WPTrans: um assistente para verificação de programas em Frama-C

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛

❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦

▼❡str❛❞♦ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦

❲P❚r❛♥s✿ ❯♠ ❆ss✐st❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡

Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡♠ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈

❱ít♦r ❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛

❱ít♦r ❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛

❲P❚r❛♥s✿ ❯♠ ❆ss✐st❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡

Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡♠ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡✲ r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳

▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❋♦r♠❛✐s

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r

Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❇♦r✐s P❛✉❧ ❉é❤❛r❜❡

PP❣❙❈ ✕ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛

❈❈❊❚ ✕ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡

Almeida, Vítor Alcântara de.

WPTrans: um assistente para verificação de programas em Frama-C / Vítor Alcântara de Almeida. - Natal, 2016. 159f: il.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. David Boris Paul Déharbe.

Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas e Computação.

1. Métodos formais. 2. Frama-C. 3. WP. 4. WPTrans. 5. Obrigação de prova. 6. Coq. 7. SMT. I. Déharbe, David Boris Paul. II. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. III. Título.

RN/UF/CCET CDU 004.05

Catalogação da Publicação na Fonte

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ s♦❜ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ❲P❚r❛♥s✿ ❯♠ ❆ss✐st❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛s ❡♠ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❱ít♦r ❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡✲ ♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛✿

Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❇♦r✐s P❛✉❧ ❉é❤❛r❜❡ Pr❡s✐❞❡♥t❡

❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡

Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❯♠❜❡rt♦ ❙♦✉③❛ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r

❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡

Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞ ❲❛❧t❡r ❆❧❛✐♥ ❇♦♥✐❝❤♦♥ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r

❯P▼❈ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐té P✐❡rr❡ ❡t ▼❛r✐❡ ❈✉r✐❡

Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❧á❝✐❞♦ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ◆❡t♦ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r

■❋❘◆ ✕ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡

❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❖❝✐♠❛r ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛✱ ❛✈ó q✉❡r✐❞❛ ❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳ ❊s♣❡r♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡❞✐❝❛r ♠❛✐s t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ s❡♥❤♦r❛ ♥♦s ❛♥♦s ✈✐♥❞♦✉r♦s✱ ❡ ❞❡s❡❥♦ q✉❡ s✉❛ ❝❛s❛ ❡st❡❥❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝❤❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ▼❛✐r❛ ❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛ ❈és❛r ❙♦❛r❡s ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ ♣❡r♠✐✲ t✐r ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❜r✐♥❝❛❞❡✐r❛s ❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s sér✐♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡♥❞♦ ❡ss❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞♦ ❘❛❢❛❡❧✱ q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❧❤♦✉ ❞❡ss❡s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥♦s❝♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❏♦s❡♥✐❧❞♦ ❈és❛r ❙♦❛r❡s ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❞❡ ❝♦r❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❧✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠♦s t❡r ❞❡s❛✈❡♥ç❛s✱ s❡✐ q✉❡ t✉❞♦ é ♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡✉ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❡ s✉❝❡ss♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ r❡s♣❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ♠✐♥❤❛s ✈♦♥t❛❞❡s ❡ ❛♠❜✐çõ❡s✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ P❡❞r♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛ ●r❡❣ór✐♦✱ ♠❡✉ ❢❛❧❡❝✐❞♦ ❛✈ô✱ ♣♦r ♣❛ss❛r ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ q✉❡ é s❡r ❜❛t❛❧❤❛❞♦r ❡ ❞❡❢❡♥s♦r ❞❡ s❡✉s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s✱ s❡♠ ❛tr♦♣❡❧❛r ❛ ❤♦♥r❛ ❡ ❞✐❣♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥✐♥❣✉é♠✳ ❆s s❛✉❞❛❞❡s s❡♠♣r❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡rã♦ ❡♠ ♠❡✉ ❝♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❡sq✉❡❝❡r❡✐ ❥❛♠❛✐s ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ✈♦✈ó ●❡♥✐ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ t❡r ❡s♣❡r❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r✐❛ ♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ tr✐✉♥❢♦✱ ♠❡ ❛❝♦❧❤❡♥❞♦ ❝❛❧♦r♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈✐❛❣❡♥s ❛ ❏♦ã♦ P❡ss♦❛✳

