■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
P♦r q✉❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❜❛✐①♦
❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛❄
♣♦r
❏♦sé ●✉t❡♠❜❡r❣✉❡ ▲✐♠❛ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s
R696q
Rodrigues, José Gutembergue Lima
Por que alunos do ensino médio apresentam baixo desempenho em Geometria Plana? / José Gutembergue Lima Rodrigues; orientador Mauro Luiz Rabelo. --Brasília, 2016.
154 p.
Dissertação (Mestrado - Mestrado em Matemática) --Universidade de Brasília, 2016.
1. Ensino de Geometria Plana no Brasil. 2.
P♦r q✉❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠
●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛❄
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡✲ ♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ✏Pr♦❣r❛♠❛✑ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✕ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡✳
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✕ ❯♥❇ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✕ ▼❆❚
P❘❖❋▼❆❚ ✕ ❙❇▼
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛✉r♦ ▲✉✐③ ❘❛❜❡❧♦
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s✱
♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱
♠❡s♠♦❬❡❧❡s❪ ♥ã♦ t❡♥❞♦ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦rç❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ❉❡✉s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ♣♦✐s s❡✐ ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❡♠ ♠❡ ❡❞✉❝❛r✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s s✐♥t♦ ❛ s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ q✉❡ é✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐str❛r❛♠ ❛✉❧❛s ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞♦ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✿ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❆r✐✱ ❇❛✐✲ ❣♦rr✐✱ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❉✐❡❣♦✱ ❑❡❧❧❝✐♦✱ ▲✐♥❡✉✱ ❍é❧❞❡r ❡ ▼❛✉r♦ ❘❛❜❡❧♦✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❊❧✐❡③❡r ❡ ❆❧❞❛ ❞❛ ❯❋❙❈✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❘✉✐ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝♦✉ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦✳ ❆ s❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❛ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝✉rs♦✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❉r✳ ▼❛✉r♦ ❘❛❜❡❧♦✱ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ♣❡❧❛ ❝❛❧♠❛ ❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡s✳ ❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✿ ❉r✳ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❡ ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ q✉❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛r❛♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❜❛♥❝❛✳ ❆ ❊✈❡❧②♥ ♥♦ss❛ ✏r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡✑ ❞❡ t✉r♠❛✳
❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s q✉❡ r❡✈✐s❛r❛♠ ♠❡✉s ❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ❆✉❣✉st♦✱ ♦ s❡♥❤♦r ▲❆❚❊❳✳
❆♦s ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❡✐ ♠✐♥❤❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ❆♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❙❡❧❡çã♦✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ t✉r♠❛✱ q✉❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❤ás ❞❡ ❢r❛❧❞❛s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❯◆❇ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✳
❈❆P❊❙ ✕ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❡ ◆í✈❡❧ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r✳ ■▼P❆ ✕ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ P✉r❛ ❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✳
❙❊❉❋ ✕ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❋✳
❊♣✐❣r❛❢❡
❖ ❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝♦✉ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛çã♦❀ ❞❡♣♦✐s s❡✉ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦❀ ♣♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ❛❧❣♦ ♠❛✐s✿ ❣❛♥❤❛r ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❣✐r✳ ❙ó ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❥❡✐t♦ q✉❡✱ ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦ ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♦♣♦rt✉♥♦✱ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❛❣✐r ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ◆ã♦ s❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ♦✉ ❢❛t♦s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛t✐t✉❞❡s✱ ✐❞❡❛✐s ❡ s❡♥s♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ✕ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡r❝✐tá✲❧♦s✳ ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
▼✐♥❤❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ t❡♠ ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s t❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❞♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧❡s✱ t✉❞♦ ♥ã♦ ♣❛ss❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❙❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❡✐ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r✐❛♠ ♦ ♣♦rq✉ê ❞❡ ❡❧❡s s❛❜❡r❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ r❡s♦❧✈✐ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ t❡♥t❛♥❞♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r à s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✿ P♦r q✉❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛❄ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çõ❡s✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡ r❡✈✐st❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❋❡③✲ s❡ ✉♠ r❡s❣❛t❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✶✾✹✵✱ ❡ ✏❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✉✲s❡✑ ♣❡❧♦ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ ✭▼▼▼✮✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❡s❝❛♥t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ t❡❝♥✐❝✐s♠♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✵ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ✶✾✼✶✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❤✐stór✐❛ ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✵✱ ❛♣ós ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♠ ❛ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❝♦♥❣r❡ss♦s✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦s ❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♠ ♦ r❡✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ✏♣r❡s❡♥ç❛✑ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ✭♥❛ é♣♦❝❛ ✶♦ ❡ ✷♦ ❣r❛✉s✮✳ ❆✈❛♥ç❛✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✽ ✭❊st❛❞♦✲❊❞✉❝❛❞♦r✮✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲❡✐s✱ ❉❡❝r❡t♦s ❡ P♦rt❛r✐❛s✱ q✉❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r❛♠ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐③❛r❛♠ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣❛ís✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡ ❇❛s❡s ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭▲❉❇✮ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✻✱ q✉❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❡✱ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✸✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♣ré✲❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ❊①♣❧♦r❛♠✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♦r✐✉♥❞❛s ❞♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❞♦ P❧❛♥♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✭P◆❊✮✱ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s às ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ❞♦ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✭❊◆❊▼✮ ❡ ❞❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❊s❝♦❧❛s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ✭❖❇▼❊P✮✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❡ss❡ ♣❛ss❡✐♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦✱ ❢❛③✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❡♠ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✱ ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✭❙❊❉❋✮✳ ❈♦♠ t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❛ ❢❛✈♦r ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ s❡♠ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♦ ❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ P❛r❛ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛r ❛ q✉❡stã♦✱ ❞❡❝✐❞✐✉✲s❡ ✐r ❛ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡t❡ t✉r♠❛s ❞♦ ✸♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ três ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✕ ✉♠❛ ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ♣✐❧♦t♦ ❡ ❞✉❛s ♥♦ ●✉❛rá✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r s✉r♣r❡s❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡stá ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡✱ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❡ q✉❛s❡ q✉❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ❆s r❛③õ❡s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♥❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❤♦rár✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❤á ❛♣❡♥❛s três ❛✉❧❛s s❡♠❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ❖✉tr♦s ♣♦♥t♦s r❡✈❡❧❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢♦r❛♠✿ ❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s❀ ❛ r❡✐✈✐♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❛✉❧❛s❀ ❛s r❡✐✈✐♥❞✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦r ❛✉❧❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s✱ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞♦ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛ ✭❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✮ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s✳ ❯♠ ❢❛t♦r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✻✱ ✼✻✪ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❢❛rã♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✹✸✪ ❢❛rã♦ ♦ P❆❙✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❙✉♠ár✐♦
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✼
✶✳✶ ❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡stá ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ❧✉❣❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✷ ❆s ❘❡❢♦r♠❛s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✷✳✶ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❉❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✷✳✶✳✶ ■♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✳✷✳✶✳✷ ❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ ❘❡❝❡❜❡ ❈rít✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✶✳✷✳✶✳✸ ❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❙♦❢r❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❆❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♥♦s ▲✐✈r♦s ❉✐❞át✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✶✳✷✳✷ ❆ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ✶✾✼✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✶✳✷✳✸ ❖ ■♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❋✐♠ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶✳✷✳✹ ❙✐♥❛✐s ❞❛ ❘❡t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✷ ❉✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✷✶ ✷✳✶ ❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ♣ós ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ♣r♦ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷ ❆ ❘❡t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ P❛ís ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♦ ❉❡✈❡rá ❙❡r ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❍á ◆❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ◗✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛r❛ ❘❡t♦♠❛r ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✷✳✷✳✶ ❆❧✉♥♦s ❊♥❢r❡♥t❛♠ ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✷✳✷✳✷ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❊♥❢r❡♥t❛♠ ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❆ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❙✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦✱ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛✲
❣❡♠ ✸✼
✸✳✶ ❆ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥s✉✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷ ❆ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❊st❛❞♦✲❊❞✉❝❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✸ ❖s P❧❛♥♦s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✕ P◆❊ ✷✵✵✶ ❡ P◆❊ ✷✵✶✹✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ▼❡t❛s ❡
♦ ❆❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❘❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❖s P❧❛♥♦s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✿ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ♠❡t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❖s P❧❛♥♦s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✿ ♦s ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✹✺
