PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN ORGANISATIONS OF REPETITIVE ACTIVITIES

Production Engineering

-A stra t:

The stud p ese ts the i ple e taio of p oje ts i o ga isaio s that a hie e usi ess o je i es th ough the i ple-e taio of ple-epple-eii ple-e a io s. P ojple-e ts i thple-esple-e o ga isaio s a ple-e, o thple-e o ple-e ha d, t ple-eatple-ed as a gi al a i iiple-es, hilple-e the esults of these p oje ts ha e sig ii a t i pa t o the deli e of ai p o esses, e.g. th ough the i t odu io of e p odu ts. Hu a apital a d soluio s i this ield ea i pa t o the su ess of p oje ts i these o ga isaio s, hi h is ot al a s o du i e to s ooth i ple e taio of p oje ts. Co li t esults f o the atu e of a p oje t, hi h is a o e-i e a d te po a p o ess, so o ga isaio al soluio s a e also te po a . It i lue es o aitudes a d o

-it e t of the p oje t o t a to s. The pape ide iies a d a al ses fa to s hi h afe t the su ess of the p oje ts.

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN ORGANISATIONS OF REPETITIVE ACTIVITIES

INTRODUCTION

The u i e se of e o o i o ga isaio s o tai s su h u its hose usi ess goals a e a hie ed th ough epeii e a io s, a ufa tu i g a d ofe i g a i g p odu ts. The a e, fo i sta e, a , fu itu e, o foodstuf p odu -e s, o s-e i -e o pa i-es i th-e -edu aio al, -edi al o i a ial se to s. A othe t pe of o ga isaio s is the o e he e goals a e a hie ed th ough p oje ts; these a e fo i sta e IT, o st u io , o ship uildi g e te p ises. I su h usi esses, e tai o ga isaio al soluio s a e fou d a d the so- alled p oje t ultu e is adopted, hi h di e ts hu a apital i to p o-p oje t eha iou . The e plo e.g. a a iet of at i - ased o ga isaio al s he es. Dife e t soluio s to the issues ithi this s ope a e p ese ted i the fu da e tal p oje t a age e t pu li aio , the PMBOK® Guide [ ].

The o ga isaio s i the i st atego , o su h usi ess-es hose goals a e a hie ed th ough epeii e a io s a d p o esses, eed to de elop i o de to sta o the a ket. De elop e t is a hie ed th ough p oje ts, so o the dail asis the o ga isaio s de elop u e ous p oje ts, of a -i g s ope a d o ple -it . The a e del-i e ed:

 as addiio al a i iies, usuall fo the o pa ’s i te al pu poses, ased o i te al o de s. The p o-je ts a e elated to issues that ha e ajo i pa t o the epeii e a i iies ithi the o ga isaio ; fo e a ple, e p odu ts a d p o esses a e i t o-du ed, e IT soluio s a e sta ted, et .,

 ai l ith the use of the o ga isaio ’s o hu a a d ate ial esou es, so ei es ith i o pa -i -ipa-io f o the outs-ide,

 o e o less depe de t o a d at the sa e i e pa allel to the asi epeii e o k of the o ga isa-io .

Ho e e , p oje ts deli e ed i su h o ga isaio s do ot elo g to the usi ess atego a d the a e t eated as

a gi al a i iies, hi h is sho i Figu e .

The fa t that o ga isaio s’ ode of ope aio does ot p io iise p oje t deli e auses a u e of p oje ts to eet dii ulies, a d thei su ess auses dou ts as to hethe this is a tuall hat it as all a out .

The issue of p oje t deli e i o ga isaio s of this t pe a also e pe ei ed f o the ie poi t of the so- alled p oje t atu it . M. Ju h ie i z dei es it as the a ilit of a o ga isaio to sele t the p oje t po folio i a a hi h is ei ie t a d o espo ds to the st ateg of the o ga isaio a d its goals, as ell as the p ofessio al use of p oje t a age e t te h i ues, tools a d ethodologies that a lead to the su essful o lusio of a p oje t a d allo to a o e the su ess i to su se ue t p o-je ts [ ]. Ho e e , su o-je t lite atu e fo uses ai l o ho to e aluate the su essi e le els of the o ga isaio ’s atu it a d the pe fe i g of the o ga isaio itself i the aspe t of p oje t a age e t e ei es u h less ate -io .