❆♦s ♠❡✉s q✉❡r✐❞♦s t✐♦s ❡ ♣❛❞r✐♥❤♦s ❘❡❣✐♥❛ ❈❛ss✐❛ ❡ ❆❧❣❛❝② ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❢❡t♦✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛t❡♥çã♦✳ ❆ ❡❧❡s ♠❡✉ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❊❞✐♥❛❧✈❛ ❙♦❛r❡s ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ✭✐♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛♠✮✱ q✉❡r✐❞❛ ❛✈ó✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦✐ ❜♦♥❞♦s❛ ❡ ❝❛r✐❞♦s❛✱ ♦❧❤❛♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧❛❞♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❇ór✐s P❛✉❧ ❉é❤❛r❜❡✱ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s❛ ❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ♠❡ ❞❛♥❞♦ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛r ❛❝❛❞❡✲ ♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛r ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞ ❲❛❧t❡r ❆❧❛✐♥ ❇♦♥✐❝❤♦♥✱ ♠❡✉ ❝♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦✱ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❥á ♠❡ s✐♥t♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦✳

❆ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❧❡ ❙✐♥❛r❛✱ ♣r✐♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❝♦❧❤❡✉ tã♦ ❜❡♠ ♥❛s t❡rr❛s ❜❛✐❛♥❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ✐❞❛ à ❋r❛♥❝❛✳ ❆ s✉❛ s✐♠♣❛t✐❛ ❡ ✈✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ q✉❡ t✉❞♦ ❢♦ss❡ ♠❛✐s ❧❡✈❡ ❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣❛rt✐❞❛✳ ❆ ❡❧❛ ♠❡✉ ✐♠❡♥s✉rá✈❡❧ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s t✐♦s✿ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ◆❡t♦✱ ▼❛r❣❛r❡t❡ ❡ ❋át✐♠❛✱ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❡♠ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ♦ s♦❜r✐♥❤♦ ❜♦♠ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠✉✐t♦ r❡❝❡♣t✐✈♦s ❡ ❧✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❛ ❞❛ ♥♦ss❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣r✐♠♦s ❈❛r♦❧✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧❛✱ ❉✐❡❣♦✱ ●✐❧♠❛r❛✱ ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡✱ ▲❛✐s❛✱ ▲✉❝✐❛♥❡ ❡ ❙✐❧♠❛r❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❡ ❡s♣♦♥t❛♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦s ❛t✉❛✐s ❡ ♥❛s ❧❡♠❜r❛♥ç❛s ❞♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♥♦ss♦s ♣❛✐s ❡ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♥ós ❛❝♦❧❤❡r❡♠♦s✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❚✐❛ ◆❡✐❞❡ ❡ ❚✐♦ ❏❛♥✐r♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ♥❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ ❡st✉❞♦s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ s✉❛s ✈✐❞❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞♦r❡s ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❯♠❜❡rt♦ ❙♦✉③❛ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛✱ ♣♦r ❛❝❡✐t❛r ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❜❛♥❝❛✱ ❛♣♦♥✲ t❛♥❞♦ ❝rít✐❝❛s ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s✱ ❡❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ r✐❣♦r♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ t❡r s✐❞♦ ✉♠ ót✐♠♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♥❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❊❞❣❛r❞ ❞❡ ❋❛r✐❛ ❈♦rrê❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ♥❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r t❡r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r ♦ ♣♦♥t❛♣é ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ss❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦s ❛❧é♠✲♠❛r✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ P❧á❝✐❞♦ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ◆❡t♦ ♣♦r ❛❝❡✐t❛r ♦ ❝♦♥✈✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ót✐♠❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❏✉ss❛r❛ P❛✐✈❛ ◆✉♥❡s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♠ã❡✱ ♣♦r s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛r t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❡✉ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❡ ♠❡ ❞❛r ✉♥s ❝♦❝♦r♦t❡s ♣♦r ❡✉✱ às ✈❡③❡s✱ ❞❡s✈✐❛r ❞♦s ♠❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ▼✐❝✉ss✐ ❡ ❆❝á❝✐❛ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ tã♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❞♦s ❡ r❡❝❡♣t✐✈♦s✱ ❝♦♥✈✐❞❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❡❧❡❜r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ s❡♠♣r❡ s❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♠✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ▼ár❝✐♦✱ ❊❞✐❧❡♥❡✱ ❩é ▼❛rt✐♥s✱ ❆❣s❧❡♥❡✱ ◆ú❜✐❛ ❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ♣♦r ❛❝❤❛r❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ s♦✉ ✏♦ ❝❛r❛✑ ❡ s❡r❡♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❡ s❡♥t✐♥❞♦ ❜❡♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✉s ❧❛r❡s✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ▲♦r❡t❛ ▼❡❧♦✱ ♠❡✉ ❛♠♦r✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❢♦rç❛s ❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛❜s✉r❞❛s ❡ s✐♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ s✉♣❡r❛❞❛s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❛♠♦r♦s♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡ tr❛♥q✉✐❧✐③❛r ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s t❡♥s♦s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡❝✐♦s❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ♥♦ t❡①t♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❚â♥✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ s❡♠♣r❡ t❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❡s❛ ❣❛str♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝r✐❛t✐✈❛✱ ♠❡ r❡❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❜r❛ç♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❑✐❦♦✱ ♠❡✉ ✜❡❧ ❝❛❝❤♦rr♦✱ ♣♦r✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♠♦r❞✐❞❛s ♠❛r❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠✐♠✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛t❡♥❝✐♦s♦✱ ♣❡❧✉❞♦✱ ❜r❛♥q✉✐♥❤♦✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡ ❜r✐♥❝❛❧❤ã♦✳ ◗✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛s✱ ❡♥❝❤❡♥❞♦ ♥♦ss♦s ❝♦r❛çõ❡s✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐✈❡rsã♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡str❡ss❡ ❡ t❡♥s♦s✱ ❧❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦✲♠❡ q✉❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❢❛③ ❢❡❧✐③❡s é ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛r ❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ r✐s❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛s é ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✈❡✐t♦s♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ♣❛ss❛❞♦ ♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ✐♥str✉í❞♦ ❛ t❛♥t♦ s❡r ✉♠ ❜❛❝❤❛r❡❧ q✉❛♥t♦ r✉♠❛r ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡str❡ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❡ ♠❡ ❡♥✲ s✐♥❛❞♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡✉ r❡t♦r♥❡ à s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ❢❡③ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✳

❲P❚r❛♥s✿ ❯♠ ❆ss✐st❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡

Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡♠ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈

❆✉t♦r✿ ❱ít♦r ❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✭❛✮✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❇♦r✐s P❛✉❧ ❉é❤❛r❜❡

❘❡s✉♠♦

❆ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈ é ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝ó✲ ❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡♠ ❈✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡ss❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞♦s à ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✳ ❯♠ ❞❡ss❡s ♣❧✉❣✐♥s é ♦ ❲P✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❈ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❆❈❙▲✳ ❆ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❲P❚r❛♥s✳ ❊ss❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ♠❛✲ ♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❲P✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛s✱ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦r❡s ❛✉t♦♠á✲ t✐❝♦s ✭♥♦t❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞♦r❡s ❙▼❚✮ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❛s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr❛s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦✈❛❞♦r❡s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s✱ ❡①✐❣✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❛ss✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡q✉❡r ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❛ss✐st❡♥✲ t❡s ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦r❡s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✱ r❡st❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ♠❛♥✉❛❧✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ é ♣r♦✈❡r ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❲P✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦r ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s✳ ◆ã♦ ♦❜st❛♥t❡✱ ❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ é ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❲P✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ♥♦ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈✳ ❊ss❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉♠❛ ♣♦rt❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✳

