❱❛♥❞❡r ❏♦sé ❇❡rt✐ ❋✐❧❤♦
❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s ♥❛ ár❡❛
❞❛ s❛ú❞❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
❱❛♥❞❡r ❏♦sé ❇❡rt✐ ❋✐❧❤♦
❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s ♥❛ ár❡❛
❞❛ s❛ú❞❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
▼♦♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ■♥st✐✲
t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❇✐♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ P❛✉❧✐st❛ ✧❏ú❧✐♦ ❞❡
▼❡sq✉✐t❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✧✱ ❈â♠♣✉s ❞❡ ❇♦✲
t✉❝❛t✉✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡
❇❛❝❤❛r❡❧ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ▼é❞✐❝❛✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❉✉❝❛tt✐
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛❞♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ♣❛ís✳ ❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❙❛ú❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡st✉❞❛r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ sí♥t❡s❡ ❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♣r♦té✐❝❛✱ ❣❛st♦ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛❧✱ ❝✐♥ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✈✐t❛♠✐♥❛s✱ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s ❡ ❞✐✲ ❛❣♥♦st✐❝❛r ♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❍❡❧✐❝♦❜❛❝t❡r ♣②❧♦r✐✳ ❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ é ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ♥♦ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝trô♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ é ✐♥ó❝✉❛ ❛♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s r❛❞✐♦❛t✐✈♦s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ st❛❜❧❡ ✐s♦t♦♣❡s ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧ ✐s ❜❡✐♥❣ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② t❤r♦✉❣❤ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❝♦♥✲ ❞✉❝t❡❞ ❛t ♠❛✐♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦✉♥tr②✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❛❧❧♦✇ t♦ st✉❞②✐♥❣✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ s②♥t❤❡s✐s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥✱ ❡♥❡r❣② ❡①♣❡♥❞✐t✉r❡✱ ❜♦❞② ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✱ ❦✐♥❡t✐❝s ♦❢ ✈✐t❛♠✐♥s✱ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧ ❛❜s♦r♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐❛❣♥♦s❡ ❞✐s❡❛s❡s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❍❡❧✐❝♦❜❛❝t❡r ♣②❧♦r✐✳ ❚❤❡ ❜✐❣ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t♦ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡ t❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ♦❢ ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❡✇ ❝❡♥t❡rs t❤❛t ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛ss s♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡rs ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✱ ❛s t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ✐s ❤❛r♠✲ ❧❡ss t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥s✱ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ ♥♦ ❤❛s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s t♦ ✉s❡ ✐t ❧✐❦❡ ✇❤❡♥ ②♦✉ ✉s❡ r❛❞✐♦❛❝t✐✈❡ ✐s♦t♦♣❡s✳
❮♥❞✐❝❡
Pá❣✐♥❛
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✷
❆❜str❛❝t ✸
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✺
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✼
✷✳✶ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❡ ◗✉í♠✐❝❛ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ❊s♣❡❝trô♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ▼❛ss❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✹ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✺ ❚✉r♥♦✈❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ■sót♦♣♦s ❊stá✈❡✐s ✶✻
✺
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s é ❞❡st❛❝❛❞❛ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❞♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♥❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✳ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s s❡ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐✉ ♣❛r❛ ❍✐❞r♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❈♦s♠♦q✉✐♠✐❝❛✱ ●❡♦q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ P❡tr♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❖❝❡❛♥♦❣r❛✜❛✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦✈❛s ár❡❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❣r❛❝✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❆t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛s ❡ P❧❛♥❡tár✐❛s✱ ▼✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❋✐s✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❱❡❣❡t❛❧✱ ❊❝♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❋♦r❡♥s❡✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦✱ ❆rq✉❡♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❆♥tr♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❛ ❬❈❘■❙❙ ✶✾✾✾❪✱ ❬❋❆❯❘❊ ❡ ▼❊◆❙■◆● ✷✵✵✺❪✳
❆ ❛♠♣❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s✱ ❡♠ ♦♣♦s✐çã♦ à ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s r❛❞✐♦❛t✲ ✐✈♦s✱ ❢♦✐ r❡t❛r❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉❡r❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s t❡❞✐♦s♦ ❡ ❞❡✲ ♠♦r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡❧❡s s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❤á ✈ár✐❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐❛✐s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞♦ ❬▼❆❘❈❍■◆■ ✶✾✾✳❪✳ ❯♠ ❢❛t♦r ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ é ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝trô♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛✳ ❆ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ♥❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦s r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❬▼❆❘❈❍■◆■ ✶✾✾✳❪✱ ❬❲❖▲❋❊ ❡ ❈❍■◆❑❊❙ ✶✾✾✷❪✳
