❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦
❇r❛s✐❧
❋❛❜✐❛♥♦ ❆❧❜❡rt♦♥ ❞❡ ❆❧❡♥❝❛r ◆♦❣✉❡✐r❛
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✻
✶✳✶ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷ ❊str❛té❣✐❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ✖ ❊◆❊❋ ✶✶
✷✳✶ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✷✳✷ ❈❖◆❊❋ ✖ ❈♦♠✐tê ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✷✳✸ ❖ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥❛s ❊s❝♦❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❆❞✉❧t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✹ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❉✐❞át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋ ✷✸
✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❚r❛t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ◆í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ✸✶
✹✳✶ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✶✳✶ ■♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ✖ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✶✳✸ ■♥✢❛çã♦ ❡ P♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✷ ❙♦❜r❡ ♦s ❈á❧❝✉❧♦s ✏P♦r ❋♦r❛✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❆❞✐❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝❡❜í✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✸ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ Pr♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✹ Pr❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❏✉r♦s ❡ ■♥❛❞✐♠♣❧ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✹✳✶ ■♥❛❞✐♠♣❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❈♦♥t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❇❛♥❝ár✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✺ ❋❧✉①♦s ❞❡ ❈❛✐①❛ ❡ ❙ér✐❡s ❞❡ P❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✺✳✶ ▲♦t❡r✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✻ P✐t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❋✐♥❛♥ç❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✻✳✶ ❊❚❚❏ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✻✳✷ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❈❛rt❡✐r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✻✳✸ ❚ít✉❧♦s Pú❜❧✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✻✹
❆ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♥s ✖ ❚r❛❞✐çã♦ ❡ ❉❡s♣❡r❞í❝✐♦ ✻✼
❇ ❙♦❜r❡ ♦s ❏✉r♦s ✼✶
❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✼✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✼✾
❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ✽✶
❘❡s✉♠♦
❙ã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ t❡♠❛s tr❛t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥t❡♠♣❡st✐✈❛ ✖ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ s❡♠ q✉❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ♦ ❥✉st✐✜q✉❡ ✖✱ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦♠✐t✐❞♦s✱ ❛té tó♣✐❝♦s ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r ❛♥❛❝r♦♥✐s♠♦ ♦✉ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❡r❡♠✱ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❡rr♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s✳
❊♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✐s❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r✱ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❡ s✉❣❡r❡ ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ✈ê♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s q✉❡✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠ ❝❡rt❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛ ♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❤á❜✐t♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❞❛s ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s✱ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ór❣ã♦s ❞❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✱ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛✳ ❖ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❜♦❥♦ ❞❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❝✐t❛❞❛s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❥á ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✳ ❖ q✉❛rt♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ❝r✐t✐❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❡ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛s ♥♦ q✉✐♥t♦ ❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞❛s ❞❡ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❢✉t✉r❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦rt❛✐s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❡ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦♠✐t✐❞♦s✳
❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ P❛trí❝✐❛✱ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ❡ ▼❛t❡✉s✱ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ■r✐❛✱ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ❏❡r✉s❛✱ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❢❛❧❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❛✐ ❆♥t❡♥♦r✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ♣❡❧♦s s❛❝r✐❢í❝✐♦s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱ ❡t❝✳
❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❈❡③❛r✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ➚ ❙❤❡✐❧❛ ❩❛♥✐✱ ❛♦ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❲❛❣♥❡r ❡ ❛♦ ❋❛❜✐♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡①t♦✳
❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s q✉❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r❛♠ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ s✉❜s✐❞✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝✉rs♦ q✉❡ ❡st♦✉ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❡st❡♥❞♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❣r❛t✐❞ã♦ ❛♦ ♣♦✈♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱ ♠❡✉ ❛t✉❛❧ ❡ ❢❛✈♦r✐t♦ ♣❛trã♦✱ q✉❡ ❝✉st❡♦✉ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♠❡r❡❝❡ t♦❞❛ ❝♦♥tr❛♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♣♦r s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣✉❧sór✐♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❝♦✐s❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✳