✸✳✸✳✷✳✷ ❯♠ P♦✉❝♦ ❉❛ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❉♦ ❙❛❡❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✸✳✷✳✸ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡ ♦ ❊◆❆❉❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✸✳✷✳✹ ❖ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✕ ❊◆❊▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✸✳✷✳✺ ❖ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❡ ❢♦r ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙t✉❞❡♥t ❆ss❡ss♠❡♥t ✭P✐s❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✸✳✷✳✻ ❆ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❊s❝♦❧❛s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s
✭❖❇▼❊P✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹ ❖ ❋✐♥❛❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ P❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ✺✺
✹✳✶ ❖s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✷ ❖ ❋✉♥❞♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸ ■♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✿ ♦ ▲✐✈r♦ ❉✐❞át✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✹ ❖s ▲✐✈r♦s ❙❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥♦ P◆▲❉✲✷✵✶✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❈♦♥❡①õ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✕ ❋á❜✐♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s ❞❡ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ✫ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✕ ▲✉✐③ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❉❛♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✹✳✸ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✲ P❛✐✈❛ ✕ ▼❛♥♦❡❧ P❛✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✹✳✹ ❈▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✕ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✕ ●❡❧s♦♥ ■❡③③✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✹✳✺ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✕ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✕ ❑át✐❛ ❙t♦❝❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✹✳✻ ◆♦✈♦ ❖❧❤❛r✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✕ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✕ ❏♦❛♠✐r ❙♦✉③❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✹✳✼ ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❣❡r❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞♦ P◆▲❉ ✷✵✶✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺ ❖ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❆❧✉♥♦s ❡ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ P❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❉❡❧❡s ❙♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦
❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ✻✾
✺✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ Ps✐❝♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ■t❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❚❡st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ ■t❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✶✳✸ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❛♦ ■t❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❆❧✉♥♦s ❡ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡♠ Pr♦✈❛s ❡ ❡♠ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❖❇▼❊P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺✳✷✳✶✳✶ ■t❡♥s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ❞❛ ❖❇▼❊P ✕ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ■■ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❊◆❆ ❞♦ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✱ ✷✵✶✶ ❛ ✷✵✶✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✷✳✷✳✶ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✲✷✵✶✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✷✳✷✳✷ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✲✷✵✶✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✺✳✷✳✷✳✸ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✲✷✵✶✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✷✳✷✳✹ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✲✷✵✶✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✷✳✷✳✺ ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✻ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✽✾
✼ ❆ ■❉❆ ❆ ❈❆▼P❖ ✶✵✶ ✼✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✼✳✷ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ❞♦s ❆❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✼✳✸ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ❞♦s Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
✽ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✶✵✾
❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ✶✶✸
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ✕ ❚❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦✱ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❡ t❡st❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦s
❛❧✉♥♦s ✶✶✽
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇ ✕ ❚❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦✲
r❡s ✶✷✺
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❈ ✕ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✶✸✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❘✉ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶
✷✳✶ ❙❡♠ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✷ ❲❛t❡r❢❛❧❧ ✕ ✶✾✻✶ ▲✐t❤♦❣r❛♣❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✸✳✶ ●rá✜❝♦ ❝♦♠ ♠é❞✐❛s ❡ ▼❡t❛ ✼ ✕ ■❉❊❇ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❙❆❊❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸ ●rá✜❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✵✾ ❛ ✷✵✶✸ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✹ ■t❡♥s ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✺ ❘❛♥❦✐♥❣ P■❙❆ ✷✵✶✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹✳✶ ❈✉st♦ ❞♦ P◆▲❉✲✷✵✶✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✶ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❆●■ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐t❡♠ ✲ ❣❛❜❛r✐t♦ ❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✷ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❆●■ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐t❡♠ ✕ ❣❛❜❛r✐t♦ ❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✸ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❛ ❈✉r✈❛ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ ■t❡♠ ✭❈❈■✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✻✳✶ ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