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛❞♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ♣❛ís✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡stá ❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ P❛✉❧✐st❛ ✧❏✉❧✐♦ ❞❡ ▼❡sq✉✐t❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✧✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ■sót♦♣♦s ❊stá✈❡✐s ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❱✐❞❛ ✭❈■❊✮✱ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❇✐♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❇♦t✉❝❛t✉✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❋❆P❊❙P ❡ ❯◆❊❙P✱ ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❈■❊✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜❡❜✐❞❛s ❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡✱ t✐♠✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ár❡❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ■sót♦♣♦s ❊stá✈❡✐s é ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❡ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡st❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳
❖✉tr♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r é ❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛ss❛ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❧í♥✐❝❛ ▼é❞✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✳ ❊st❡ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ár❡❛ ♠é❞✐❝❛✱ ❡ ❡stá à ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✳✳ ❉❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❝✐❝❧❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦té✐❝❛✱ ❣❛st♦ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛❧ ❬▼❆❘❈❍■◆■ ✶✾✾✳❪✳
✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ■sót♦♣♦s ❊stá✈❡✐s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
❖s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❡ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❛✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡stã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♥♦t❛✲s❡ ❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ✉♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✿ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ■sót♦♣♦s ❊stá✈❡✐s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
●r✉♣♦ ✲ ❊st❛❞♦✴❈✐❞❛❞❡ ■♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❆ ✲ P❛rá✴❇❡❧é♠ ❯❋P❆ ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ●❡♦q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❇ ✲ P❡r♥❛♠❜✉❝♦✴❘❡❝✐❢❡ ❯❋P❊ ✲ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ●❡♦q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❈ ✲ ❇❛❤✐❛✴❙❛❧✈❛❞♦r ❯❋❇❆ ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❍✐❞r♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❉✲ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✴■t❛q✉❛✐ ❊▼❇❘❆P❆ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❉✲ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✴❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦ ❈❊◆P❊❙ ●❡♦q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❡ P❡tró❧❡♦ ❉ ✲ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✴❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦ ❯❋❘❏ ✲ ▲❆❉❊❚❊❈ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❉♦♣✐♥❣ ❉✲ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✴❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦ ❯❋❘❏ ✲ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❧♦❣✐❛ ●❡♦q✉í♠✐❝❛
❊ ✲ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✴P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛ ❯❙P ✲ ❈❊◆❆ ❊❝♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ▼❡✐♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❊ ✲ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✴P✐r❛❝✐❝❛❜❛ ❯❙P ✲ ❈❊◆❆ ❈♦♠♣♦st♦s ❊♥r✐q✉❡❝✐❞♦s ❡ ❆❣r♦♥♦♠✐❛
❊ ✲ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✴❇♦t✉❝❛t✉ ❯◆❊❙P ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❇✐♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❆❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❇❡❜✐❞❛s ❡ ❩♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛ ❊ ✲ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✴❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❯❙P ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❍✐❞r♦❧♦❣✐❛
❊ ✲ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✴❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❯❙P ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ●❡♦q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❊ ✲ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✴❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦ ❯❙P ✲ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❛ ❙❡r❡s ❍✉♠❛♥♦s✴P❡❞✐❛tr✐❛ ❋ ✲ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✴❈❛①✐❛s ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❘❙ ✲ ▲❆❘❊◆ ❱✐♥❤♦s ❡ ❙✉❝♦s
● ✲ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✴❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ❯◆❇ ✲ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❧♦❣✐❛ ●❡♦q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❍✐❞r♦❧♦❣✐❛
✼
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
✷✳✶ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❡ ◗✉í♠✐❝❛ ●❡r❛❧
❆ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ át♦♠♦s✱ ❞♦ ❣r❡❣♦✱ q✉❡r ❞✐③❡r ✐♥❞✐✈✐sí✈❡❧✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ át♦♠♦ ♥ã♦ é ❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐sí✈❡❧ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛ ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛✱ ♠❛s é ❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♥❡✉tr❛ ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡❛❣✐r q✉✐♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❚♦❞♦ át♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✲ s❡ ✾✾✱✾✪ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♠❛ss❛✳ ❖♥ú❝❧❡♦ é r♦❞❡❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ❡♠ ♠♦✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆♦ át♦♠♦ ♥❡✉tr♦ ❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ♣rót♦♥s sã♦ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ❡❧étr♦♥s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ♥♦s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s q✉❛♥t✐③❛❞♦s ❬❏❆▼❊❙ ❡ ●❊❘❆❘❉ ✶✾✽✻❪✱❬❆❚❑■◆❙ ✷✵✵✶❪✳