Marek WIRKUS Gda sk U i ersity of Te h ology

Ke ords: proje t a age e t, proje t orga isaio , hu a apital

DOI . /M“PE- -

As a o se ue e of - esea h i i e o ga saio s hose goals e e ea hed th ough epeii e a i i-t , o ga isaio al issues i-thai-t ea ajo i lue e o i-the p oje t deli e , a d at the sa e i e the p oje t goals, ha e ee ide iied. The asi aspe ts e e o side ed to

e the follo i g:

 suppo t of the a age e t fo the deli e ed p o-je ts,

 p io iisi g the u e t p oje ts,

 o ga isaio al st u tu es fa ilitai g p oje t deli e ,  p oje t tea that has ade uate o pete es,  p o le s ith oi ai g the pa i ipa ts of a p

o-je t,

 p o le s ith i ple e i g the esults a d as-sessi g the su ess of o luded p oje ts.

SUPPORT OF THE MANAGEMENT FOR THE DELIVERED PROJECTS

As e io ed a o e, usi ess goals of o pa ies ith do i ai g epeii e a i it a e a hie ed th ough e.g. ass p odu io , so the ai ate io a d a i it of the a age e t ill e fo used o this t pe of a i it . P o-je ts a e e ui ed, e ause as a ule thei out o es esult i the i p o e e t of the o pa ’s a i it , ut the a -age e t does o o e t ate o this t pe of a i it , e-ause its ei ie is easu ed agai st the out o e of the epeii e p o esses, hi h di e tl t a slate to the i a -ial esults of the o ga isaio . Du i g the a al ses i the esea hed o pa ies it as o luded that the uppe a age e t did ot sho ajo i te est i the o pa ’s deli e ed p oje ts. O the othe ha d, the sho ed u h t ust i p oje t a age s to a hie e the assu ed esults. This o ide e as ost isi le i a o pa he e p o-je t a age s ould de o st ate e ii ates o i i g thei o pete es i a gi e p oje t a age e t ethod – i this ase, the PRINCE ethodolog . La k of i te est of a o ga isaio s’ a age e t i deli e i g p oje ts is

dis-o da t ith the guideli es dis-of the PRINCE ethdis-oddis-oldis-og , hi h i ol es the o pa a age e t i the so- alled p oje t-stee i g o itee [ ].

PRIORITISING THE CURRENT PROJECTS

I a e o o i o ga isaio o ki g ith epeii e p o esses, as a ule a u e of p oje ts a e ei g deli e ed pa allel f. Figu e a d a ha e si ila o di e -ge t goals – fo e a ple, at the sa e i e a p oje t o i t odu i g a e p odu t to the a ket a d a i ple e -taio of a e IT soluio suppo i g the i a ial p o ess-es a e o du ted. At the sa e i e, a e ii aio fo a spe ii ualit o a e u de goi g, deli e ed as a sepa ate p oje t. The sa e e plo ees a a t o a u

-e of p oj-e ts, a d -ea h p oj-e t -e-eds sp-e ii i a ial outla s. A p o le of p oje t e plo ee sho tage a ises, o so e p oje ts eed to e dela ed fo la k of i a ial ea s. I su h a situaio , it is a i po ta t a i it to p i-o iise the p i-oje ts a d thus dei e thei pi-osiii-o s elai e to ea h othe . A o di g to theo ei al assu pio s [ ], p io iies ought to e the su je t fo a al sis the a -age e t of a o ga isaio a d ought to e ased o a-io al ite ia, hi h a i lude the follo i g:

 the deg ee to hi h the goals of the p oje t a e o -e g-e t ith th-e s-el-e t-ed st at-egi o ta i al goals of the o ga isaio ,

 the le el of e o o i gai s f o the o pa ’s as-sets used i the p oje t, i ludi g i a ial a d

ate-ial esou es,

 assess e t of the p oje t f o the ie poi t of e-sou e a aila ilit ,

 isk assess e t,

 s e g ith the othe a i iies/pla s of the o ga i-saio , et .