✼✳✶ ❙♦❜r❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ✕ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✼✳✷ ❖ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ✕ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✼✳✸ ❆✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ t✐❞❛s ❛té ❤♦❥❡ ✕ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❛❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✼✳✹ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s à ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✷✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✼✳✺ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r à ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✶✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❘❛♥❦✐♥❣✭❘❦✮ ❞❛s ✷✺ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞♦ ❉❋ ♥♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✸✳✶ ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❛ ▼❊❚❆ ✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✷ ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❛ ▼❊❚❆ P■❙❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✸ ◆í✈❡✐s ❞❡ Pr♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❙❆❊❇ ✕ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✹ ▼é❞✐❛s ❙❆❊❇ ✕ ❙ér✐❡ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✺ ▼é❞✐❛s ❙❆❊❇ ✕ ❙ér✐❡ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✻ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r❛♠ ✭♦✉ s✉♣❡r❛r❛♠✮ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥✲
❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ✸♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✼ ❊◆❆❉❊✲✷✵✶✹ ▲✐❝❡♥❝✐❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ■❊❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✽ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛ ✶❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❛ ❖❇▼❊P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✾ ■♥s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛ ✷❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❛ ❖❇▼❊P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✶ ❈✉st♦ ❞♦ P◆▲❉✲✷✵✶✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❚❈❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❙❆❊❇ ✕ ✶✾✾✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✸ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❛s ♣r♦✈❛s ❞♦ P❘❖❋▼❆❚ ❡ ♦s ✐t❡♥s ❞❡
❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛✳ ❊♠ ♥❡❣r✐t♦ ♦s ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛ ✸✵✪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✻✳✶ ❚❛①❛s ❞❡ ❘❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ sér✐❡ ❡ t✉r♥♦✱ ✷✵✵✹✲✷✵✶✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✼✳✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ✭q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦✮ ❛ ❡❧❡s ✳ ✶✵✷
✽✳✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✕ P❘❖❋▼❆❚ ✷✵✶✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ◗✉❛❞r♦s
✸✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ✺ ❡ ✼ ❞❛ ♣r♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✕ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ●r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆◆❊❇ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦
❆◆❘❊❙❈ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❘❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r ❇◆❈❈ ❇❛s❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠✉♠ ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r
❈❇❊▼ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❈▼❇ ❈♦❧é❣✐♦ ▼✐❧✐t❛r ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
❉❈◆❊▼ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❊❇❘❊▼ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✐❡♥s❡ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❊◆❊▼ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❋■❊❙ ❋✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊st✉❞❛♥t✐❧
❋◆❉❊ ❋✉♥❞♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ●❉❋ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧
●❊P❊▼ ●r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦ ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
■◆❊P ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ■▼P❆ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ P✉r❛ ❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
▼▼▼ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ ❖❇▼ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❖❇▼❊P ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❊s❝♦❧❛s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ❖❈❉❊ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ P❆❙ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❙❡r✐❛❞❛
P❈◆ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s P◆❊ P❧❛♥♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦
P◆▲❉ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ▲✐✈r♦ ❉✐❞át✐❝♦ PPP Pr♦❥❡t♦ P♦❧ít✐❝♦✲P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦
P❘❖❋▼❆❚ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ P❘❖❯◆■ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❚♦❞♦s
❘P▼ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❙❆❘❊❙P ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❙❇❊▼ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❙❇❊▼
❙❇▼ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❯♥❇ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
❯◆■❈❆▼P ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ r❡❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✏❉❡s❝♦❜r✐✑ ♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ❧✉❛ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ✕ ❆ ❈♦♥q✉✐st❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❏♦sé ❘✉② ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❡ ❇❡♥❡❞✐t♦ ❈❛str✉❝❝✐✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✻✳ ❏á ❣♦st❛✈❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠ ❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ q✉❡✱ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ♠❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛✳
❯♠ ❞❡❧❡s s❡❣✉r♦✉ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❝❡♥t❛✈♦s ❡♠ ❢r❡♥t❡ à ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ▲✉❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✈❛ ♦ ❡①❛t♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❝♦❜r✐r✐❛ ❧❡✈❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳ ❖ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐♦✉✱ ♠❡❞✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ tr❡♥❛✱ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r ❡ ❛ ♠♦✲ ❡❞❛ ❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦✉ ✷✱✸✷ ♠✳ ❖ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛✱ ♠❡❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ré❣✉❛ ♠✐❧✐♠❡tr❛❞❛✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ✷✶ ♠♠✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ à ▲✉❛ ❡♠ ♠é❞✐❛ é ✸✽✹✳✹✵✺ ❦♠ ❡ ❞❡ ♣♦ss❡ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❊✐①♦ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛s✱ ✈♦❝ê ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❛❥✉❞á✲❧♦s ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ▲✉❛❄
◗✉❡stã♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛
Pr♦ss❡❣✉✐ ♠❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♠❛s✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡✲ ③❡s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛✉t♦❞✐❞❛t❛✳ ◆❛ s❡①t❛ sér✐❡ ✭❛t✉❛❧ sét✐♠♦ ❛♥♦✮✱ ❢♦♠♦s ❛té r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ três❀ ♥❛ sét✐♠❛ sér✐❡✱ ❧❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r♠♦s ❛ ♣♦❧✐♥ô♠✐♦s ❡✱ ♥❛ ♦✐t❛✈❛✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠♦s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❜✐q✉❛✲ ❞r❛❞❛s✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ♦ ✶✳◦ ❣r❛✉✱ ♠✉❞❡✐ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❤♦❥❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞♦ ♣♦r q✉❡ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá✱ só ✐❛♠ ❛té ♦ ✶✳◦ ❣r❛✉ ✕ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ só ❢❛rá ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❛♣ós ❛ ▲❉❇ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✻✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦✳ ◆♦ ✶✳◦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ssõ❡s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✱ P✳❆✳ ❡ P✳●✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❘✉ss♦ ❖ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠❡ ❢❛s❝✐♥♦✉ ❢♦✐ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦
t❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣♦✉❝❛ ❝♦✐s❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛✳ ▼❛♥✲ t✐✈❡ ♠❡✉ ❢❛s❝í♥✐♦ ♣♦r ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❢✉✐ ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞❡♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❛ ❡ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡ ❞❡♣❛r❡✐ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❉❡ss❛ ✈❡③ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❡s✲ tã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡♠♦r❡✐ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s ♣r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧❛✳ ❊ ✐ss♦ ♠❡ ❞❡✐①♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❢❛s❝✐✲ ♥❛❞♦✳
❙❛❜❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❆❇❂❆❈✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ①
❈♦♥s❡❣✉✐ ✉♠ ❧✐✈r♦ ✏❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛✑ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❊❞❣❛r ❞❡ ❆❧❡♥❝❛r ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❡ ❛í ♠❡✉s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥✉♥❝❛ ❛❝❛❜❛r❛♠✦
P❛ss❛❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡♥tr❡✐ ♥❛ tã♦ s♦♥❤❛❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❯♥❇✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝✉rs❡✐ ▼❛t❡✲ ♠át✐❝❛✳ ▼✐♥✐str❡✐ ❛✉❧❛s ❡♠ ❝✉rs✐♥❤♦s ♣ré✲✈❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ✷✵✵✵ ❛ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✺✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢✉✐ ♠✐♥✐str❛r ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ♥♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ✕ ✉♠ ❝✉rs✐♥❤♦ ♣ré✲♠✐❧✐t❛r ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✕ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈♦❧é❣✐♦ ◆❛✈❛❧ ✭❈◆✮✶ ❡ ❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ Pr❡♣❛r❛tór✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛❞❡t❡s ❞♦ ❆❘ ✭❊P❈❆❘✮✷ ✱ ❛♠❜♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❞❛ ❋♦rç❛ ❆ér❡❛ ✭❆❋❆✮✸ ✱ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳
❖s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡r❛♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ ♠❛s ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛✱ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✺✵✪✱ ❡r❛ ♦r✐✉♥❞❛ ❞♦ ❈♦❧é❣✐♦ ▼✐❧✐t❛r ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✭❈▼❇✮✱ t❛♥t♦ ♦s ❞♦ ✶♦ ❣r❛✉✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞♦ ✷♦✳ ❆❧❣♦ ♠❡ ❝❤❛♠♦✉ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦✿ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✭q✉❛s❡ t♦❞♦s✮ t✐♥❤❛♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❤❡r❝ú❧❡❛s ❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❞♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❡s✱ t✉❞♦ ♥ã♦ ♣❛ss❛✈❛ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✲ ♦ q✉❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t✐r❛ ♦ ❜r✐❧❤♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ r❡s❡r✈❛✳ ▼❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❡✐ ♦ ♣♦rq✉ê ❞❡ ❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ s❛❜❡r❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❆❝r❡❞✐t❛✈❛ s❡r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♦ r❡s♣♦♥✲ sá✈❡❧✱ ♠❛s ✐ss♦ ♥ã♦ ❡r❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❛✜♥❛❧ ♦s ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦s ❈♦❧é❣✐♦s ▼✐❧✐t❛r❡s sã♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❛ ♠é❞✐❛✳ ■ss♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠❡ ❢❛③✐❛ ❞❡s❝❛rt❛r ♦ ❝♦❧é❣✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ✕ ❛té ❤♦❥❡ ♠✐♥✐str❛✲s❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ♥❡ss❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✳
❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧✱ ❡ss❡s ❝♦❧é❣✐♦s ❡stã♦✱ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❬❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s❪ ❜❡♠ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❞♦ P❛ís✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❛s ✶✷ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✐♥st❛❧❛çõ❡s ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ❡ ❡♠ ót✐♠♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❣✐♥ás✐♦s✱ ♣✐s❝✐♥❛s s❡♠✐♦❧í♠♣✐❝❛s✱ q✉❛❞r❛s ❞❡ tê♥✐s✱ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❚♦❞❛ ❡ss❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡ç❛♠ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ❤♦rár✐♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡①tr❛❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♦✉tr♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ ✏◆ós ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♠♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ✈ã♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✑✱ ❞✐③ ♦ ❝♦r♦♥❡❧ ❍❡✐♠♦✱ ❞✐r❡t♦r ❞♦ ❈♦❧é❣✐♦ ▼✐❧✐t❛r ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ♥♦t❛ ✻✱✼ ♥♦ ■❞❡❜ ✷✵✶✶✱ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✳ ✏◆♦ss♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♦♣t❛r ♣♦r r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❡q✉✐t❛çã♦✱ ❝♦r❛❧✱ ❞❛♥ç❛✱ t❡❛tr♦ ❡ ❛té r♦❜ót✐❝❛✑✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ três ♠✐❧ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡stã♦ ♠❛tr✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❈♦❧é❣✐♦ ▼✐❧✐t❛r ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✳ ❉❡st❡s✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✺✺✵ sã♦ ✜❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❝✐✈✐s✳
❬✳✳✳❪
◆❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ▲✉✐③ Pr❛③❡r❡s✱ ❝♦♥s✉❧t♦r ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡❞✉✲ ❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ✭❯❋▼●✮✱ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞♦s ❝♦❧é❣✐♦s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s ❢❛③ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ é ♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡❣r❡ss♦s ❞❡ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ✏❖s ❛❧✉✲ ♥♦s ❞❡ss❡s ❝♦❧é❣✐♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❡❧✐t❡ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧✳ ❆ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❞♠✐ssã♦ ♥❡ss❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s é ♠✉✐t♦ r✐❣♦r♦s❛✱ ❡ ❛❝❛❜❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s✑✱ ❞✐③ Pr❛③❡r❡s✳ ✏❙ã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❛s✳ ❙ã♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s✱ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛❞♦s✑✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✳ ✭❘❖❈❍❆ ✫ ❆◗❯■◆❖✱ ✷✵✶✻✮
❊ss❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♦❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s✱ ♣r♦✈❛s ❞❡ ❡①❛♠❡s ✈❡st✐❜✉❧❛✲ r❡s ❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥st❛t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛ t❡♠❛s r❡❧❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛✳ ❉❡st❛❝❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♥❛ ✺✼❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
✶❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✶✳♠❛r✳♠✐❧✳❜r✴❝♥✴ ✷❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✷✳❢❛❜✳♠✐❧✳❜r✴❡♣❝❛r✴ ✸❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✷✳❢❛❜✳♠✐❧✳❜r✴❛❢❛✴
✭■▼❖✮✹✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ✶✶ ❡ ✶✷ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✻✱ ❡♠ ❍♦♥❣ ❑♦♥❣✱ ♥❛ ♣♦♥t✉❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ♣♦r ❡q✉✐♣❡✱ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✜❝♦✉ ❡♠ ✶✺❛ ❧✉❣❛r ✭♠❡❧❤♦r ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛ís ❡♠ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛✮✺✱ ❝♦♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♠❡❞❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r❛t❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❜r♦♥③❡✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸ ❞❡ss❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ❡ ♦s ♥♦ss♦s s❡✐s ❛❧✉♥♦s t✐r❛r❛♠ ③❡r♦ ♥❡❧❡ ❬❛ ♥♦t❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✼❪✳ ◆❛s ❞✉❛s ■▼❖s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛❀ ♥❛ ■▼❖ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♥♦t❛s ✶ ❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛ ③❡r♦✱ ♥❛ ■▼❖ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♥♦t❛s ③❡r♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛ ✶✳
❆✉s❡♥t❡✐✲♠❡ ❞❛s s❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛s ❡♠ ✷✵✵✽✱ r❡t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✻ ❡ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ é s✐♠✐❧❛r✱ ❞✐r✐❛ ❛té q✉❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❈▼❇ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ r❡s♦❧✈✐ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ t❡♥t❛♥❞♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r à s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✿
P♦r q✉❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛❄
P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❞❡❝✐❞✐♠♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çõ❡s✱ ♣✉✲ ❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡ r❡✈✐st❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ r❡s❣❛t❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✶✾✹✵ ✕ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛s ❛ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ✕✱ ❡ ✏❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠♦s✑ ♣❡❧♦ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ▼♦✲ ❞❡r♥❛ ✭▼▼▼✮✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❡s❝❛♥t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ t❡❝♥✐❝✐s♠♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✵ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ✶✾✼✶✳