❖át♦♠♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r✲ ❛❣❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ três ❞❡❧❡s✿ ♣rót♦♥ ✭❝❛r❣❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛✮✱ ♥ê✉tr♦♥ ✭❝❛r❣❛ ♥❡✉tr❛✮✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♠ ❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❡ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦✳ ❖♦✉tr♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ sã♦ ♦s ❡❧étr♦♥s ✭❝❛r❣❛ ♥❡❣✲ ❛t✐✈❛✮✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❡♠ ór❜✐t❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❬❏❆▼❊❙ ❡ ●❊❘❆❘❉ ✶✾✽✻❪✱❬❆❚❑■◆❙ ✷✵✵✶❪✱❬❊■❙❇❊❘● ❡ ❘❊❙◆■❈❑ ✶✾✼✾❪✳ ❆s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s s✉❜❛tô♠✐❝❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✿ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞♦ át♦♠♦✳ ▼❛ss❛ ✭❣✮ ❈❛r❣❛ ✭❈♦✉❧♦♠❜s✮ Prót♦♥ 1,67×10−24 +6,02×10−12
◆ê✉tr♦♥ 1,67×10−24 0
❊❧étr♦♥ 9,11×10−28 −6,02×10−12
❋❖◆❚❊✿ ❬❏❆▼❊❙ ❡ ●❊❘❆❘❉ ✶✾✽✻❪✳
❆ ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛✲s❡ ♣♦r 𝐴
𝑍𝑋 ✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✱ 𝑋 r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
q✉í♠✐❝♦✱𝐴r❡✢❡t❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❡♠ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❛tô♠✐❝❛ ❡ 𝑍 ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣ró✲
t♦♥s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ 𝐴=𝑍+𝑁✱ ♦♥❞❡ 𝑁 r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥ê✉tr♦♥s ❬❆❚❑■◆❙ ✷✵✵✶❪✱
❬❏❆▼❊❙ ❡ ●❊❘❆❘❉ ✶✾✽✻❪✳
✽
♦❝✉♣❛♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❧✉❣❛r ♥❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛✳ ❊st❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡stá✈❡✐s ♦✉ r❛❞✐♦❛t✐✈♦s ❬❆❚❑■◆❙ ✷✵✵✶❪✱❬❊■❙❇❊❘● ❡ ❘❊❙◆■❈❑ ✶✾✼✾❪✳
❈❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r ✈ár✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦s✲ s✉❡♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s✱ ♠❛s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ♥ê✉tr♦♥s✱ tê♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠❛ss❛s✳ ❈❡rt♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s sã♦ r❛❞✐♦❛t✐✈♦s ❡ s❡ ❞❡s✐♥t❡❣r❛♠✱ ❡♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❛❧❢❛✱ ❜❡t❛ ❡ ❣❛♠❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♥♦❝✐✈❛s ❛♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✳ ❖✉tr♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ 12
6 𝐶 ❡ 13
6 𝐶 ✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❞❡s✐♥t❡❣r❛♠✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❡stá✈❡✐s ❡✱
♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✐♥ó❝✉♦s ❛♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✳ ❆ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ✐sót♦♣♦s✱ ❡♠ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✲ t❡r❡ss❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✱ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❡♠ s✉❜♠❡tê✲❧♦ ❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ r❛❞✐♦❛t✐✈❛ ❬❋❘❆◆❈❖ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪✳
❆s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛s 12 𝐶𝑂2 ❡
13
𝐶𝑂2 ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛s ❜✐✲
♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧ ♦✉ ❛♥✐♠❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ s✉t✐❧❡③❛ ❡s❝♦♥❞✐❞❛ ♥♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ♥ã♦ é ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞❛✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❞❡ ❈❛r❜♦♥♦ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡s tr❛ç❛❞♦r❡s ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ❡①t❡♥s✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❜✐♦❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ✷✺✵✵ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✶✶✵ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✷✻✹ ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s✳ ◆❛ ár❡❛ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❛✜♥s✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ sã♦ ♦s ❜✐♦❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❈❍❖◆✬❙ ✭❈❛r❜♦♥♦✱ ❍✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ ❖①✐❣ê♥✐♦✱ ◆✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❡ ❊♥①♦❢r❡✮✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦✐❞r❛t♦s✱ ❧✐♣í❞❡♦s✱ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s✱ á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧é✐❝♦s ❡ sã♦ ♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✾✵✪ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s ✈✐✈♦s ❬❈❘■❙❙ ✶✾✾✾❪✳ ❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s ❞♦s ❜✐♦❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡stã♦ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✿ ❖s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❍✱ ❈✱ ◆✱ ❖ ❡ ❙ ❡ s✉❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❣❛s♦s❛s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛s✳
■sót♦♣♦s ❊stá✈❡✐s ❆❜✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ át♦♠♦s ✪ ●ás 1
𝐻 99,9844 𝐻2 2
𝐻 0,0156
12
𝐶 98,8890 𝐶𝑂2 13
𝐶 1,1110
14
𝑁 99,6340 𝑁2 15
𝑁 0,3660
16
𝑂 99,7628 𝐶𝑂2 17
𝑂 0,0372
18
𝑂 0,2000
32
𝑆 95,0180 𝑆𝑂2 33
𝑆 0,7500
34
𝑆 4,2150
36
𝑆 0,0170
❋❖◆❚❊✿ ❬P❘❊❙❚❖◆ ✶✾✾✷❪✳
✾
♠♦s → ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s → ❡str✉t✉r❛s s✉♣r❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s → ❝é❧✉❧❛s → ór❣ã♦s → s✐st❡♠❛s ✜s✐✲ ♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s→s❡r❡s ✈✐✈♦s✳ ❖s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s ❞♦ ❈❛r❜♦♥♦✱ ❍✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ ❖①✐❣ê♥✐♦✱ ◆✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❡ ❊♥①♦❢r❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛✱ ❤✐❞r♦s❢❡r❛✱ ❧✐t♦s❢❡r❛✱ ❜✐♦s❢❡r❛ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝✐❝❧♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛ ♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ r❛str❡❛❜✐❧✲ ✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♠ ♥❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s ❞❛s ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❱✐❞❛ ❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ♥❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s ✐sót♦♣♦s q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ✭♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ✶✵✪✮ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✐sót♦♣♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥t❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐❞♦s ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦♠❡tr♦✳ ❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r✱ ♥ã♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ó❜✈✐♦✱ é q✉❡ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ❡st❡❥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡♠ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❡♥s✉rá✈❡✐s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ t❡♠ ✶✽✪ ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✾✽✱✾✪ ❞❡12