I the a al sed p a i es it as dete i ed that the a o e ite ia e e a gi alised a d fo al a al ses of p oje t p io it ased o these ite ia e e follo ed i f

e-ue tl . It as, ho e e , o se ed that the sei g of p o-je t p io iies as f e ue tl ased o the pe so al fea-tu es of the pa i ipa ts to a p oje t. Fo a e a ple, p o-je ts hose leade had a st o g pe so alit a d sta di g

ithi the o ga isaio , e e o du ted fast a d ei ie t, ith o la k of esou es; the p oje t leade ’s apa ilit of fo i g thei p oje t eeds du i g ad iso eei gs a d i di e t o ta t ith othe people as the ke to the su ess of high p io iies of i di idual e dea ou s.

Yet a othe p a i e as that e e ui e tea s a d a age s of dife e t le els o e t ated p i a il o a p oje t o a fe p oje ts suppo ted a i lue ial pe so of a high status ithi the o ga isaio .

ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES FACILITATING PROJECT DELIVERY

I e o o i o ga isaio s he e epeii e a i iies a e fou d, the e is usuall a o ga isaio al st u tu e hi h is efe ed to as fu io al the su je t lite atu e [ ]. The st u tu e o tai s spe ialised se io s, a d ithi these – spe ialised ells dedi ated to i di idual fu io s, su h as a hi i g, a kei g, pu hasi g. “u h a st u tu e is ot o side ed to e fa ilitai g p oje t deli e , ai l th ough the e iste e of the so- alled i isi le alls. At the sa e i e, ho e e , it is idesp ead i e o o i o ga isa-io s. Fo the pu poses of p oje t deli e , the st u tu e is

odiied a o di gl . The a al sed o pa ies adopted the follo i g st u tu e:

 fu io al, ith e e ui e tea s,

 fu io al, also alled o t a tual o task- ased,  fu io al ith oth of the a o e.

The fu io al st u tu e ith e e ui e tea s, pi tu ed i Figu e , as used i p oje t deli e ai l ased o the o ga isaio ’s o apital. P oje t e e s e e dele-gated to the espe i e tea s fo pa t o the hole of a p oje t, e ai i g fo all ithi thei espe i e fu -io al u its. The tea leade s fo all supe ised thei a i iies. The ad a tage of su h soluio s is high le i ilit – e plo ees ould pla thei a i iies i the p oje t tea a d thei fu io al u it. The ai disad a tage is the fa t that tea e e s epo t oth to thei di e t supe io i the o pa a d the p oje t leade . This esults i the e e ge e of t o de isio e t es a d dou led epo i g li es hi h a esult i o li ts. Addiio all , dii ulies i sha i g i e et ee a e plo ee’s egula duies a d p oje t o k, ith p o le s ith e u e ai g the e -plo ee fo thei p oje t o k e e o se ed. Lo g-i e sepa aio of a e plo ee f o thei dail duies as also a f e ue t p o le fo the egula a i iies of the depa

t-e t.

Fu io al – o t a tual o task- ased st u tu e sho i Figu e as applied to the deli e of p oje ts hose s ope as di e ge t f o the asi a i it of a e te p ise a d hose size as usuall la ge. The e e ostl deli e ed th ough a efo t of outside people a d o l ith i i al i ol e e t of o pa ’s o pe so

This st u tu e as hose fo the deli e of p oje ts hose goal as to e.g. o st u t e o pa p e ises o i ple e t a e IT soluio . As pa t of this st u tu e, i te-g aio of su o t a to s f o a fe outside o pa ies a d the e te p ise’s o people as o ga ised. Outside usi esses a e i depe de t e o o i e iies, a d the a e ou d o l the de la aio s i the p oje t o t a t.

