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣✉✐t❛r①✳❜❧♦❣❣❡r✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴✷✵✵✸❴✶✵❴✷✻❴❛r❝❤✐✈❡✳❤t♠❧
✸✳✸ ❆s ❈❧❛✈❡s ❡ ❛s ◆♦t❛s ▼✉s✐❝❛✐s
❙ã♦ s❡t❡ ❛s ♥♦t❛s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s✿ ❉Ó✱ ❘➱✱ ▼■✱ ❋➪✱ ❙❖▲✱ ▲➪ ❡ ❙■✳ ▼❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♥♦t❛s r❡❝❡❜❛♠ ♥♦♠❡ ♥♦ ♣❡♥t❛❣r❛♠❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛ ❝❧❛✈❡✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❧❛✈❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ♠❛✐s ✉s✉❛✐s✱ sã♦ ❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❋➪ ♥❛ q✉❛rt❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ ❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❙❖▲✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ♥♦t❛s ❋➪ ♥❛ q✉❛rt❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ ❙❖▲ ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♥t❛❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✳ ✻✳ ❆s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♥♦t❛s sã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ♥♦ ♣❡♥t❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✉s✉❛❧ t❛♥t♦ ❛s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦t❛s q✉❡ ❞ã♦ ♥♦♠❡ às ❝❧❛✈❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✳ ✼✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✿ ❉✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦t❛s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s ♥❛s ❈❧❛✈❡s ❞❡ ❙❖▲ ❡ ❋➪✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝✐❢r❛❝❧✉❜✳❝♦♠✳❜r
❈❛❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦♠✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ▲❛❝❡r❞❛ ✭✶✾✻✻✮✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ q✉❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ s✐❧ê♥❝✐♦ ♥✉♠❛ ♠❡❧♦❞✐❛✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ s✐♥❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡st❛s ✜❣✉r❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡♠✐❜r❡✈❡✱ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♣❛✉s❛ ❞❡ s❡♠✐❜r❡✈❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛✱ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♣❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✳ ✽ ❛❜❛✐①♦✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽✿ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♥♦t❛s ❡ ♣❛✉s❛s
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♣r♦❛s❝❣✸✳♣❜✇♦r❦s✳❝♦♠✴✇✴♣❛❣❡✴✶✽✻✺✾✶✷✻✴❚❊▼P❖✪✷✵❉❆❙✪✷✵◆❖❚❆❙
❊st❡s sí♠❜♦❧♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s ♣❛✉s❛s✮ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦t❛✳ ❈♦♠❡ç❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ s❡♠✐❜r❡✈❡✱ q✉❡ é ❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✉r❛çã♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s t❡♠ ❞✉❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✾✿ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♥♦t❛s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼ét♦❞♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧ P❛s❝❤♦❛❧ ❇♦♥❛
✸✳✹ P♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ▲✐❣❛❞✉r❛s
❊①✐st❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛ ♦✉ ♣❛✉s❛✱ ♠❡r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♦s três ❝❛s♦s ❛❜❛✐①♦✿
❛✮ ▲✐❣❛❞✉r❛✿ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝✉r✈❛ q✉❡ ✉♥❡ ❞✉❛s ♥♦t❛s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛✱ s♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❛s s✉❛s ❞✉r❛çõ❡s✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✵✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛❞✉r❛ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼ét♦❞♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧ P❛s❝❤♦❛❧ ❇♦♥❛
❜✮ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✿ é ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡✉ ✈❛❧♦r✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✶✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼ét♦❞♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧ P❛s❝❤♦❛❧ ❇♦♥❛
❝✮ ❋❡r♠❛t❛✿ é ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♥♦t❛ ♦✉ ♣❛✉s❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉st❡♥tá✲❧❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠ús✐❝♦ ❛❝❤❛r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❋❡r♠❛t❛ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼ét♦❞♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧ P❛s❝❤♦❛❧ ❇♦♥❛
✸✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛ss♦s