𝐶 ❡ ✶✱✶✪ ❞❡13
𝐶✳ ❖ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ 13
𝐶 s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ✶✱✶✪ t♦r♥❛ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦
♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉í✈❡❧ ❞❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❤❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ 12
𝐶 ❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■ ✷✵✵✽❪✱ ❬❋❘❆◆❈❖ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪✳
❆s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛s 12 𝐶𝑂2 ❡
13
𝐶𝑂2 ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐✲
❝❛s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ✈❡❣❡t❛❧ ♦✉ ❛♥✐♠❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ s✉t✐❧❡③❛ ❡s❝♦♥❞✐❞❛ ♥♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ✭♥ê✉tr♦♥✮ ♥ã♦ é ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞❛✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❞❡ ❈❛r❜♦♥♦ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡s tr❛ç❛❞♦r❡s ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐✲ ❛çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐❞♦s✱ q✉❡ é ❡①t❡♥sí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❜✐♦❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❬❈❆❙❚❘❖ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪✳
✷✳✷ ❊s♣❡❝trô♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ▼❛ss❛
❖ ❡s♣❡❝trô♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣r❡❝✐s❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥✲ tr❛çã♦ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❛✐①❛✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✶✵ ♣♦r ❏✳❏✳ ❚❤♦♠s♦♥✱ t❡♠ s❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ té❝♥✐❝♦✲❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s✱ ♣♦✐s é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐❝♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞♦s át♦♠♦s✱ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❡ í♦♥s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❬●❘❖❖❚ ✷✵✵✹❪✳
✶✵
❬▼❊◆❆◆❉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼❪✳
❍♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝trô♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦♥t❛♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ í♦♥s ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦r ❡❧❡tr♦stát✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✾✵∘ ❡ ✉♠
❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦r ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✻✵∘✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❥s✐st❡♠❛ ó♣t✐❝♦ ◆✐❡r✲❏♦❤♥s♦♥❥✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦r❡s
❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
◆♦ ❊s♣❡❝trô♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛✱ ❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ❛ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛ s♦❢r❡ ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧étr♦♥s ♥❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♦s í♦♥s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s sã♦ ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ♣♦r ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣❧❛❝❛s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s✳ ❖ ú♥✐❝♦ ❢❡✐①❡ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ é r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦✱ ❛❜r✐♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❡✐①❡s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❝♦♣♦s ❞❡ ❋❛r❛❞❛②✳
◆❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❝✐♥ét✐❝❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞❛ é ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❡ ♦ r❡s✉t❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✶✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧𝑞é ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞♦ í♦♥✱𝑉 ❛
❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✱𝑚❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❡𝑣 ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■ ✷✵✵✽❪✱ ❬❍❆▲▲❨❉❆❨ ✷✵✵✸❪✳
𝑞𝑉 = (1 2)𝑚𝑣
2
✭✶✮
❖ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s í♦♥s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦s é ❛❢❡t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ (𝐵) ❡ ♦✉ ❝❛♠♣♦
❡❧étr✐❝♦(𝐸)❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ ▲♦r❡♥t③✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✷ ❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■ ✷✵✵✽❪✱
❬❍❆▲▲❨❉❆❨ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ❬❚■P▲❊❘ ✶✾✾✾❪✳
∣𝐹∣=𝑞𝐸+𝑞𝑣×𝐵 ✭✷✮
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✱ ♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐✲ ❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✳
◆❛ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ (𝐸)❡ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ (𝐵)♣♦❞❡♠
s❡r ❛❥✉st❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❛ ❞❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞♦ ❢❡✐①❡ ❞♦ í♦♥ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣❛ss❛ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✱ ♣❛rt❡ ❛✮✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❛ ❢♦rç❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ s❡rá ③❡r♦ ❡ ❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✷ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✸✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ í♦♥s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡♠ ❞❡✢❡①ã♦✱ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ❛ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞♦ í♦♥ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ í♦♥s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❬❍❆▲▲❨❉❆❨ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ❬❚■P▲❊❘ ✶✾✾✾❪✳