I depe de tl of the st u tu e ei g used, the a -age ’s posiio ithi the p oje t is i po ta t. It is ital that the a age e ei es a ade uatel high sta di g, at the sa e i e ei g a pa t e fo the o ga isaio ’s a -age e t, ut at the sa e i e that he ha e a posiio a d autho it that allo the i lue e o e the p oje t’s i te

-ested pa ies a d fa ilitate the ei ie t ou se of the p o-je t.

The a age e t’s ole is to assu e that the a age e ei es po e to o t ol the ou se of the p oje t, assu -i g st o g autho -it to pe fo the task, e uall st o g as that of a othe li e a age . This posiio , e ause of the fa t that it is espo si le fo pe fo i g asi usi ess oles, as a ule holds st o g posiio ithi a o ga isaio , a d so should a p oje t a age , espe iall i a la ge-s ale p oje t. “t o g autho it i p oje t deli e allo s a a -age to o tai hu a esou es fo thei p oje t f o a li e

a age , ho does ot eed to e full i fo ed of the p oje t’s a i it a d esults.

Fig. Fu io al stru ture of a usi ess ith e e ui e tea s

PROJECT TEAM THAT HAS ADEQUATE COMPETENCES

As al ead e io ed, i a epeii e p o ess-o ie ted o ga isaio , p oje ts a e usuall deli e ed fo the o

pa-’s o pu poses a d a e elated to issues that a e ell -k o to the pe so el, so the a e la gel deli e ed ith the use of the o pa ’s o hu a esou es. Be ause of the high u e of p oje ts deli e ed pa allel i the o -pa , the pe so ou t i p oje t tea s is also sig ii a t. At the sa e i e, the p oje t tea e e s hold thei asi p ofessio al espo si iliies a d p oje t o k adds

o e o kload.

A o di g to the IPMA o pete e guideli es, p oje ts ought to e deli e ed people ith te h i al, eha iou al a d o te tual o pete es, hi h the su je t lite atu e des i es as the e e of the o pete e [ ]. The e-sea hed o pa ies p a i ed the follo i g app oa h to sele i g the p oje t pe so el:

 o o poi ts ith the su je t of the p oje t a d k o ledge i the a ea,

 u e t a aila ilit esuli g f o u e t lo e o kload i the deli e of epeii e p o esses,  s ope of i iiai e of the e plo ee i the pla ed

p oje t.

It has ee o se ed that p a i e di tated also addi-io al ite ia, su h as the pe so i uesaddi-io ei g a good f ie d a d that the ould ot efuse to pa i ipate i the p oje t, o that the p oje t ould esult i high ages, so

o people e e i ol ed.

Li e a age , o the a age of a depa t e t hose e plo ee is delegated to the p oje t, i ase of p oje ts u elated to thei depa t e t does ot eed to sho e -thusias to a ds thei e plo ees pa i ipai g i a p oje t. A li e a age fo uses o the a i it of thei u it a d is espo si le fo its esults i the epeii e p o esses, a d delegai g a e plo ee to o k i a p oje t a eake the u it a d i lue e its esults. A f e ue t p a i e is to delegate ot the ost o pete t e plo ee, ut o e hose te po a a se e i the u it ill ot esult i the loss of its ei ie . “u h a app oa h leads to f e ue t ispla e e t of p oje t pa i ipa ts, he e the p oje t tea is o posed of eak i di iduals , ot al a s k o l-edgea le i the p oje t a d its o ki gs. “u h p a i es i sele i g e e ui e tea e e s esulted i dissaisfa -io ith a p oje t, a d e e lo esults of a p oje t.

A o po e t hi h aused dou ts as appoi i g the p oje t’s a age . This i luded dou ts as to hethe ea h p oje t ought to e appoi ted a sepa ate a age f o a spe ii o pa u it, hose p oje t duies a e addiio al to those of thei egula o k, o hethe the e should e a a age fo a fe , sa , - p oje ts at the sa e i e a d fo this pu pose hold a sepa ate posiio . Ea h of the solu-io s holds thei ad a tages a d disad a tages, so oth these soluio s ould e o se ed. A sepa ate a age as appoi ted he the s ope of the p oje t as elai el la ge.