❲P❚r❛♥s✿ ❆ ♣r♦♦❢ ❛ss✐st❛♥t ❢♦r ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥

❋r❛♠❛✲❈

❆✉t❤♦r✿ ❱ít♦r ❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❇♦r✐s P❛✉❧ ❉é❤❛r❜❡

❆❜str❛❝t

❚❤❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈ ✐s ❛ t♦♦❧ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ s♦✉r❝❡ ❝♦❞❡ ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥ ❈✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❛tt❛❝❤❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ✐s ❲P✱ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❞❡❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈ ❝♦❞❡ ✇✐t❤ ❆❈❙▲✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛✲ t✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❧✉❣✐♥✱ ♥❛♠❡❞ ❲P❚r❛♥s✳ ❚❤✐s ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ❛❧❧♦✇s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ♣r♦♦❢ ♦❜❧✐❣❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ❲P t♦ ❜❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✐♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ s❡♥t✱ ❛t ❛♥② st❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♦❢✱ t♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ✭♠❛✐♥❧② ❙▼❚ s♦❧✈❡rs✮ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡rs✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♣r♦♦❢ ♦❜❧✐❣❛t✐♦♥s ♠❛② ❜❡ ♣r♦✈❡❞ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♦t❤❡rs ❝❛♥ ❜❡ t♦♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① t♦ ❜❡ s♦❧✈❡❞ ❜② ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡rs✱ r❡q✉✐r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs ♦❢ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈ ❛♥❞ ❲P t♦ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ t❤❡♠ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧②✳ ❚❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✉s✉❛❧❧② r❡q✉✐r❡s ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ♣r♦♦❢ str❛t❡❣✐❡s✳ ❙♦♠❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡rs ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ♣r♦✈❡rs✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤✐s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡✱ ❧❡❛✲ ✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✉s❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ♣r♦♦❢ ♦♣t✐♦♥ ♦♥❧②✳ ❚❤❡ str❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ ❲P❚r❛♥s ✐s t♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡rs ✐♥ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ✇❛②✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤❡ ✉s❡r ❝❛♥ s✐♠♣❧✐❢② t❤❡ ♣r♦♦❢ ♦❜❧✐❣❛t✐♦♥s ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r ❢♦r ✐ts ♣r♦♦❢ t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❙▼❚ s♦❧✈❡r✱ ❧❡tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦♦❢ ❜❡ ♣❛rt✐❛❧❧② ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❛❧❧② ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ t❤❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ✐s ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❞♦ ❲P✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛❧❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈✳ ❚❤✐s t♦♦❧ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ❣❛t❡✇❛② t♦ ♦t❤❡r ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss ❤❡r❡✐♥✳

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s

✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❈ ❛♥♦t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❆❈❙▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✽

✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ ❆❈❙▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✾

✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❆❈❙▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✾

✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡♠ ❆❈❙▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵

✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❡♠ ❆❈❙▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵

✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❈ ❛♥♦t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❆❈❙▲ ♣✳ ✸✷

✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❈ ❝♦♠ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ●❡♥❡r❛✲

t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸

✽ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈✉♦q ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ♣✳ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹

✾ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✻

✶✵ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❲P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✽

✶✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾

✶✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾

✶✸ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✵

✶✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✶

✶✺ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✶

✶✻ ❋♦r♠❛s ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✷

✶✼ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✷

✶✽ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞♦ ❧❛ç♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✹

✶✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛✳

✷✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s

❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✺

✷✶ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♥ós ❞♦ ✢✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✻

✷✷ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ❞♦ ❲P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✾

✷✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✵

✷✹ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❈ ❛♥♦t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❡♠ ❆❈❙▲ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡

♥ú♠❡r♦s ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✹

✷✺ ❖P ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✹

✷✻ ❖P ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✺

✷✼ ❖P ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s s❡♠ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✺

✷✽ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❈ ❛♥♦t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❡♠ ❆❈❙▲ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡

♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻

✷✾ ❖P ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡ ■❊❊❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻

✸✵ ❖P ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻

✸✶ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❈ ❛♥♦t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❡♠ ❆❈❙▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼

✸✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❖P ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❆♥♥♦t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼

✸✸ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❡♠❛ ❆❈❙▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✽

✸✹ ❖P ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ▲❡♠♠❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❧❡♠❛ ♣❧✉s❊q✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✽

✸✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❲❤②✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✵

✸✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞r✐✈❡r ♣❛r❛ ❩✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷

✸✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❲❤②▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷

✸✽ ❲❤②✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹

✸✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❖P ❡♠ ❙▼❚✲▲■❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✻

✹✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❖P ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♥❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❆❧t✲❊r❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✽

✹✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❈♦q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✵

✹✷ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❲P ❝♦♠ ♦ ❲P❚r❛♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✸

✹✹ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss❡rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✾

✹✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❛ss❡rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✵

✹✻ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❴✐♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✶

✹✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ✐♥t❴✐♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✶

✹✽ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦ ✲ ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛çã♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✷

✹✾ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✷

✺✵ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ✐♥tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✷

✺✶ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ✐♥tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✷

✺✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❢♦❧❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✸

✺✸ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❢♦❧❞❴❛❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✸

✺✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ✉♥❢♦❧❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✹

✺✺ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①✐st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✹

✺✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❡①✐st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✺

✺✼ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✺

✺✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❝❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✻

✺✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ✐♥tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✻

✻✵ ❏❛♥❡❧❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ❲P❚r❛♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✵

✻✶ ❏❛♥❡❧❛s Pr♦♦❢ ❙❦❡❧❡t♦♥ ❡ ❊✈❡♥t✲❇ ❊①♣❧♦r❡r ❞♦ ❘♦❞✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✶

✻✷ ●r❛♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ♥♦ ❲P❚r❛♥s ❝♦♠ s✐♥t❛①❡ ❆❈❙▲ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✷

✻✸ ❏❛♥❡❧❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ❲P❚r❛♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✹

✻✹ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❖Ps ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✼

✻✺ ❖P ▲❡♠♠❛ ❈♦✉♥t❇♦✉♥❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✻

✻✻ ▲❡♠♠❛ ❈♦✉♥t❇♦✉♥❞s ❡♠ ❆❈❙▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✼

✻✼ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▲❡♠♠❛ ❈♦✉♥t❇♦✉♥❞s ❝♦♠ ❈♦q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✼

✻✽ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▲❡♠♠❛ ❈♦✉♥t❇♦✉♥❞s ❝♦♠ ❲P❚r❛♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✼

✼✵ ❖P ▲❡♠♠❛ ❘❡♠♦✈❡❈♦✉♥t▼♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✽

✼✶ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▲❡♠♠❛ ❘❡♠♦✈❡❈♦✉♥t▼♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❝♦♠ ❈♦q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✽

✼✷ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▲❡♠♠❛ ❘❡♠♦✈❡❈♦✉♥t▼♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❝♦♠ ❲P❚r❛♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✾

✼✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✶

✼✹ ❆①✐♦♠❛s ❡ ❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s✉♠ ❛rr❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✷

✼✺ ❖P ▲❡♠♠❛ s✉♠✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✷

✼✻ ❖P ▲❡♠♠❛ s✉♠❴❢♦♦t♣r✐♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✷

✼✼ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❛ ❖P ▲❡♠♠❛ s✉♠✸ ❝♦♠ ❲P❚r❛♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✸

✼✽ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❛ ❖P ▲❡♠♠❛ s✉♠❴❢♦♦t♣r✐♥t ❝♦♠ ❲P❚r❛♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✸

✼✾ ❆①✐♦♠❛s ❡ ❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡❴❝♦♣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✹

✽✵ ❖P ▲❡♠♠❛ ✉♥✐q✉❡❴❧❡♠♠❛❴✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✹

✽✶ ❖P ▲❡♠♠❛ ✉♥✐q✉❡❴✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✹

✽✷ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❛ ❖P ▲❡♠♠❛ ✉♥✐q✉❡❴❧❡♠♠❛❴✹ ❝♦♠ ❲P❚r❛♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✹