✏❚♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦✐s❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ❡❧❡✱ ❡ s❡♠ ❡❧❡ ♥❛❞❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ s❡ ❢❡③✳✑ ✭❏♦ã♦ ✶✿✸✮
■s❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❉✐s❝❧❛✐♠❡r
❆s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ sã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡①✲ ❝❧✉s✐✈❛✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ❝♦♥❢✉♥❞✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❇❈❇✮✱ ❆✉t❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧ s♦✉ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❡st❛t✉tár✐♦✳ ▼❡✉ ✈í♥❝✉❧♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❇❈❇✱ ♣♦r s✐ só✱ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝❛rát❡r ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧ à ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ♣♦r ♠✐♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✱ ❡①❝❡t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡❝♦rr❡ ❞♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♥♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ór❣ã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡①t♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
P♦r q✉❡ ❢❛❧❛r ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♦✉tr❛ ✈❡③❄ ▼✉✐t♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ❞♦s ♥❡st❡ t❡♠❛✱ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ♣r❡❣✉✐ç❛ ❡ ❞♦r❛✈❛♥t❡✱ ❝❤❛♠❛r❡✐ ❞❡ ♠❛t✜♥✳ ❙ó ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ✐♥❞✉t♦r ❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ Pr♦❢♠❛t ♣✉❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✺✵ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✳ ❘❡st❛ ❝❧❛r❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r q✉❡ ❛ tô♥✐❝❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡ s♦❜r❡♣♦♥❤❛ às ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s q✉❡ ❥á t❡♥❤❛♠ ❛❜r✐❧❤❛♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ s♦❜ ♣❡♥❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♠❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳ ❯♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ à ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ é q✉❡✱ ♥❡ss❡s q✉❛s❡ ❞❡③ ❛♥♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡ ❛❢❛st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♠❛❣✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇á✲ s✐❝❛✱ ✜q✉❡✐ ♠❛✐s ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝❛❞❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t✜♥ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❣r❛❞✉❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥st❛t❡✐ é q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ♥❛❞❛ ✭♦✉ q✉❛s❡ ♥❛❞❛✮ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s t❡♥❤❛♠ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❛t✜♥ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ s✉♣❡r✐♦r q✉❡ ✉♠ tí♣✐❝♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♥ã♦ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✳
❖r❛✱ ✐ss♦ é ❛❧❛r♠❛♥t❡✳ ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❛s ❣r❛❞✉❛çõ❡s ❞♦t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ ♠❛t✜♥✱ ❡ss❛s s✐♠✱ ❡stã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✱ ♦✉ ❝❤♦✈❡♥❞♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❧❤❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❧✐♥✲ ❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧♦q✉✐❛❧✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛s q✉❡ ❝♦❜r❛♠ ♠❡♥s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ s❡♠❡str❛❧ ❞❡ ♠❛t✜♥ ❡stã♦ ❛rr❡❝❛❞❛♥❞♦ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛r ❝❛s♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛✲ r❡s ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❞❡ s♦♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ssõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❛ss✉♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❥á ❞❡✈❡r✐❛♠ t❡r ❞♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✷ ❡ ✹ ❛♥♦s ❛♥t❡s✳ P♦♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ♣♦rçã♦ ❞❛ ❡♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ss❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r ❥✉❧❣❛❞❛ ✐♠♣ró♣r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ é✱ ❝♦♥tr♦✈érs✐❛s ❞❡
❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
❧❛❞♦✱ tã♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ q✉❡ ❞❛r✐❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦✱ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠ ❛♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ♥❛ ❡♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛✱ ❥❛♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❝❛❞❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡♠❡str❡ ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ✐ss♦✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❞ú✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐r ♠❛✐s ♥❡ss❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❞❛ ♥♦ss❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞❡♥✉♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ♥❡ss❡ tó♣✐❝♦✱ ♣♦✐s ✈✐s❛ ❛ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ✉♠❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❢❛✲ ❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝á✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐ss❡rt❛çõ❡s ❞♦ Pr♦❢♠❛t q✉❡ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛♠ t❛❧ ❞é✜❝✐t✱ ❞❡st❛❝♦ ❬✶❪✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛♠❜✐çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❢♦♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❝✉rr✐❝✉✲ ❧❛r ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t✜♥✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ t❛♥t♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♥❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❡ss❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠✲ ❜é♠ ❞❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ s✉❛s ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s✳ ❊ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❣♦ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r✱ q✉❡r♦ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ✜❝❛r ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❏✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦✱ ♣r❡❝♦♥✐③♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣♦rçã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t✜♥ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ q✉❡ é s❡✉ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ❞✐r❡✐t♦✳