The least fa ou a le a d least ei ie t soluio is that i hi h o e of the o pa ’s i e-p eside ts, usuall e-spo si le fo pa t of the deli e of epeii e ope aio s,

as appoi ted a a age of a fe p oje ts.

PROBLEMS WITH MOTIVATING THE PARTICIPANTS OF A PROJECT

If i ol ed i the deli e of a p oje t, o pa u it e plo ees eeded to split thei o ki g i e to a o

o-date thei egula duies a d p oje t o k. This as ot a o fo ta le situaio , so u h o e that u it a age s a d othe e plo ees ithi the depa t e ts e e ot ill-i g to take o e espo sill-i ill-ilill-iill-ies of a p oje t e plo ee, so p oje t o k o situted addiio al o kload that the e -plo ee eeded to ope ith i depe de tl .

I su h a situaio a p o le of e aluai g a d oi-ai g a e plo ee a ises. It has ee o se ed that a e plo ee is o all e aluated a u it a age f o the pe spe i e of thei dail duies a d the a age i ues-io is ot k o ledgea le i the a i it of thei e plo ee i a p oje t, so this aspe t as a gi alised o e e o ited du i g e aluaio . I ase of pe so al o ta ts e-t ee a u ie-t a age a d a p oje e-t a age e-the e aluaio

as o e o plete, a d at the sa e i e o e o je i e. The e e e, ho e e , p o le s ith e plo ees i ol ed i

o e tha o e p oje t.

The e aluaio of the e plo ees i lue ed the e u-e aio , a d a a di g o usu-es to thu-e u-e plo u-eu-e. No all , a u it a age a d thei u it a e a a ded ith o uses fo the epeii e a io s, so the e plo ee delegated to o k o a p oje t is o all e aluated fo thei dail o k as ell, i stead fo thei p oje t o k. A e plo ee ho o ks pa allel o a p oje t a ot ha e dei ite i pa t i the ei ie of thei u it, so thei o uses a i so e ases e e e lo e ed e ause he’s ot the e ost of the i e, u i g a ou d i stead . The e e e athe st a ge situaio s he e u its did ot fulil thei duies saisfa to il a d e e pe alised ith ot a a di g o uses. This also applied to a e plo ee ho pa i ipated i a p oje t, e e though at the i e i uesio h did ot o k fo his de-pa t e t.

A e plo ee ho pa i ipated i a p oje t, as a ule, e ei ed o addiio al e u e aio , so pa i ipai g i a p oje t ight e e e pe ei ed as a i a ial loss. This ki d if i ade uate e aluaio a d e u e aio i lue es a e plo ee a d thei i ol e e t i a p oje t. The ole of p oje t a age e t is to a e fo oi ai g fa to s so that a e plo ee’s i ol e e t i a p oje t is suited fo the ou se of a p oje t a d so that the e aluaio of su h a e plo ee ele t thei dou le i ol e e t i the o pa .

A i po ta t o of the p oje t e plo ees as thei situaio follo i g the o lusio of the p oje t. “u h e -dea ou s a e al a s of te po a atu e a d ate the ha e ee o luded the tea is dis a ded. If a e plo ee is i ol ed i the p oje t i a ajo a , the etu to his egula o pa u it as f e ue tl dii ult o e e i -possi le.