𝑉 = 𝐸
𝐵 ✭✸✮
✶✶
𝑟= 𝑚𝑣
2
𝑞𝐸 ✭✹✮
❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛ ✉♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦r ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ (𝐵) ♣❛r❛ s❡♣✲
❛r❛r ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❡✐①❡s ✐ô♥✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❡✐①❡s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✱ ♣❛rt❡ ❝✮✳ ❆s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❛s✱ ❛♦ s❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛r❡♠ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦✱ s♦❢r❡♠ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦rç❛ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ✭❊q✉❛çã♦ ✷✮✱ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❝❡♥trí♣❡t❛✳ P❡❧❛ ♦rt♦❣♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ 𝐵✱ ♦s í♦♥s s♦❢r❡♠ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ 𝑟✱ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✺
❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■ ✷✵✵✽❪✱ ❬❚■P▲❊❘ ✶✾✾✾❪✳
𝑟= 𝑚𝑣
𝑞𝐵 ✭✺✮
❆ss✐♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡♥❞♦✱ ❝r✐❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ q ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦✈❡♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r✈❛t✉r❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡✜♥❡♠ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ❚♦r♥❛✲ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✶✱ q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ à ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ 𝑉 ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✱ ❡
♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ (𝐵) ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎
𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✻
❬❍❆▲▲❨❉❆❨ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ❬❚■P▲❊❘ ✶✾✾✾❪✳
𝑟 = √
2𝑉 𝑚 𝐵2
𝑞 ✭✻✮
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ í♦♥ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ♠❛ss❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠❛✐♦r r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✢❡①ã♦✳
✷✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦
◆♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐ssã♦✱ ♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s (𝐶, 𝐻, 𝑂, 𝑁, 𝑆)
sã♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❛s♦s❛ (𝐶𝑂2, 𝐻2, 𝑁2, 𝑆𝑂2)✳ ❖ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞❡st❡s ❣❛s❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
❛❝♦♣❧❛❞♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭♦♥✲❧✐♥❡✮ ♦✉ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭♦✛✲❧✐♥❡✮ ❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■ ✷✵✵✽❪✱ ❬❚❘❆❱❊❘ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
❆ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡✜♥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✐♠✲ ♣❧❡s ❛♠♦str❛ ❣❛s♦s❛✳ ❆ ♠❛tr✐③ ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ ♦✉ ✐♥♦r❣â♥✐❝❛ é ❞❡str✉í❞❛ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❣ás ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛✳ ◆♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ♦✛✲❧✐♥❡✱ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡①✐❣❡♠ r✐❣♦r ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ✈á❝✉♦ ♦✛✲❧✐♥❡✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦♠❜❛ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞✉♣❧♦ ❡stá❣✐♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ♦❜té♠ ♦ ♣ré✲✈á❝✉♦ ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ 10−1𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟✳ ❊♠ sér✐❡✱
✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦♠❜❛ ❞✐❢✉s♦r❛ ❡ tr❛♣ ✭❛r♠❛❞✐❧❤❛✮ ❞❡ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t❛♠ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧t♦ ✈á❝✉♦ ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ 10−2 ❛
10−3
𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟✱ ❝♦♠♦
♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸ ❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
✶✷
❞❡ ❣❡❧♦ s❡❝♦ ♠♦í❞♦ ❝♦♠ á❧❝♦♦❧ (−96∘𝐶) ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ 𝐻2𝑂 ❡ tr❛♣
❝r✐♦❣ê♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦ (−196∘𝐶)♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦𝐶𝑂2✳ ❋♦r♥♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stã♦
(950∘𝐶) ❝♦♠ 𝐶𝑢𝑂 ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ tr❛♣s
q✉í♠✐❝♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣✉r❡③❛s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛ ❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
❙❛❧✐❡♥t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ✭s❡❝❛❣❡♠✱ ♠♦❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡✐③❛çã♦✮ é tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ à ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
❊♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s s❡♠ ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✱ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ✈ár✐♦s ❡s♣❡❝trô♠❡tr♦s ❛t✉❛✐s ❥á ✈ê♠ ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛❝❡ssór✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡st❡s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ q✉❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✳
❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞♦ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦r ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✭❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ssór✐♦✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝trô♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❛ss❛s ❞♦s ❢❡✐①❡s ❞❡ í♦♥s ❞♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s ♣❡s❛❞♦s ✭tr❛ç♦✮ ❡ ❧❡✈❡s ✭♣♦♥t♦✮✳ ❈❛♠♣♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s (𝐸)sã♦ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s