❆♥t❡s✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❝♦♥✈é♠ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ✜q✉❡✐ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳✳✳
✶✳✶ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛
▼✐♥❤❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐♦✉✱ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t✜♥✳ ❉❡s❞❡ q✉❡ t♦♠❡✐ ❣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❡♥s✐♥❛r ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❞❡♣❛r❡✐✲♠❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝é❧❡❜r❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✏P❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛❄✑✳ ❆té ❛í✱ ♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈♦✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ❝r❡✐♦ q✉❡ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞♦s ♥ós✱ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❥á ♦✉✈✐♠♦s ❡ss❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✳ ❊ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ♥ós✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐tár✐♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ s❡r ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❝♦✐s❛s q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣❛♠ à ♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♦s ❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦
❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡✲❧❛ é✱ s❡♠ ❞ú✈✐❞❛✱ ♠❛t✜♥✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♣❡rt♦ ❞♦ ✜♠ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛t✉r❛✱ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ✉♠ ❡♣✐só❞✐♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐❣✐✉ ❞❡ ♠✐♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t✜♥ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ t✉❞♦ q✉❡ t✐♥❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❝♦❜❡rt♦ ♥❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❥á ❤❛✈✐❛ s✐❞♦ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞♦✳ ❖♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❝❛✉s❛ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦✱ ✉♠ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦✐ ❧✐q✉✐❞❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✈❛❧♦r s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ q✉✐t❡✐ ✉♠❛ ❞í✈✐❞❛ ♣❛❣❛♥❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♦ s❛❧❞♦ ❞❡✈❡❞♦r✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛✱ ❢✉✐ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r ♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ r❡❡♠❜♦❧s♦✱ ♦ q✉❡✱ ❧❛♠❡♥t❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❢á❝✐❧ ❛té q✉❡ ♦ Pr♦❝♦♥ ❢♦ss❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛r✳
■♥s♣✐r❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❛❝✐♠❛ ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦✱ r❡❞✐❣✐ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠♦♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❛ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛t✉r❛✶✱
♥❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ♥❛rr❛t✐✈❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❡♣✐só❞✐♦ ❞♦ t❛❧ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❝❛❜❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ♠♦♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❛❜♦r❞♦✉ t❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐ár✐♦✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣♦✉♣❛♥ç❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❝✉❥❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡❥❛ ❛ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥❛ ❛♣♦s❡♥t❛❞♦r✐❛✳ ❙ã♦ ❝♦✐s❛s ❝✉❥♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛❧ é ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✱ ♠❛s ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❛s q✉❛✐s ❝r✐♦✉✲s❡ ♦ ♠✐t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡✉ ❡st✉❞♦ r❡q✉❡r ❜❛❣❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✳
❆❧❣✉♥s ❛♥♦s ♠❛✐s t❛r❞❡✱ ❡st❛✈❛ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡st❛❞✉❛❧✱ à ♥♦✐t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❡ ✈✐ ❢♦rç❛❞♦ ❛ ❛❞♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ❛ ❡♠❡♥t❛ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❛♥♦ ❡r❛ ✐rr❡♠❡❞✐❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥❛❞♦ ❛❧✐ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✳ ❊st❛✈❛ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐❧❡♠❛✿ ♦✉ t❡✐♠❛r ♥❛ ❤✐♣♦❝r✐s✐❛ ❞❡ ✏❝✉♠♣r✐r ❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛r ♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ♥❛ ♥♦r♠❛✑ ♦✉ r♦♠♣❡r ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡✱ ❛❜✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✜s❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❛❧❣♦ ♥♦✈♦✱ ❢❡✐t♦ s♦❜ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡✉ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✲❛❧✈♦✱ ♥❛ ❡s♣❡r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s t✐✈❡ss❡ ❝❤❛♥❝❡s r❡❛✐s ❞❡ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛çã♦ ❡✜❝❛③✱ ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❖♣t❡✐ ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡ ❥❛♠❛✐s ♠❡ ❛rr❡♣❡♥❞✐✳ ❖ r❡❧❛t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ t♦♠❛r✐❛ ✉♠ ❧✐✈r♦ à ♣❛rt❡✳
❱❡✐♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❊♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦✱ ♣❡r❞✐ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛✱ ♠❛s✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✱ ♣❛ss❡✐ ❛
