Vol-7, Special Issue3-April, 2016, pp1204-1208 http://www.bipublication.com
Case Study
The study of the Exchange Approach with emphasis on Homans
Alireza Ghaherdoost and Meysam Eyvazi*
PhD Candidate of Public Administration, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
*Corresponding Authors
ABSTRACT
The tangible impact of exchange approach is evident. So, according to this approach and detailed understanding of it to extend this approach to external relations within the organization is important. Considering previous studies in this field is very important. Social norm is the epitome of social reality and of course the norms of a group of persons belonging to that group behavior in conformity with the norms bind. But the issue was not on the existence of conditions and obligations, but also over how to explain it. Norms cannot make people dependent individuals because they adapt themselves to the norms, because they think it will be implemented ultimately to their benefit and this is the psychological that study the effect on behavior perceived benefit. In this article, we explain the exchange Approach and its concepts will be examined from the perspective of Homans.
Keywords: Homans, Exchange Approach, Management.
INTRODUCTION
Exchange theory focal George Homans exchange theory in a series of cases is his foundation. Although some cases Homans least two actors are concerned, but he was unaware of reminding these cases based on psychological principles are based. George Homans’ exchange theory in a series of cases is in his foundation. Although some cases of Homans least two actors are concerned, but he was unaware of reminding these cases are based on psychological principles. To Homans, these cases are psychological for two reasons. First, “they are usually raised by those who are put to the test experimental psychologist called himself” (1). Second, and more importantly, they because of the level at which the individual in society are examined are psychological: “They are matters over which they have dealt with groups and communities to deal with the behavior of individual human beings and human behavior as human beings is considered
the field of work psychology” (1). As a result of this stance, Homans admitted he has been addressed by the “formidable psychological
reductionism” (1974: 12). To Homans,
have not changed’’ (2). Homans did not deny the fact of Durkheim that new things are appearing during the interaction. But he argued that the appearance of these features can be explained by psychological principles; Homans believed that to explain social reality, there is no need for new theorems sociological. To describe his view, He used the concept of fundamental and applied sociological norm.Homans explained a plan for “the return of the [within]” community, but he also tried to develop a theory that focuses on the psychology of human beings and "elementary forms of social life. To Homans, the theory of “social behavior is considered between at least two people in it as a form of tangible or intangible exchange activities more or less rewarding or costly” (2). .For example, Homans tried to develop electric machines in the textile industry and the industrial revolution through the psychological principle that people are likely have been in such a way to explain for their increased bonuses. In more general terms, he tried to explain his own theory of exchange of fundamental social behavior in terms of rewards and costs. Homans, during this work, had been inspired partly due to the structural-functional theory of his prominent “friend and colleague”, Talcott Parsons. He argued that such theories "have any kind of advantage, but the explanatory power" (4). (Homans, 1961: 10). To Homans, structural functionalists have not done anything other than increasing categories and concepts. He admitted the fact that a scientific community needs to these categories, but sociology "also requires a set of general propositions about the relationships between these categories. The explanation is impossible without such cases. (2). Therefore, his task was to develop the propositions that focus on the psychological level, and so are the cases of trade arrangements theory. The important point is to explain social behavior in the same manner as individual behavior, does not require any new theorems. Rules of individual behavior, the behavior of
pigeons Skinner made through the mutual reinforcement of-the intricacies of if we take into consideration, can explain social behavior. Homans, though with reluctance, accepted that may ultimately be forced to go beyond the principles of Skinner.Homans limited himself to investigate the everyday social interaction in theoretical work. Despite this, no doubt, he believed that sociology is made on the basis of principles and intended eventually to be able to explain any social behavior. Here, Homans to explain his favorite type of relationship exchanges, used an example (1). Homans fostered a few cases with an emphasis on this kind of situation and based on the findings of Skinner’s ideas.
Theorem of Achievement
In all of the actions that persons are doing, what specific action will be faced with greater rewards, the possibility that the person to repeat the act would be higher (5).
Stimulus Theorem
In these cases, much the current stimulus will be more similar to previous stimulus, that person or the same as the first action it performs more likely (5).
Value Theorem
If the result of the action of a person have greater value for him, more likely to re-do the same action (6).
Deprivation - Siri Theorem
As much a person has received a special reward in the near past, as further units will be less valuable reward for him (6).
Aggression – confirmation theorems
If the person does not receive action or punitive receive a reward that is expected is not expected, will be angry; in this case, that person is more likely to show aggressive behavior of their own. As a result of such behavior would be worth him (4).
alternative that is obtained by multiplying the result of that option
and the possibility of achieving that result, larger at that moment, evaluate (5).