✽✸ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❛ ❖P ▲❡♠♠❛ ✉♥✐q✉❡❴✺ ❝♦♠ ❲P❚r❛♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✺

✽✹ ❖P ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✉♥✐q✉❡❴❝♦♣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✼

✽✺ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✇❡❛❦❡♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✽

✽✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ✇❡❛❦❡♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✾

✽✼ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❴❣♦❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✾

✽✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ t♦❴❣♦❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✾

✽✾ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ s♣❧✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✵

✾✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ s♣❧✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✵

✾✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ s♣❧✐t❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✶

✾✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ s♣❧✐t❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✶

✾✸ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ s♣❧✐t❞❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✶

✾✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ s♣❧✐t❞❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✷

✾✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ s♣❧✐t❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✷

✾✼ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✸

✾✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✸

✾✾ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✸

✶✵✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✹

✶✵✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡str✉❝t✉r❡ ♣❛r❛ ■❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✹

✶✵✷ r❡str✉❝t✉r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❊✐t❤❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✹

✶✵✸ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ r❡str✉❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✺

✶✵✹ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ r❡str✉❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✺

✶✵✺ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❧❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✺

✶✵✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❛❧❧❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✻

✶✵✼ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①✐st❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✻

✶✵✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❡①✐st❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✼

✶✵✾ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣♣❧② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✼

✶✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❛♣♣❧② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✼

✶✶✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✽

✶✶✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ♠♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✽

✶✶✸ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✾

✶✶✹ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✾

✶✶✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✾

✶✶✻ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✵

✶✶✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✵

✶✶✽ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❴❛❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✵

✶✶✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❴❛❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✵

✶✷✵ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡✇r✐t❡❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✷

✶✷✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ r❡✇r✐t❡❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✸

✶✷✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ r❡✇r✐t❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✸

✶✷✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✐s❴s♦rt❡❞ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✶

✶✷✺ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✐s❴s♦rt❡❞❴✉♥t✐❧ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✷

✶✷✻ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♠✐♥❴♠❛①❴❡❧❡♠❡♥t ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✸

✶✷✼ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ r❡♠♦✈❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✹

✶✷✽ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✉♥✐q✉❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✺

✶✷✾ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✉♥✐q✉❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✻

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s

✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❈♦q ❡ ❲P❚r❛♥s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❛

❞❡ ❖Ps ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✵

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ s✐❣❧❛s

❆❈❙▲ ✲ ❆◆❙■✴■❙❖ ❈ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

❈■▲ ✲ ❈ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

❖P ✲ ❖❜r✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛

❚P❚P ✲ ❚❤♦✉s❛♥❞s ♦❢ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ❢♦r ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ Pr♦✈❡rs

❙❆❚ ✲ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❛t✐s❢❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥❛

❙▼❚ ✲ ❙❛t✐s❢❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❚❡♦r✐❛

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s

✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❡✇❤②♣ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❖P ❞♦ t✐♣♦

❆♥♥♦t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✻ ✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❡✇❤②♣ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❖P ❞♦ t✐♣♦

▲❡♠♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✼ ✸ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣st❡♣ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❖P ❞♦ t✐♣♦

❆♥♥♦t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✼ ✹ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣st❡♣ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❖P ❞♦ t✐♣♦

❙✉♠ár✐♦

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ♣✳ ✷✷

✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺

✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺

✷ ❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❆❈❙▲ ❡ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈ ♣✳ ✷✼

✷✳✶ ❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❆❈❙▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✼

✷✳✷ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✶

✸ ❖ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❲P ♣✳ ✸✼

✸✳✶ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❍♦❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾

✸✳✶✳✶ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦✱ ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❝♦❧❛t❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✵

✸✳✶✳✷ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✶

✸✳✶✳✸ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✶

✸✳✶✳✹ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✷

✸✳✶✳✺ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞♦ ❧❛ç♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✸