❞♦s ♠❡t❛✐s ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦s ✭❧✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❣❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ✭✰✮ ❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s ✭✲✮✮ ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s à ♣á❣✐♥❛✳ ❈❛♠♣♦s ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦s (𝐵) ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ 𝑥 sã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ à
✶✸
✷✳✹ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛
◆❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❝✐❡❞tí✜❝❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦s ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s ❞♦s ❜✐♦❡❧❡♠❡❞t♦s✱ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝trô♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❢♦r❞❡❝❡ ❞✉❛s ❧✐❞❣✉❛❣❡❞s ❛❞❛❧ít✐❝❛s✿ ❛❜✉❞❞â❞❝✐❛ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛ ✭át♦♠♦s ✪✮ ❡ ❡❞r✐q✉❡❝✐♠❡❞t♦ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ✭❞❡❧t❛ ♣❡r ♠✐❧✮ ❬●❘❖❖❚ ✷✵✵✹❪✱ ❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ◆❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✼✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✜❞❡ ❛ ❛❜✉❞❞â❞❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❝♦❞❝❡❞tr❛çã♦ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛✱ ♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❬ ❪ ♣♦❞❡ ✐❞❞✐❝❛r ♦ ❞ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❧s ✭❞❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ 𝑅𝑖 ✐❞❡❞t✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ♠♦❧❛r✱ ♠❛ss❛✱ ❡t❝✮✱
❡ ❛ s♦♠❛tór✐❛ é ❢❡✐t❛ s♦❜r❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛s ♣r❡s❡❞t❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❝♦❞❝❡❞tr❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛r❜♦❞♦✲✶✸ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ 13
𝐶𝑂2 ❡❞r✐q✉❡❝✐❞❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦
✽✳
𝑅𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖
∑
𝐴𝑗
✭✼✮
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑠%13
𝐶 = [
13 𝐶𝑂2]
[12
𝐶𝑂2] + [13𝐶𝑂2]
100 ✭✽✮
❙✉❜str❛t♦s ❡❞r✐q✉❡❝✐❞♦s ✐❞❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡❞t❡ ❝♦♠13 𝐶✱15
𝑁✱18 𝑂✱2
𝐻✱34
𝑆♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❞q✉✐r✐✲
❞♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ❛ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦❞❝❡❞tr❛çã♦ ✭✷ ❛ ✾✾ át♦♠♦s✪✮✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦♠♣♦st♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❡ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✳
❆ ❞❡t❡r♠✐❞❛çã♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛✱ ❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✾✱ ❧✐♠✐t❛✲s❡ ❛ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ✿❞❢❛s❡ ❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡ ✐❞t❡r❡ss❡ ❣❡♦❢ís✐❝♦✱ ❣❡♦q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❤✐❞r♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
✶✹
𝑟𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖
∑
𝐴𝑚 ✭✾✮
❖ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❢❡r❡♠✲s❡ ❛s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❞❛s r❛③õ❡s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ♦✉ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❞❡❧t❛ (𝛿)✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ✵✱✷
♣❡r ♠✐❧ ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦r ❬●❘❖❖❚ ✷✵✵✹❪✳
❆s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣r❡❝✐s❛s ❞❡st❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛s r❡q✉❡r❡♠ t✐♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✲ trô♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛s✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✉♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭❞✉❛❧ ✐♥❧❡t s②st❡♠✮✳ ◆❡st❡s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❣❛s♦s❛ é ❛❞♠✐t✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ ❣ás ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✳ ❆♣ós ❡q✉❛❧✐③❛r❡♠ ❛s ♣r❡ssõ❡s✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ✭❛♠♦str❛ ✈❡r✲ s✉s ♣❛❞rã♦✮ sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈á❧✈✉❧❛s ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ✭❝❤❛♥❣❡♦✈❡r ✈❛❧✈❡✮ ❬▼❆❘❈❍■◆■ ✶✾✾✼❪✳
❆ ❛❧t❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛ ✭≤ 0,2 ♣❡r ♠✐❧✮ é ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✿ ❛
♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♦✉ três ❢❡✐①❡s ✐ô♥✐❝♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥♦s ❝♦❧❡t♦r❡s ✭❝✉♣ ❋❛r❛❞❛②✮ ❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ✭❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✵✽ ❝✐❝❧♦s ❞❡ r❡♣❡t✐çõ❡s✮ ❞❛s r❛③õ❡s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❣❛s❡s✱ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳ ❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛✱ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ♥❛ t❡r♠✐✲ ♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡❧t❛(𝛿)✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦✱ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦
❛❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✶✵✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✱ 𝑟 é ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞♦ ✐sót♦♣♦ ♣❡s❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡
♦ ✐sót♦♣♦ ❧❡✈❡ (13 𝐶/12
𝐶;15 𝑁/14
𝑁,18 𝑂/16
𝑂,2 𝐻/1
𝐻, 𝑒𝑡𝑐)❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✲
✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s sã♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s✱ ❝♦st✉♠❛✲s❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r ❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ♣♦r ✶✵✵✵✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠ ❞❡❧t❛ ♣❡r ♠✐❧ ❬𝛿 ♣❡r ♠✐❧
✭❛♠♦str❛✱ ♣❛❞rã♦✮❪ ❬▼❆❘❈❍■◆■ ✶✾✾✼❪✳
𝛿(𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎, 𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑜) = 𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎 −𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑜
𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑜
✭✶✵✮
◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ❞❡❧t❛s sã♦ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦s ✐♥t❡r✲ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ❛r❜✐tr❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦s ♣r✐♠ár✐♦s
(𝛿= 0𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑙)✳
✶✺
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✿ P❛❞rõ❡s ✐s♦tó♣✐❝♦s ♣r✐♠ár✐♦s ✭𝛿 ❂ ✵ ♣❡r ♠✐❧✮✳ ❘❛③ã♦ ✐s♦tó♣✐❝❛ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ❞♦s
♣❛❞rõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❱✐❡♥♥❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♠❡❛♥ ♦❝❡❛♥ ✇❛t❡r❀ ✭❱✲❙▼❖❲✮ 2
𝐻/1
𝐻 = 0,00015576
18
𝑂/16
𝑂= 0,00200520
17
𝑂/16
𝑂= 0,0003730
P❡❡❞❡❡ ❇❡❧❡♠♥✐t❡❧❧❛❀ ✭❱ ✲ P❉❇✮ 13
𝐶/12
𝐶= 0,0112372
18
𝑂/16
𝑂= 0,0020671
17
𝑂/16
𝑂= 0,0003790
◆✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❆t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦❀(𝑁2𝑎𝑡𝑚) 15
𝑁/14
𝑁= 0,0036765
❈❛ñ♦♥ ❉✐❛❜❧❡ ▼❡t❡♦r✐t❡ ❚r♦✐❧✐t❡❀ ✭❈❉❚✮ 34
𝑆/32
𝑆= 0,0450045
33
𝑆/32
𝑆= 0,0081000
♦❖◆❚❊✿ ❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
✷✳✺ ❚✉r♥♦✈❡r
❖s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦r♣♦r❛✐s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s✳ ❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ t✉r♥♦✈❡r✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❡❧❛s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐t♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ♦✉ ✐♥♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱ ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t❛s ❛♦ t✉r♥♦✈❡r ❬❘❖❉❲❊▲▲ ✶✾✾✵❪✱ ❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■✱ ❈❆❘❘■❏❖ ❡ P❊❩❩❆❚❖ ✷✵✵✷❪✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❛❞✉❧t♦ s❛✉❞á✈❡❧✱ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞✐ár✐❛ ❞❡ r❡♥♦✈❛çã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ 1 ❛ 2% ❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❝♦r♣♦r❛✐s✳ ❊ss❛ r❡♥♦✈❛çã♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥✲
t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ♠✉s❝✉❧❛r❡s ❛ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s✳ ❊♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ 75 ❛ 80%
❞♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ♣r♦té✐❝❛ t❡❝✐❞✉❛❧ sã♦ r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ❡ ♦ r❡st❛♥t❡ é ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ ❣❧✐❝♦s❡✱ ❡✴♦✉ ❞✐ó①✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ❬❘❖❉❲❊▲▲ ✶✾✾✵❪✳
✶✻
❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■✱ ❈❆❘❘■❏❖ ❡ P❊❩❩❆❚❖ ✷✵✵✷❪✳
✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ■sót♦♣♦s ❊stá✈❡✐s
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦❞♦♣❡s♦♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐♠✐♥✉t❛s ❞♦❛♥❛❧✲ ✐s❛❞♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ❢♦r ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❛❧✈♦✳ ❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s tr❛ç❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ♥♦ s❛♥❣✉❡✱ ✉r✐♥❛✱ ❣ás ❡①♣✐r❛❞♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ✢✉✐❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❊❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦♦❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦❝♦♠ ♦s❡✉ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛t♦✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳
❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ s❛ú❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♦❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s q✉❡ ❛❧t❡r❛♠ ♦♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s✱ ❡✱ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♠✉❧t✐❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ út❡✐s ♥❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛s ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛s ❛♥♦r✲ ♠❛✐s ✭❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ♣r♦té✐❝♦✱ ❞❡ ❤✐❞r❛t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♣í❞❡♦s✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ sã♦ ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ♦s á❝✐❞♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦s á❝✐❞♦s ♠❡t✐❧♠❛❧ô♥✐❝♦ ✭❛❝✐❞✉r✐❛ ♠❡t✐❧♠❛❧ô♥✐❝❛✮ ❡ ❢❡♥✐❧❛❝ét✐❝♦ ✭❢❡♥✐❧❝❡t♦♥úr✐❛✮❀ á❝✐❞♦s ❣r❛①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❝✉rt❛❀ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ✈♦❧át❡✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❝❡t♦♥❛s ❡ ❛❧❞❡í❞♦s❀ ♣♦❧✐ó✐s❀ ❛♠✐♥❛s❀ ♣r♦st❛❣❧❛♥❞✐♥❛s❀ ❡st❡ró✐❞❡s❀ á❝✐❞♦s ❜✐❧✐❛r❡s❀ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧é✐❝♦s ❡ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐✲ ❞♦s✳
◆♦s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ✉rê♠✐❝♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛✱ é ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r✱ ♥♦ s❛♥❣✉❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ á❝✐❞♦ ❡r✐trô♥✐❝♦✱ á❝✐❞♦ ✷✲ ❞❡♦①✐❡r✐tr♦♣❡♥tô♥✐❝♦✱ á❝✐❞♦ t❛rtár✐❝♦✱ á❝✐❞♦ ❣❧✐❝ér✐❝♦✱ á❝✐❞♦ ✷✲♠❡t✐❧❣❧✐❝ér✐❝♦✱ á❝✐❞♦ ✈❛♥í❧✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ✈♦❧át❡✐s✱ ❢❡♥ó✐s✱ ♣♦❧✐ó✐s ❡ ❡st❡ró✐❞❡s✳ ◆♦s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞✐❛❜ét✐❝♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦ s♦r♦ ❡✴♦✉ ✉r✐♥❛✱ á❝✐❞♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱ á❝✐❞♦ s✉❝❝í♥✐❝♦✱ á❝✐❞♦ ❛❞í♣✐❝♦✱ á❝✐❞♦ ❧á❝t✐❝♦✱ á❝✐❞♦ ✷✲ ❝❡t♦❜✉tír✐❝♦✱ á❝✐❞♦ ✸✲❤✐❞r♦①②♦❝t❛♥❡❞✐❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ✈♦❧át❡✐s✱ ✶✲❡t❛♥♦❧✱ ✶✲♦❝t❛♥♦❧✱ ❞❡♠❡t✐❧❡t✐❧♣✐r❛③✐♥❛✳
◆❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ P❛r❦✐♥s♦♥✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ✶✲♠❡t✐❧✲✹✲❢❡♥✐❧✲ ✶✱✷✱✸✱✻✲t❡tr❛❤✐❞r♦♣✐r✐❞✐♥❛✱ ❞❛ ✶✱✷✱✸✱✹✲t❡tr❛❤✐❞r♦✐s♦q✉✐♥♦❧✐♥❡✱ ❞❛ ▲✲❉♦♣❛ ❡ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❝♦❧❛♠✐✲ ♥❛s✳