Norms and Values
According to Blau, mechanisms that mediate between complex social structures are the same norms and values (agreed value) that exist within the community: Values and norms generally accepted as the medium of social life and social interactions act as intermediaries between the links. These norms and values indirectly to enable social interaction and social processes of differentiation and integration in complex social structures and the rule of social change within their organization and reorganized (3). There are other mechanisms that mediate between social structures, but Blau focuses on the agreed value. Blau, who initially considers social norms, argues that the indirect exchange norms are replaced by direct exchange. That is a group member adapts itself to the normal group and the band is confirmed for the conformity and due to the fact that these acts in order to maintain conformity and stability Group, implicitly obtains the approval of the group. In short, group or collectivity entered in an exchange relationship with the person. This view is in conflict with the notion that easier Homans noted the interpersonal exchange. Blau presents the examples of exchanges - exchanges instead of one person - one (3).
Economics and Organization
Economics or trauma economy refers to an
economic system in a particular geographical area and comprise the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services or trade in the region or country. Economics is a total value of trade between economic agents, such as individuals, groups, organizations and even nations. consequence of is an economy that covers all processes of culture, values, education,
technological evolution, history, social
organization, political and legal systems, as well
consideration of the interaction between economic phenomena and the rest of society, restrict the field of vision super. But to study this interaction, it was a general theory of the act to be made to include both economic and other sub-systems (8). According to Parsons, the most important feature of modern industrial society is predominant position of of economic institutions in it. Compared with elementary and middle societies, in modern society is more growth the world of work and production and distribution of goods and services and networks monetary and credit exchanges. For Parsons modern industrial society, especially modern capitalist society, is the perfect place and privileged to study economics and its role in society. In this type of society, the economy became more differentiated from other social activities and is recognized as a distinctive sub-system that can be tracked and actions for mutual trade relations with the rest of the community. Parsons theoretical model, suggests an analysis in two ways: First, the economy can be analyzed as a social system decoupled from other sub-systems of society, then, can be considered as a subsystem of society. The first vertical analysis that reviews the economy in terms of internal organization and its specific functions. The second horizontal analysis that considers the economy as one of the four sub-system of the society and its relations with other sub-systems of society. What follows is an analysis of the Parsons economic system (9).
Vertical Analysis of Economic System
Economy, according to Parsons, is not an objective structure and not an institution. Is the economic aspect of the behavior of social actors that operate kinder production and distribution of goods and services necessary for survival and material well-being of individuals and society? Production and distribution of goods and services is what the economy will be on its axis and private operation. Any activity involved in the production and distribution of goods and services have contributed, is the economic function of the
network. At the same time, set the production and distribution of goods and services and economic boundaries. After the production and distribution of goods and services were, for whatever reason, that any use should be eaten and no longer related on the economy. Because these are the other aspects social activities and belong to other sub-systems. In vertical analysis, Parsons believes that the economic system can recognize four functional sub-systems, each system is formed the act them and the recognition of exchange networks between these sub-systems (10).
Sub-economic Systems semi-Model
Among the four sub-system of the economy, is difficult to design an extensive network of exchanges and interactions. Investments, that is to produce, on serve the production of various natural and social resources necessary. Similarly, of economic institutions that have been created to meet the expectations of “unity”, should be given the necessary human resource services, instead, these institutions have to compensate for their services with financial reward. The law of supply and demand. This is the most general law that regulates the exchanges. This is why it is of central importance in economic theory. Parsons points out that this economic law is a special case of a more general law of action and reaction that alignment can be seen at any of the act. Demand can be thought of as a form of action in the
market, whether the labor market, or
production targets. Efficiency standards and that his agency provides, can be measured by money or remedies that get the rewards. There is no other case in which the law of action and reaction is clear and can be easily measured (7).
Horizontal Analysis of Economic System
The second approach provides that Parsons is the study of the economy as part of the community. In this capacity, the economy is a subsystem of “compatibility” of society and, as such, the exchange interactions with other sub-systems. Parsons describes an economy that has been Hyperactivity such as the market within a wider market in the name of society. Here, the economy is involved in the process of continuous exchange with other markets.First, we find the project on the four corners of the sub-systems of society: economic, political, and social institutions of socialization. Each of these systems can be sub-divided into three sub-system within which include consistency, unity and achieve goals. This is one of the inner sub-systems through the economy swap deals with three other sub-systems of society and vice versa. (6).
CONCLUSION
The tangible impact of exchange approach is evident. Therefore, according to this approach and detailed understanding it is important to extend this approach to external relations within the organization. So, according to previous studies in this field is very important, but, according to the literature, at least in the Persian sources, appears important move in this direction by looking at the research. Today, we find that organizations are affected by this approach. On the other hand, their impact on the environment provides out. Therefore, its recognition become very critical.
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