❈♦♠♣❛ss♦ é ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♦✉ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s✳ ❖s ❝♦♠♣❛ss♦s sã♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❜❛rr❛s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✸✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛ss♦✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✸✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣❛ss♦ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼ét♦❞♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧ P❛s❝❤♦❛❧ ❇♦♥❛
✸✳✻ ❚♦♥s ❡ ❙❡♠✐✲t♦♥s
◆❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦✱ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ s❡♠✐✲t♦♠ é ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s s♦♥s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈♦s q✉❛✐sq✉❡r✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ t♦♠ é ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s s❡♠✐✲t♦♥s✳
P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣✐❛♥♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t❡❝❧❛ ♣r❡t❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❜r❛♥❝❛ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡ é ✉♠ s❡♠✐✲t♦♠✳
✸✳✼ ❙✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❆❧t❡r❛çã♦ ✭❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✮
❙✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❆❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❆❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ▼✉s✐❝❛✐s✱ sã♦ s✐♥❛✐s q✉❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦✲ ❞✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❡♥t♦♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛✱ ♦✉ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s ❡s❝❛❧❛s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❥✉♥t♦s às ❝❧❛✈❡s✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♥♦t❛s ♥❛q✉❡❧❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♦✉ ♣♦s✐çã♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦s✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❞❡✈❡♠ s♦❢r❡r ❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❡❧❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛✳
❖s ❆❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ▼✉s✐❝❛✐s sã♦✿
❛✮ ❙✉st❡♥✐❞♦✿ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ♥♦t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ s❡♠✐✲t♦♠✳ ❜✮ ❇❡♠♦❧✿ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❛ ♥♦t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ s❡♠✐✲t♦♠✳
❝✮ ❉♦❜r❛❞♦ ❙✉st❡♥✐❞♦✿ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ♥♦t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ t♦♠✳ ❞✮❉♦❜r❛❞♦ ❇❡♠♦❧✿ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❛ ♥♦t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ t♦♠✳
❡✮ ❇❡q✉❛❞r♦✿ ❛♥✉❧❛ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ s✉st❡♥✐❞♦ ❡✴♦✉ ❞♦ ❜❡♠♦❧ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✹✿ ❆❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ▼✉s✐❝❛✐s
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜❛✐①✐st❛✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴❛rt✐❣♦s✴❞✐❞❛t✐❝❛✴❧❡✐t✉r❛✲♠✉s✐❝❛❧✲✐✐
✸✳✽ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛
❊s❝❛❧❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇♦♥❛ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ é ✉♠❛ s✉❝❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ♦✐t♦ ♥♦t❛s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❞♦ ❣r❛✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❣✉❞♦ ✭❛s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡✮ ♦✉ ❞♦ ❛❣✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣r❛✈❡ ✭❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡✮✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛r❜✐trár✐❛✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♥♦t❛s ✭❞ó✱ ré✱ ♠✐✱ ❢á✱ s♦❧✱ ❧á✱ s✐✮ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡st❛ ♦r❞❡♠✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s✿ ❞ó✱ ré✱ ♠✐✱ ❢á✱ s♦❧✱ ❧á✱ s✐✱ ❞ó ♦✉ ré✱ ♠✐✱ ❢á★✱ s♦❧✱ ❧á✱ s✐✱ ❞ó★✱ ré✳ ❆ ♥♦t❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ tô♥✐❝❛✳ ❱❡❥❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✺ ❞♦✐s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❡♥t❛❣r❛♠❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✺✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧❛
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❡r✐❝❡s✳✉♣❤❡r♦✳❝♦♠✴❄♣❛❣❡❴✐❞❂✶✹✷
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ▲❛❝❡r❞❛ ✭✶✾✻✻✮✱ ❛s ❡s❝❛❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝r♦♠át✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❞✐❛tô♥✐❝❛✿