✶✏▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✑ ✭❬✶✷❪✮
❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❡♠ ✉♠ ór❣ã♦ q✉❡ ✏r❡s♣✐r❛✑ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ ❈♦♥t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ à ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ❜❛✐❧❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♥♦çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❛t✜♥✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❥✉r♦s r❡❛✐s ❡ ♥♦♠✐♥❛✐s✱ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✱ ✈❛❧♦r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❧íq✉✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ t❛①❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❡ ❝✉st♦✲♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✳
▼❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ✐ss♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✉ ❛ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ é ❛❢❡t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ ❞❛s ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s r✐s❝♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ♦❢❡rt❛❞♦s✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛t✐③❛r ❡ ✜s❝❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❙❋◆✮ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ s♦❜ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡ ❡♥❣❛❥❛r ❡♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❝✉♥❤♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ■♠♣❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✾✵✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐✉ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❇ás✐❝♦✳ ❈♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ■♠♣❛✲❱✐t❛❡ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✶ ❛ ✶✾✾✹✱ ❞♦ q✉❛❧ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❈P▼ ✭❈♦❧❡çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✮✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛♣♦✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥✈ê♥✐♦ ❈❛♣❡s✲❋❛♣❡r❥✱ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ t❡✈❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✼✱ s♦❜ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ●r❛✉✱ ❥á ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞❛ sér✐❡ ❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✲ ❱♦❧✉♠❡s ✶ ✭❬✶✶❪✮✱ ✷ ✭❬✶✵❪✮ ❡ ✸✳ ❚r❛t❛✈❛✲s❡ ❞♦ ♣r❡❝✉rs♦r ❞♦ P❆P▼❊▼ ✭Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✮ ❝✉❥❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♠❡str❛❧✱ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❝❡ss♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳
❉❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦ ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣❧❛❝❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♣ós✲ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠♦❧❞❡s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❛♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡r❛♠ ❝❛♣✐t❛♥❡❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ■♠♣❛✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✸✱ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❧❛t♦ s❡♥s✉ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ■♠♣❛ ❡ ♠❛✐s q✉❛tr♦ ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ❋❛♣❡r❥✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛ t✐❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ❛♣ós ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r q✉❡ ❛ ❈❛♣❡s ❡①♣❡❞✐ss❡ ♦❢í❝✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❢♠❛t✱ ❡♠ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❛t✉❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✱ ✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✲
❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭Pr♦❢♠❛t✮✱ ♣❛tr♦❝✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❙❇▼✳
P❛r❛ ❝♦r♦❛r✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✺✱ ♦ ■♥❡♣ ✭■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✮ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✉ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡s ✖ P■❙❆ ✭Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❡ ❢♦r ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙t✉❞❡♥t ❆ss❡ss♠❡♥t✷✮✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞♦ P■❙❆ ✷✵✶✷✱ q✉❡ ❤❛✈✐❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❡✲
tr❛♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ✭✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❧✐t❡r❛❝②✮✳
P♦r t✉❞♦ ✐ss♦✱ ✜❝❛ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡r✲ t❛çã♦✳ ❆ ✐❞❡✐❛ é ❝r✐❛r ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡✱ s♦♥❤❛♥❞♦ ❛❧t♦✱ ♦ Pr♦❢♠❛t ❢♦r♥❡ç❛ s✉❜sí❞✐♦s ❞✐r❡t♦s à ❊◆❊❋ ✭❊str❛té❣✐❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛✮✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛♥❞♦ à s✉❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❤♦rár✐❛ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✈❡r❡♠♦s✱ ♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♦r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ Pr♦❢♠❛t ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋ sã♦ ✢❛❣r❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✳
✷❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❡❝❞✳♦r❣✴♣✐s❛✴
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❊str❛té❣✐❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦
❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ✖ ❊◆❊❋
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❝♦❜r❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❛t✉❛❧✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛ís❡s✳ ❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r ❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥str✉✐r ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ♥♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛✶✱ ❞❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✏❊❋✑✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❢♦✐