P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✏❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛✑ ❝♦♠♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❡ tr❛t❛❞❛ ❤♦❥❡✳ ❋♦✐ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❛ s♦❢r❡✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡♠ s✉❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦✲♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❢❛s❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s ❢♦✐ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✈❡❧❤❛✱ ❡♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ♣r❡❝♦♥✐③❛r❛♠ ♦ ▼▼▼ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ s❡r ♠♦❞❡r♥✐③❛❞❛✳ ❆s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s q✉❡ ❡❧❛ s♦❢r❡✉ ❡st❛✈❛♠ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✿ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s✱ ✐♥✲ ❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s t♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ✭❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❡①t❡r✐♦r ❡ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛✮✱ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♥♦✈♦s ❛①✐♦♠❛s ❡♠❜❛s❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✈❡t♦r❡s ❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ✈❡t♦r✐❛✐s✳ ❈♦♠ t❛♥t❛ ✏❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✑✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡r ❡♥s✐♥❛❞❛ ❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢❡③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ♣❡r❞❡ss❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r ❡ ❢♦ss❡ r❡❧❡❣❛❞❛ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❣r❛❞❛t✐✈❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❛❞❛✳ ❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❈❛str✉❝❝✐ ❝♦♥st❛t❛ ❡ss❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦✿
❖s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♠❛s ❡r❛ ✐♥❛✲ ❝❡ssí✈❡❧✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ✈❡t♦r✐❛✐s ♦✉ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❡❣❛✈❛ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛✳ ❊✱ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢♦✐ s❡♥❞♦ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❛❞❛ ✭❈❆❙❚❘❯❈❈■✱ ❛♣✉❞ ❱■❆◆◆❆✱ ✶✾✽✽✮
❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✵✱ ❛♣ós ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♠ ❛ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❝♦♥❣r❡ss♦s✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦s✱ s❡♠✐♥ár✐♦s ❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♠ ♦ r❡✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ✏♣r❡s❡♥ç❛✑ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ✭♥❛ é♣♦❝❛ ✶✳♦ ❡ ✷✳♦ ❣r❛✉s✮✳ ◆❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❣r✉♣♦s ❡ s❡♠✐♥ár✐♦s ❥á ❤❛✈✐❛♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦ ❡ss❛ r❡t♦♠❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✕ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ■ ❙❡♠✐♥ár✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✻✳
❊ss❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ s❡rá ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣❛ís ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❢❛t♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ♠❛r❝❛♥t❡✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❡♠♦❝rát✐❝♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦♠✉❧❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✽
✹ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐♠♦✳♦✣❝✐❛❧✳♦r❣✴t❡❛♠❴r✳❛s♣①❄❝♦❞❡✠❇❘❆✫②❡❛r❂✷✵✶✻✳ ❆❝❡ss♦✿ ❡♠ ✷✷ ❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✶✻
✺❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❜♠✳♦r❣✳❜r✴♦♣❡♥❝♠s✴✜q✉❡❴♣♦r❴❞❡♥tr♦✴♥♦✈✐❞❛❞❡s✴♥♦✈✐❞❛❞❡❴✵✵✽✺✳❤t♠❧✳ ❆❝❡ss♦✿ ❡♠ ✷✷ ❥✉❧✳
✷✵✶✻
✭❊st❛❞♦✲❊❞✉❝❛❞♦r✮✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲❡✐s✱ ❉❡❝r❡t♦s ❡ P♦rt❛r✐❛s✱ q✉❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r❛♠ ♣♦✲ ❧ít✐❝❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐③❛r❛♠ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣❛ís✳ ❖ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ✜❝❛rá✱ ❥á ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ▲❉❇ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✻✱ q✉❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❡✱ r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✸✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♣ré✲❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ❊ss❛s ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦s ♥♦ ♣❛ís✱ ♣♦✐s t❡r❡♠♦s ♠❛✐s ❥♦✈❡♥s ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ✭❞❡ ✸ ❛ ✶✼ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✐❞❛❞❡✮✳
◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ▲❉❇ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✻✱ s❡rã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♦ P❧❛♥♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✭P◆❊✮✱ q✉❡ ❡st✐♣✉❧♦✉ ✷✵ ♠❡t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✲✷✵✷✹✱ ❉❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛ ✼✱ q✉❡ tr❛③ ♦s ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✭■❉❊❇✮ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❡✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ♠❡t❛ ✷✵ q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✜❝❛♠ ❛ ❝❛r❣♦ ❞♦ ❋✉♥❞♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✭❋◆❉❊✮✱ q✉❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❆❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r✱ ♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ▲✐✈r♦ ❉✐❞át✐❝♦ ✭P◆▲❉✮✻✳ ■♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✈ê♠ ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ❛ ❖❈❉❊✼✿
❖ ❇r❛s✐❧ é ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ♣❛ís q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♥✈❡st✐✉ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ♦ r❡❧❛tór✐♦ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛t ❛ ●❧❛♥❝❡✱ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ t❡rç❛✲❢❡✐r❛ ❬✷✹ ❞❡ ◆♦✈ ✷✵✶✺❪ ❡♠ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ✭❖❈❉❊✮✳ ▼❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✼✪ ❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦ à ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❆♣❡♥❛s ▼é①✐❝♦ ❡ ◆♦✈❛ ❩❡❧â♥❞✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✸✽ ♣❛ís❡s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✳ ❖ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ ♦ P❛ís ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝♦✉ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ♥❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ ♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❤❛✈✐❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❞♦ ✷✱✹✪ ❞♦ Pr♦❞✉t♦ ■♥t❡r♥♦ ❇r✉t♦ ✭P■❇✮ ♥❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✳ ◆♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦❜r♦✉✱ ♣❛r❛ ✹✱✼✪ ❞♦ P■❇✱ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❛ ♠é❞✐❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❖❈❉❊✱ ❞❡ ✸✱✼✪✳ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✶✺✮
P❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✱ ♠❡r❡❝❡ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♦ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✭❊◆❊▼✮✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛✲ ♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✳ ❆s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s❡✉s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♥♦ P❛ís✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❚♦❞♦s ✭P❘❖❯◆■✮ ❡ ❋✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊st✉❞❛♥t✐❧ ✭❋■❊❙✮✳
◆❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✵✱ t❡r❡♠♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❖❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❊s❝♦❧❛s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ✭❖❇▼❊P✮✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✺✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s♣❡rt❡♠ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❡ r❡✈❡❧❛r t❛❧❡♥t♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛✳
❈❤❡❣❛♠♦s✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❛♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭P❘❖❋✲ ▼❆❚✮✽✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✏❊st✐♠✉❧❛r ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s✑ ❡ q✉❡ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ♥❛ ♠❡t❛ ✶✻ ❞♦ P◆❊✿
✻❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢♥❞❡✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❢♥❞❡✴✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆❝❡ss♦✿ ❡♠ ✷✹ ❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✶✻
✼❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜r❛s✐❧✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❡❞✉❝❛❝❛♦✴✷✵✶✺✴✶✶✴❜r❛s✐❧✲❡✲♣❛✐s✲q✉❡✲♠❛✐s✲✐♥✈❡st❡✲❡♠✲❡❞✉❝❛❝❛♦✲❞✐③✲♦❝❞❡✳ ❆❝❡ss♦✿
❡♠ ✷✹ ❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✶✻
✽❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣r♦❢♠❛t✲s❜♠✳♦r❣✳❜r✴♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝❛♦✴❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝❛♦✳ ❆❝❡ss♦✿ ❡♠ ✷✹ ❏✉❧✳ ✷✵✶✻
❋♦r♠❛r✱ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ✺✵✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✱ ❛té ♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡ P◆❊✱ ❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s✭❛s✮ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ P◆❊ ✷✵✶✹✮
❊ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❡ss❡ ♣❛ss❡✐♦✱ q✉❡ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥st❛t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✭❙❊❉❋✮ t❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❛♣❡r✲ ❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞♦ ❉❋ ❡ ❞✐✈✉❧❣♦✉✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✹✱ ♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❡♠ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ s❡t❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦❜r❡ ❝❛❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦s ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦s ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ■♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ q✉❡ tr❛③❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❛ ❡ss❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡✳
❈♦♠ t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❛ ❢❛✈♦r ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ s❡♠ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♦ ❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛r ❛ q✉❡stã♦✱ ❞❡❝✐❞✐✉✲s❡ ✐r ❛ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡t❡ t✉r♠❛s ❞♦ ✸♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ três ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✕ ✉♠❛ ♥♦ P❧❛♥♦ P✐❧♦t♦ ❡ ❞✉❛s s✐t✉❛❞❛s ♥♦ ●✉❛rá✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r s✉r♣r❡s❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡stá ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡✱ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❡ q✉❛s❡ q✉❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ❆s r❛③õ❡s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♥❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❤♦rár✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❤á ❛♣❡♥❛s três ❛✉❧❛s s❡♠❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ❖✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ r❡✈❡❧♦✉ é ❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳
❉❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ ❡ss❛ q✉❡stã♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡st✉❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❆s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦
❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✿
■♥✈❡st✐❣❛r✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s r❛③õ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛✳
❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✿
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❉❋ ❡ s✉❛
r❡s❡♥❤❛✴❡st✉❞♦ ❢❡✐t♦s ♥♦ P◆▲❉✴✷✵✶✺❀
• ❆❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱
♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❛♥♦❀
• ❆❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛✉❧❛s❀
• ❆♣❧✐❝❛r ✉♠ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s s♦❜r❡ ✏s❡✉s ❣♦st♦s✑ ♠❛t❡✲
♠át✐❝♦s ❡ s♦❜r❡ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛❀
• ❆♣❧✐❝❛r ✉♠ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ s❡✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❡ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛❀
• Pr♦♣♦r tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s❀
• ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s às ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳
▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
• ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s❀
• ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛❀
P❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦s ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦s✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❜❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛✐s ❥á ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳
✯✯✯✯✯✯✯