PROBLEMS WITH IMPLEMENTING THE RESULTS AND ASSESSING THE SUCCESS OF THE CONCLUDED PROJECTS

As al ead stated, p oje ts i o pa ies ased o e-peii e a io s ostl se e to de elop the o pa ies’ fu io i g. Depe di g o ho the ha ges i pa ted o the pe so al posiio of a gi e e plo ee – a i te ested pa t to the p oje t – the e plo ee’s aitude to a ds the p oje t as shaped. If the ha ges e e pe ei ed i a posi-i e a , the e plo ee as fa ou a le to a ds the p o-je t’s e e uio a d i ple e taio . If the ha ges e e

o side ed egai e, the e plo ee sho ed a o e e-se ed o e e hosile app oa h, eai g o sta les fo the

ou se of the p oje t.

d ha . i ż. Ma ek Wi kus Gda sk U i e sit of Te h olog

Depa t e t of Ma age e t a d E o o i s, POLAND tel. +

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O ii g the , o e e ig o i g, the p oje t a age-e t ausage-ed thage-e to fo i o plage-etage-e opi io s a out thage-e p oje t o e e false o es. P oje t e e ui es, o the othe ha d, ote et ith a e sio of e plo ees ho did ot app e iate the fa t the p oje t as ei g de eloped, he e the a e sio as a esult of la k of depe da le p oje t i -fo aio .

P o le ith e aluai g the esults of the p oje t is a o se ue e of the fa t that the esults the sel es do ot fo a dei ite alue fo the usi esses – o l thei i

ple-e taio i thple-e dple-eli ple-e of ple-epple-eii ple-e p o ple-essple-es is of ple-eal alue. Real i po ta e lies ot i the esults of a p oje t ut i the i p o e e t of epeii e p o esses a d that is h the ou se a d out o e of p oje ts a e pe ei ed th ough thei i lue e of the egula o pa a i iies. As a e a ple, i p oje ts ased o “i “ig a tools, the p o-je t’s out o e, e.g. est u tu i g of the p odu io p o ess,

as ot so u h e aluated as the esults o tai ed th ough the out o e’s i ple e taio . “u h a situaio i p oje t out o e e aluaio i lue ed the app oa h of the o

a age e t to a ds the p oje ts; the a age e t did ot app e iate the alue of the p oje t i te s of the o -pa ’s output a d ases thei assess e t of the p oje t o i o plete data.

SUMMARY

I o pa ies he e usi ess goals a e a hie ed th ough p o esses a d tasks of epeii e atu e, p oje ts fo a gi al a i it as a ule, ut at the sa e i e the a e i po ta t i de elopi g thei espe i e o ga isaio s.

Deli e i g p oje ts i su h usi esses al a s i ol es o e plo ees, fo ho pa i ipai g i a p oje t fo s

addiio al o kload, added to thei dail tasks. As a esult of the o du ted esea h it has ee o luded that e e o pete es of the p oje t pa i ipa ts a e ot sui ie t fo the su ess of p oje ts deli e ed i the studied o ga isa-io s. As has ee o luded, i o de fo the p oje ts to e

o du ted su essfull , it is i po ta t to e plo p ope o ga isaio al soluio s that gi e a spe ii a k to the p oje ts as ell as adopt p ope app oa h of the p ooje t’s i -ol ed pa ies so that pa i ipaio i the p oje t e sais-fa to to the .

REFERENCES

[ ] A Guide to the Proje t Ma age e t Body of

K o ledge; PMBOK® Guide. P oje t Ma age e t I

-situte, .

[ ] I. Du lik, M. Wi kus. „Cz ik ludzki i oz iąza ia o ga-iza j e za ządza iu p ojekta i i o a j i d a i z ś odo isku ielop ojekto , i : Za-rządza ie przedsię iorst e aru ka h i tegra ji

europejskiej, A. Podo iński, Ed., UWN-D AGH, .

[ ] J. F. Da idso . Zarządza ie projekta i orga iza-ja h. WIG-P ess,

[ ] R. W. G i . Podsta y zarządza ia orga iza ja i.

PWN, .

[ ] M. Ju h ie i z. Dojrzałość projekto a orga iza ji. Biza e, .

[ ] Polskie Wyty z e Ko pete ji IPMAâ e sio . ,

Wa sza a, pu lished “PMP, .

[ ] PRINCE2 – skute z e zarządza ie projekta i. OGC.

Pu lished T“O, Polish ediio , .

A t kuł polskiej e sji jęz ko ej dostęp a st o ie