❜❛t✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❊◆❊❋ ✭❊str❛té❣✐❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❋✮✱ ✐♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣♦r ❞❡❝r❡t♦ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
✷✳✶ ❍✐stór✐❝♦
❆♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛✱ ♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♦✉ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❧❡tr❛♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✷ ❞❡ s❡✉s
✶❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❖❈❉❊✱ ❊❋ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ♦✉ ✐♥✈❡s✲
t✐❞♦r ❢❛③ ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❡♠ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s✱ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ r✐s❝♦s ❡✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ❡✴♦✉ ❛❝♦♥s❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦r♥❛r✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥s❝✐✲ ❡♥t❡ ❞♦s r✐s❝♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❡ ❞❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ s❛❜❡r ♦♥❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ❛❥✉❞❛✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ t♦♠❛r ♦✉tr❛s ♣r♦✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡❧❡✈❛r s❡✉ ❜❡♠✲❡st❛r ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳
✷❖ P■❙❆ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❧❡tr❛♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ r✐s❝♦s
✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♠♦t✐✈♦s ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r t❛❧ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ t♦♠❛r ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❜❡♠✲❡st❛r ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛✳
❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❥♦✈❡♥s✳ ❚❛❧ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦✐ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞♦ ❡♥❝♦❧❤✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s✴❜❡♠✲❡st❛r✱ ❡♥✈❡❧❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ s✉❛s ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♣r❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐ár✐❛s✱ ❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ s♦✜st✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❛♣ós ♦ ❛rr❡❢❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✢❛❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ P❧❛♥♦ ❘❡❛❧ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✹✱ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❧♦sã♦ ❞❛ ♦❢❡rt❛✴❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝♦✉ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❜♦❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢r❛❝❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❞❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ♥❛ ❞✐s♣❛r❛❞❛ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡♥❞✐✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛♥❞♦ ❛❧t♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❛❞✐♠♣❧ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆ ❝r✐s❡ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✽ ❝♦❧♦❝♦✉ ❛s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❝✐t❛❞❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♥♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s ❛t❡♥çõ❡s✳ ❍♦❥❡ ❡①✐st❡ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❧❡tr❛♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥❞✉③✐r ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ♠❛s ♥✉♠❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✲✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❣❡r❡ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳
Presente
Passado
Individual Local Regional Nacional Global
Futuro
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋
❊♠ ✷✵✵✺✱ ❛ ❖❈❉❊ ✭❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✮✱ ♠♦✲ ✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡✈❡❧❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡s à é♣♦❝❛✱ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣❛ís❡s ♠❡♠❜r♦s
❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
t✐♥❤❛♠ ❜❛✐①♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❧❡tr❛♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❡ ❡r❛♠ ❞❡s♣r♦✈✐❞❛s ❞❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r❡♠ ❊❋✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞♦ ✏ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ●♦♦❞ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡s ❢♦r ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❆✇❛r❡♥❡ss ✑✸✱ ❧✐st❛♥❞♦ s❡t❡ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❡ ❞❡③❡♥♦✈❡
❜♦❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ♦✉ r❡❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❊❋ ❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❞♦✉ ♦s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ♠❡♠❜r♦s ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ❛ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐r❡♠ t❛✐s ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✲✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ t❛❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✱ é ✉♠ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❛ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❊❋ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐r❡♠ ❛♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦ ❞❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❧❡tr❛♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✲❛❧✈♦ ✭✳✳✳✮ ❛ ❊❋ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣❡♥s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦✱ ✈✐t❛❧í❝✐♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ✭✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s✮✱ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛✐①❛s ❡tár✐❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✱ ❡ ❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ às ❜♦❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s✱ ❡ ♥♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♠❡r❡❝❡♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✿