✸✳✶✳✻ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✹

✸✳✷ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❋❧♦②❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✹

✸✳✸ Pr❡❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❢r❛❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✼

✸✳✹ ❖❜r✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✽

✸✳✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✷

✸✳✹✳✷ ◗❡❞ ❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❖P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✽

✸✳✻ Pr♦✈❛❞♦r❡s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❡ ♦s ♣r♦✈❛❞♦r❡s ❙▼❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺

✸✳✼ ❆ss✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡ Pr♦✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✽

✸✳✽ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❖Ps ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✶

✹ ❆ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❲P❚r❛♥s ♣✳ ✼✸

✹✳✶ ❆ss❡rçã♦ ✲ ❛ss❡rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✾

✹✳✷ ■♥❞✉çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ✲ ✐♥t❴✐♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✵

✹✳✸ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♥❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ✲ ✐♥tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✶

✹✳✹ ❉❡s❞♦❜r❛r ❢✉♥çã♦ ✲ ✉♥❢♦❧❞ ❡ ✉♥❢♦❧❞❴❛❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✸

✹✳✺ ■♥st❛♥❝✐❛r q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✲ ❡①✐st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✹

✹✳✻ Pr♦✈❛ ♣♦r ❝❛s♦s ✲ ❝❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✺

✹✳✼ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ✲ ✐♥tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✻

✹✳✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✻

✺ ❲P❚r❛♥s ✲ ❖✉tr❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ♣✳ ✽✽

✺✳✶ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ●rá✜❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✾

✺✳✷ ▲❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✶

✺✳✸ ❈♦♠❛♥❞♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✸

✺✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✹

✺✳✺ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✽

✺✳✻ ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✽

✺✳✼ ■❞❡✐❛s ❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡s❝❛rt❛❞❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✶

✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣✳ ✶✵✸

✻✳✶ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❖Ps ♥ã♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞♦r❡s ❙▼❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✹

✻✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❲P❚r❛♥s ❝♦♠ ❈♦q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✻

✻✳✸ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞♦ ❙❚▲ ❈✰✰ ❡ ❞♦ ❚♦❝❝❛t❛ ❝♦♠

✻✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❆♥á❧✐s❡s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✺

✼ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ♣✳ ✶✶✽

❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣✳ ✶✷✷

❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ✲✲ ❖✉tr❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❲P❚r❛♥s ♣✳ ✶✷✽

❆✳✶ ❘❡♠♦✈❡r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ✲ ✇❡❛❦❡♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✽

❆✳✷ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✲ t♦❴❣♦❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✾

❆✳✸ ❉✐✈✐❞✐r ❝♦♥❥✉♥çõ❡s ♥♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✲ s♣❧✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✵

❆✳✹ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❝♦♥❥✉♥çã♦ ❡♠ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ✲ s♣❧✐t❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✵

❆✳✺ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❞✐s❥✉♥çã♦ ❡♠ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ✲ s♣❧✐t❞❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✶

❆✳✻ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❞✐s❥✉♥çã♦ ♥♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✲ s♣❧✐t❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✷

❆✳✼ ❈♦♥tr❛❞✐çã♦ ✲ ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✸

❆✳✽ ❈♦♥tr❛♣♦s✐çã♦ ✲ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✸

❆✳✾ ❘❡❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ✲ r❡str✉❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✹

❆✳✶✵ ■♥st❛♥❝✐❛r q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❡♠ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ✲ ❛❧❧❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✺

❆✳✶✶ ■♥st❛♥❝✐❛r q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ✲ ❡①✐st❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✻

❆✳✶✷ ❙✉❜st✐t✉✐r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ✲ ❛♣♣❧② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✼

❆✳✶✸ ▼♦❞✉s ♣♦♥❡♥s ✲ ♠♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✽

❆✳✶✹ ❙✉❜st✐t✉✐r ✲ r❡♣❧❛❝❡✱ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❤ ❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❴❛❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✽