✐✮ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛ é ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♥♦t❛s sã♦ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣♦r s❡♠✐t♦♥s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✻✿ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛ ❛s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❉Ó ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼ét♦❞♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧ P❛s❝❤♦❛❧ ❇♦♥❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼✿ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈r♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❉Ó ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼ét♦❞♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛❧ P❛s❝❤♦❛❧ ❇♦♥❛
✐✐✮ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❉✐❛tô♥✐❝❛ é ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♥♦t❛s sã♦ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r t♦♥s ❡ s❡♠✐t♦♥s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✽✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞✐❛tô♥✐❝❛ ❋♦♥t❡✿
❤tt♣✿✴✴♠✉s✐❝❛❡❛❞♦r❛❝❛♦✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴✷✻✶✼✽✴❛✉❧❛s✲❞❡✲t❡♦r✐❛✲♠✉s✐❝❛❧✲❛✉❧❛✲✵✼✴
❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡①t❡♥s❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ é ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡ss❛❧t❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡st❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♠✐♥✉❝✐♦s❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✈❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❛r ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r ❝♦♠ ♦s ❥❛r❣õ❡s ✉s✉❛✐s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✳
✹ ❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦s ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❈♦r❞❛s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s tó♣✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡str❡✐t❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠á✲ t✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ▼ús✐❝❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦r❞❛s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ✈✐♦❧õ❡s ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✳
✹✳✶ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ❡ ♦s ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❈♦r❞❛s
P✐tá❣♦r❛s✱ ✜❧ós♦❢♦ ❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❣r❡❣♦✱ t❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❡✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦r❞❛s✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙♦❛r❡s ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ P✐tá❣♦r❛s t❡r✐❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♦s s♦♥s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❛rt❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❡s♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✜❝✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❡✐r♦✱ ❡ ❡st❡s s♦♥s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✈❛♠ ✉♠❛ s❡♥s❛✲ çã♦ ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧ ♣♦ss✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ❚❛✐s ♠❛rt❡❧♦s t❡r✐❛♠ ♣❡s♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡st❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❝♦❧♦❝♦✉ t❛✐s ♣❡s♦s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦r❞❛s ✐❣✉❛✐s ❡ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❛♠ ♦s s♦♥s ❝♦♥s♦♥❛♥t❡s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✾✿ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♣❡s♦s ❡♠ ❝♦r❞❛s
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐♥♦✈❛❝❛♦t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴♥♦t✐❝✐❛s✴♥♦t✐❝✐❛✳♣❤♣❄ ❛rt✐❣♦❂❝♦❞✐❣♦✲s❡❝r❡t♦✲♣❧❛t❛♦★✳❱❩■■❞❯❛✉❥✲❇
❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦s❡❣✉✐r♠♦s✱ r❡ss❛❧t❛♠♦s ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❛s ♦✐t❛✈❛s✱ q✉❛rt❛s ❡ q✉✐♥✲ t❛s✿ ◆❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ t❡♠ ♥♦♠❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ 1
1 q✉❡ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♥íss♦♥♦✱ ❞❡ 1
2 q✉❡ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♦✐t❛✈❛✱ 2
3 ❞❡ q✉✐♥t❛ ❡ 3 4 ❞❡
q✉❛rt❛✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ ♦✐t❛✈❛ é t✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡s❝❛❧❛s ❡ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s sã♦ s✉❜❞✐✈✐sõ❡s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳
Pr♦ss❡❣✉✐♥❞♦✱ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡✉ ✉♠❛ ❣❡♥✐❛❧ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ ❡ ♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳ P✐tá❣♦r❛s t❡r✐❛ ❡st✐❝❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ♠✉s✐❝❛❧ q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ s♦♠ q✉❡ t♦♠♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♦ t♦♠✳ ❋❡③ ♠❛r❝❛s ♥❛ ❝♦r❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❛♠ ❡♠ ❞♦③❡ s❡❝çõ❡s ✐❣✉❛✐s✱ ❡st❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s t❛r❞❡ s❡r✐❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♥♦✲ ❝ór❞✐♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❛ss❡♠❡❧❤❛ ❛ ✉♠ ✈✐♦❧ã♦✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❝♦r❞❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✵✿ ▼♦♥♦❝ór❞✐♦
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❤t❝✳✉s♣✳❜r✴s❡r✈❡r✴❙✐t❡s✲❍❋✴▲✉❝❛s✲❙♦❛r❡s✴♠♦♥♦❝♦r❞✐♦✪ ✷✵❞❡✪✷✵♣✐t❛❣♦r❛s✳❤t♠❧
P✐tá❣♦r❛s ❛♦ t♦❝❛r ❛ 6❛ ♠❛r❝❛ ✭❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ 1
2 ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛✮✱
♦❜s❡r✈♦✉ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❛ ❛ ♦✐t❛✈❛✱ t♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ 9❛ ♠❛r❝❛ ✭❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ 3
4 ❞♦ ❝♦♠✲
♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛✮ r❡s✉❧t❛✈❛ ❛ q✉❛rt❛ ❡ ❛♦ t♦❝❛r ❛ 8❛ ♠❛r❝❛ ✭❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ 2 3 ❞♦
❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛✮ r❡s✉❧t❛✈❛✲s❡ ♥❛ q✉✐♥t❛✳ ❱❡❥❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡r✐❛ ♥❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ❛❜❛✐①♦✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✶✿ ❖✐t❛✈❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❤t❝✳✉s♣✳❜r✴s❡r✈❡r✴❙✐t❡s✲❍❋✴▲✉❝❛s✲❙♦❛r❡s✴♠♦♥♦❝♦r❞✐♦✪ ✷✵❞❡✪✷✵♣✐t❛❣♦r❛s✳❤t♠❧
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✷✿ ◗✉❛rt❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❤t❝✳✉s♣✳❜r✴s❡r✈❡r✴❙✐t❡s✲❍❋✴▲✉❝❛s✲❙♦❛r❡s✴♠♦♥♦❝♦r❞✐♦✪ ✷✵❞❡✪✷✵♣✐t❛❣♦r❛s✳❤t♠❧
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✸✿ ◗✉✐♥t❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❤t❝✳✉s♣✳❜r✴s❡r✈❡r✴❙✐t❡s✲❍❋✴▲✉❝❛s✲❙♦❛r❡s✴♠♦♥♦❝♦r❞✐♦✪ ✷✵❞❡✪✷✵♣✐t❛❣♦r❛s✳❤t♠❧
❆ss✐♠ ❛s ❢r❛çõ❡s 1
2✱ 3 4✱
2
3 ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❛♠ à ♦✐t❛✈❛✱ à q✉❛rt❛ ❡ à q✉✐♥t❛✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛✲
♠❡♥t❡✳
❆ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r P✐tá❣♦r❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡ss❛❧t❛❞❛ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❣✉✐t❛rr❛✱ ❥á q✉❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡❞♦ ♥❛ ❝❛s❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s tr❛st❡s ✶✶ ❡ ✶✷✱ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③ s♦♠✱ s❡❥❛ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ t♦t❛❧ s❡♠ ❞❡❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝❛s❛✱ ✐st♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐rá ♦ ❞♦❜r♦ ❞❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈✐❜r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ✧s♦❧t❛✧✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♥♦t❛✱ ♠❛s ✉♠❛ ♦✐t❛✈❛ ❛❝✐♠❛✳
❆ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛✳ ❊st❛ é ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦r❞❛s✳ ◆ã♦ ❝❛❜❡ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠♦ s❡r✐❛♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♥♦t❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦r❞❛s✳ ▼❛s✱ ✈❛❧❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡✱ s❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ q✉✐♥t❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛ 2
3✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛✲s❡ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛s q✉✐♥t❛s✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❢r❛çõ❡s✱ 8 9, 64 81, 16 27 ❡ 128
243✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✹✳
❖❜s❡r✈❡ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✹ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s tr❛st❡s ❞❛ ❣✉✐t❛rr❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❢r❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✹✿ Pr♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ●✉✐t❛rr❛
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❛ss②✇♦r❧❞♦❢♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✳❝♦♠✴❣✉✐t❛r✲♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✴