◆❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ❤❡♣át✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞♦s á❝✐❞♦s ❜✐❧✐❛r❡s ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦❧❡st❡r♦❧✱ ♥♦s ❡rr♦s ✐♥❛t♦s ❞♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s t♦①✐♥❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡♥❝❡❢❛❧♦♣❛t✐❛ ❤❡♣át✐❝❛✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛ ♦♣♦❞❡r ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦❞♦✉s♦❞❡ ✐sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s✱ ❡stá ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦❞❡ trâ♥s✐t♦✐♥t❡st✐♥❛❧ ❡ ♥♦❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢❡çã♦♣♦r ❍❡❧✐❝♦❜❛❝t❡r ♣②❧♦r✐✱ q✉❡ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❡stô♠❛❣♦ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣♦rt❛❞♦r❡s ú❧❝❡r❛ ❞✉♦❞❡♥❛❧✳
✶✼
▼❛ss❛ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦❧í♥✐❝❛ ▼é❞✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✳ P❛r❛ s❡✉ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✿ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❤✐st♦♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♦ t❡st❡ ❞❛ ✉r❡❛s❡ ❡ t❡st❡s r❡s♣✐r❛tór✐♦s ✭❯❇❚✮ ❝♦♠ ✉ré✐❛ ♠❛r❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐sót♦♣♦ r❛❞✐♦❛t✐✈♦ (14
𝐶)♦✉ ❞♦ ❡stá✈❡❧ (13
𝐶)✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡✈❡ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✿ ✶✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ❯❇❚ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❍❡❧✐❝♦❜❛❝t❡r ♣②❧♦r✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✐sót♦♣♦ ❡stá✈❡❧❀ ✷✮ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✉r❡❛s❡✱ ❤✐st♦♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣❛❞rã♦✲♦✉r♦✮ ❡ ❯❇❚ ❝♦♠
14
𝐶✲✉ré✐❛✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ✺✹ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✸✵ ❡ ✺✺✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✷✺ ♠✉❧❤❡r❡s✳
◆❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ♦ ❯❇❚ ❝♦♠ 13
𝐶✲✉ré✐❛ ❢♦✐ ♣rát✐❝♦✱ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✱ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡ ✐♥ó❝✉♦✱
r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ♥❛ s✉s♣❡✐t❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❍❡❧✐❝♦❜❛❝t❡r ♣②❧♦r✐ ❡♠ ❛❞✉❧t♦s ❡ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ s❡①♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ✜s✐♦♣❛t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳
✶✽
✹ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❬❆❚❑■◆❙ ✷✵✵✶❪❆❚❑■◆❙✱ P✳ Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛✿ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛ ❡ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❬❙✳❧✳❪✿ ❇♦♦❦♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❬❈❆❙❚❘❖ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪❈❆❙❚❘❖✱ ❆✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❯r❡❛ ❜r❡❛t❤ t❡st ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❧✐❝♦❜❛❝t❡r ♣②❧♦r✐ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ st❛❜❧❡ ✐s♦t♦♣❡✳ ❇r❛s✳ P❛t♦❧✳ ▼❡❞✳ ▲❛❜✳✱ ✈✳ ✹✵✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✻✸✕✼✱ ❆❜r ✷✵✵✹✳
❬❈❘■❙❙ ✶✾✾✾❪❈❘■❙❙✱ ❘✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ st❛❜❧❡ ✐s♦t♦♣❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ ❖①❢♦r❞ ❯♥✐✲ ✈❡rs✐t② Pr❡ss✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✹✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■ ✷✵✵✽❪❉❯❈❆❚❚■✱ ❈✳ ■sót♦♣♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❡♠ ③♦♦t❡❝♥✐❛✳ ❆❣♦ ✷✵✵✽✳
❬❉❯❈❆❚❚■✱ ❈❆❘❘■❏❖ ❡ P❊❩❩❆❚❖ ✷✵✵✷❪❉❯❈❆❚❚■✱ ❈✳❀ ❈❆❘❘■❏❖✱ ❆✳❀ P❊❩❩❆❚❖✱ ❆✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛ r❡❝✐❝❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ✶✸ ❡♠ t❡❝✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♠í❢❡r♦s ❡ ❛✈❡s✳ ❙❝✐✳ ❆❣r✐❝✳✱ ♥✳ ✺✾✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✕✸✸✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❬❊■❙❇❊❘● ❡ ❘❊❙◆■❈❑ ✶✾✼✾❪❊■❙❇❊❘●✱ ❘✳ ✳❀ ❘❊❙◆■❈❑✱ ❘✳ ❋ís✐❝❛ ◗✉â♥t✐❝❛✳ ➪t♦♠♦s✱ ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ ❙ó❧✐❞♦s✱ ◆ú❝❧❡♦s ❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✳ ❬❙✳❧✳❪✿ ❈❛♠♣✉s✱ ✶✾✼✾✳
❬❋❆❯❘❊ ❡ ▼❊◆❙■◆● ✷✵✵✺❪❋❆❯❘❊✱ ●✳❀ ▼❊◆❙■◆●✱ ❚✳ ■s♦t♦♣❡s Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛✲ t✐♦♥s✳ ◆❡✇ ❏❡rs❡②✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ♣✳ ✽✾✼✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❬❋❘❆◆❈❖ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪❋❘❆◆❈❖✱ ▼✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛ss❛ ❡♠ ◆✉✲ tr✐çã♦ ❍✉♠❛♥❛✳ ❬❙✳❧✳✿ s✳♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❬●❘❖❖❚ ✷✵✵✹❪●❘❖❖❚✱ P✳ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦ ♦❢ ❙t❛❜❧❡ ■s♦t♦♣❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ❚❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✳ ❬❙✳❧✳✿ s✳♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❬❍❆▲▲❨❉❆❨ ✷✵✵✸❪❍❆▲▲❨❉❆❨✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ✲ ❊❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐s♠♦ ✸✳ ✻✳ ❡❞✳ ❬❙✳❧✳✿ s✳♥✳❪✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❬❏❆▼❊❙ ❡ ●❊❘❆❘❉ ✶✾✽✻❪❏❆▼❊❙✱ ❊✳ ❇✳❀ ●❊❘❆❘❉✱ ❊✳ ❍✳ ◗✉í♠✐❝❛ ●❡r❛❧✳ ✷✳ ❡❞✳ ❬❙✳❧✳✿ s✳♥✳❪✱ ✶✾✽✻✳
❬▼❆❘❈❍■◆■ ✶✾✾✼❪▼❆❘❈❍■◆■✱ ❏✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ♣r♦té✐❝♦ ❡ ❛♠✐♥♦❛❝í❞✐❝♦✱ ❡♠ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❛✳ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❛✱ ❘✐❜❡✐rã♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ✈✳ ✸✵✱ ♣✳ ✹✾✹✕✺✵✼✱ ❖✉t✴❉❡③ ✶✾✾✼✳
✶✾
❬P❘❊❙❚❖◆ ✶✾✾✷❪P❘❊❙❚❖◆✱ ❚✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❛♠❡♥t ♦❢ st❛❜❧❡ ✐s♦t♦♣❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✾✶✕✶✵✾✼✱ ❉❡③ ✶✾✾✷✳
❬❘❖❉❲❊▲▲ ✶✾✾✵❪❘❖❉❲❊▲▲✱ ❱✳ ❈❛t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s✳ ❬❙✳❧✳✿ s✳♥✳❪✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❬❚■P▲❊❘ ✶✾✾✾❪❚■P▲❊❘✱ P✳ ❊❧❡tr✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ▼❛❣♥❡t✐s♠♦✱ Ót✐❝❛✳ ✹✳ ❡❞✳ ❬❙✳❧✳✿ s✳♥✳❪✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
❬❚❘❆❱❊❘ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪❚❘❆❱❊❘✱ ▲✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❉❡✉t❡r✐✉♠ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐✉♠ t✐♠❡ ✐♥ s❛❧✐✈❛ ♦❢ ♥❡✇❜♦r♥ ✐♥❢❛♥ts✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P❡❞✐❛tr✐❝ ●❛str♦❡♥t❡r♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ◆✉tr✐t✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✳