❆✳✶✺ ❘❡❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✲ r❡✇r✐t❡❤ ❡ r❡✇r✐t❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✶

❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇ ✲✲ Pr♦✈❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❲P❚r❛♥s ♣✳ ✶✹✹

❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❈ ✲✲ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❙▼❚✲▲■❇ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ♣✳ ✶✹✻

❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❉ ✲✲ ❖❜r✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❙▼❚✲▲■❇ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❲❤②✸ ♣❛r❛ ♦

❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❊ ✲✲ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❛ ❙❚▲ ❈✰✰ ❡ ❞♦ ❚♦❝❝❛t❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛

❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣✳ ✶✺✶

✷✷

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❈ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❧✉❣❛r ♥♦ r❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❚■❖❇❊ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❊❧❛ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭s❛❢❡t②✲❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠s✮ ✭❇❆❘❘❀ ▼❆❙❙❆✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜✉t✐❞♦s ✭❇❆❘❘✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ➱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡s✲ s❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♦❝♦rr❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤á ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s à ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ ❞❛♥♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♦✉ ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✳

❖s ▼ét♦❞♦s ❋♦r♠❛✐s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ s✉❜ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❝❛✲ r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ é ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❙❖▼▼❊❘❱■▲▲❊✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❖s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❝♦♥❢✉s❛s ❡ ❛♠❜✐✲ ❣✉✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ r✐❣♦r♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♦♣çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭❆▲▼❊■❉❆✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞♦s ▼ét♦✲ ❞♦s ❋♦r♠❛✐s é ❛❝❡✐t♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ s✉❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❡♥tr❛✈❡s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❆▲▼❊■❉❆✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳

✷✸ ❯♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s é ❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞✐✲ r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ss❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡s♣❡✐t❛❞❛s ❛♥t❡s ❡ ❛♣ós ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡ tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡✈❡ r❡s♣❡✐t❛r✳ ●❡r❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❡ s❡❣✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❍♦❛r❡ ✭✶✾✻✾✮✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦st♦✱ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✐rá s❛t✐s❢❛③❡r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦st❛s ♣❡❧❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ss❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❏❛✈❛✿ ❡❧❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❏▼▲ ✭❏❛✈❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮ ✭▲❊❆❱❊◆❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✸ ✭três✮ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠ s❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♠ ❏❛✈❛ r❡s♣❡✐t❛ s✉❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❏▼▲✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❛s ❑r❛❦❛t♦❛ ✭❋■▲▲■➶❚❘❊❀ ▼❆❘❈❍➱✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❑❡❨ ✭❇❊❈❑❊❘❚❀ ❍➘❍◆▲❊❀ ❙❈❍▼■❚❚✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ❡ ❊s❝✴❏❛✈❛✷ ✭❈❖❑❀ ❑■◆■❘❨✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳

❆ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈ é ♦✉tr❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❈ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❙❡✉ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✲❛❧✈♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s✳ ❖ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✜♥❛❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡❧❛s✿ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❡♠ s♠❛rt ❝❛r❞s ✭❇❊❘❚❍❖▼➱ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮❀ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢❡rr♦✈✐ár✐♦ ✭P❘❊✲ ❱❖❙❚❖ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮❀ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡stát✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❞❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❣❡✲ r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ✭P❯❈❈❊❚❚■✱ ✷✵✶✵✮❀ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♠ ❞❡s❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❛❜str❛t❛✱ ♦❜✲ t❡♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✱ à ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❈ s❛t✐s❢❛③ s✉❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❆❈❙▲ ✭❆◆❙■✴■❙❖✲❈ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮✱ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳

◆❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❋r❛♠❛✲❈✱ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈❛ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❲P✳ ❆s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛✱ sã♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s✱ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞♦ ❲P ✭r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦✈❛s tr✐✈✐❛✐s✮ ♦✉ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s✱ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❲P✳ ❊ss❡s ♣r♦✈❛❞♦r❡s t❛♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞♦r❡s ❙▼❚ ✭❙❛t✐s❢❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❚❡♦r✐❛✮✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