• ❈❛♠♣❛♥❤❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡st✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✈❛♥ç❛r ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ s❡ ♣r♦t❡❣❡r ❝♦♥tr❛ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♣♦✉♣❛♥ç❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛✱ s❡❣✉r♦s ❡ ❊❋✳
• ❆ ❊❋ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ■♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✐♥str✉í❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦s ✜♥❛♥✲ ❝❡✐r♦s ♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♥t❡s ❡♠ s✉❛s ✈✐❞❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❛ss✐st❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❜❡♠✲❡st❛r ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ t❡r ❛ ❊❋ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡✳
• ❉❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❊❋ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❉❡✈❡♠ ♦❜t❡r r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ s❛t✐s✜③❡r❡♠ ❝r✐tér✐♦s r❡❧❡✲ ✈❛♥t❡s✳
• ❉❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❊❋ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡♠ ♦s ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❛
✸❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❡ ❇♦❛s Prát✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s ✕ tr❛❞✉çã♦
❧✐✈r❡ ✭❬✶✸❪✮
❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❡♠ ❢❛t♦s✱ ♣rós ❡ ❝♦♥tr❛s ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s r✐s❝♦s ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s✳
• P❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s❛❧❛s✲❞❡✲❛✉❧❛✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♣r♦♠♦✲
✈✐❞❛s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❞♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡st✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s t❛♥t♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✏tr❡✐♥❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s tr❡✐♥❛❞♦r❡s✑ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡s✳✹
❊♥tr❡ ✷✵✵✼ ❡ ✷✵✶✵✱ ♦ ❈❖❘❊▼❊❈✺ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉♠
♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❋ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✻✱ q✉❡ ❝✉❧♠✐♥♦✉ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❉❡❝r❡t♦ Pr❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♥♦
✼✳✸✾✼✱ ❞❡ ✷✷ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵✼✱ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋✳ ❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ s✐♥tét✐❝♦✱
✉♠❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❊◆❊❋ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ♥♦ ✐♥❢♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❧✐♥❦ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✈✐❞❛❡❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴✐♠❛❣❡♠✴■♥❢♦❣r❛❢✐❝♦✲❊◆❊❋✲✵✺✵✽✳ ♣❞❢✳
❊♠ ✷✵✶✷✱ ❛ ❖❈❉❊ ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉ ♥♦✈❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❊❋✽✱ ❝♦♠♦
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ■◆❋❊ ✭❘❡❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❊❋ ✕ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ♦♥ ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✮✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♥❞♦ç❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♣❛ís❡s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ ●✷✵✾✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ t❛✐s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s✱ ❞❡✜♥❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❊❋ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛
❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❊❋ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♦✉ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡✿
✹●r✐❢❡✐ ❡st❡ ✐t❡♠ ♣♦rq✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s t❡s❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ Pr♦❢♠❛t ♣♦❞❡ ❡ ❞❡✈❡
s❡r ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
✺❈❖❘❊▼❊❈ ✲ ❈♦♠✐tê ❞❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❋✐s❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ▼❡r❝❛❞♦s ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✱ ❞❡ ❈❛♣✐t❛✐s✱ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r♦s✱
❞❡ Pr❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❈❛♣✐t❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s q✉❛tr♦ r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❇❈❇✮✱ ❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ▼♦❜✐❧✐ár✐♦s ✭❈❱▼✮✱ ❙✉♣❡r✐♥t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ Pr❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✭P❘❊❱■❈✮ ❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♥t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r♦s Pr✐✈❛❞♦s ✭❙❯❙❊P✮✳
✻❖ r❛s❝✉♥❤♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥❤❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❛❥✉st❡s✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠✲s❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋✿
✉♠ P❧❛♥♦ ❉✐r❡t♦r✱ ❡ ❛♥❡①♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛✱ ✉♠ ■♥✈❡♥tár✐♦ ❞❡ ■♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛✱ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥❛s ❊s❝♦❧❛s ❡ ✉♠ ✐♥✈❡♥tár✐♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♠❛♥t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❙❋◆✳
✼❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴❴❆t♦✷✵✵✼✲✷✵✶✵✴✷✵✶✵✴❉❡❝r❡t♦✴❉✼✸✾✼✳❤t♠
✽Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ✏❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ◆í✈❡❧✑ ♣❛r❛ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ✕ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ✭❬✶✺❪✮ ✾❉❡s❝♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❯♥✐ã♦ ❊✉r♦♣❡✐❛✱ ♦s ✶✾ ♣❛ís❡s ♠❡♠❜r♦s sã♦ ➪❢r✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛✱ ❆rá❜✐❛ ❙❛✉❞✐t❛✱
❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✱ ❆✉strá❧✐❛✱ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❈❛♥❛❞á✱ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ❈♦r❡✐❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ❋r❛♥ç❛✱ ❮♥❞✐❛✱ ■♥❞♦♥és✐❛✱ ■tá❧✐❛✱ ❏❛♣ã♦✱ ▼é①✐❝♦ ✭❛♥✜tr✐ã♦✮✱ ❘úss✐❛✱ ❚✉rq✉✐❛ ❡ ❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦✳
❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
• r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❊❋ ✕ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ✈✐❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ✕ ❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ s❡✉ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❤✐❛t♦s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s❀
• ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛rt❡s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧í❞❡r ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♦✉ ór❣ã♦✴❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❀
• ✜①❛ ✉♠ r♦t❡✐r♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❡ ♣r❡❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡✲ rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦❀ ❡
• ♣r♦✈ê ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r❡♠ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛ ❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❆✐♥❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬✶✺❪✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡❣✉✐r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ís✳ P♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❛ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s q✉❡ ❡s♣❡❧❤❛♠ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ r❡❢❡r✐❞❛ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡✢❡t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♣♦st♦s ❡♠ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♦✉ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡r ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ís ✭✳✳✳✮ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❛ ❖❈❉❊✴■◆❋❊ ❞❡✈❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ✭♣❡❡r ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣✮✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ q✉❛❧ ♦s ♣❛ís❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❡♠ s✉❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣♦❞❡rã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❛s ❧✐çõ❡s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞❛s ❡ ❛s ❜♦❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s✳
◆♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♥♦✱ ❛ ❖❈❉❊ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✉✱ ♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡s ✭P■❙❆✮✱ ♦ ❧❡tr❛♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✱ ♣❡r♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ✭✜♥❛♥ç❛s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✮✱ ♦❝✉♣❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✮ ❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✭❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✮✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✏ P■❙❆ ✷✵✶✷ ❘❡s✉❧ts✿ ❙t✉❞❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ▼♦✲ ♥❡②✿ ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ▲✐t❡r❛❝② ❙❦✐❧❧s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✷✶st ❈❡♥t✉r② ✭❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❱■✮✑✶✵✱ ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s
✶✵❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ P■❙❆ ✷✵✶✷✿ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡ ❉✐♥❤❡✐r♦✿ ❍❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ▲❡tr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❙é❝✉❧♦
❳❳■ ✭❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❱■✮ ✕ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ✭❬✶✹❪✮
❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❞❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❡st❡ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺ ♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ✭■♥❡♣✮ ✐♥s❡r✐✉ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✳
❊♠ ✷✵✶✸✱ ♦s ▼✐♥✐str♦s ❞❛s ❋✐♥❛♥ç❛s ❞♦ ●✷✵ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡s ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s ❝♦♥✜r✲ ♠❛r❛♠ ♦ s❡✉ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❡st❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❖❈❉❊✱ s♦❜ ❛ é❣✐❞❡ ❞❛ ♣r❡s✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ r✉ss❛ ❞♦ ●✷✵✱ ♣r❡♣❛r❛ss❡ ✉♠ r❡❧❛tór✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡✶✶ r❡❧❛t♦✉ ♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❣♦✈❡r✲
♥♦s ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
✷✳✷ ❈❖◆❊❋ ✖ ❈♦♠✐tê ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛
❊♠ s❡✉ ❛rt✐❣♦ ✸♦✱ ♦ ❉❡❝r❡t♦ ♥♦ ✼✳✸✾✼✱ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵✱ ❝r✐♦✉ ♦ ❈♦♠✐tê ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦
❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ✭❈❖◆❊❋✮✱ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❉✐r❡t♦r ❞♦ ❇❈❇✱ ♣❡❧♦ Pr❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❈❱▼✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❉✐r❡t♦r✲❙✉♣❡r✐♥t❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❙✉s❡♣✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❙✉♣❡r✐♥t❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ Pr❡✈✐❝✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❙❡❝r❡tár✐♦s ❊①❡✲ ❝✉t✐✈♦s ❞♦s ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦s ❞❛ ❋❛③❡♥❞❛✱ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❞❛ Pr❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❞❛ ❏✉st✐ç❛ ❡ ♣♦r q✉❛tr♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡s ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝✐✈✐❧✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ s❡❣✉❡ ❞✐t❛♠❡s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❣✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♠✐tê✳ ❈❛❜❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r q✉❡✱ ♥♦ ➓✺♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❛rt✐❣♦✱ ❝♦♥st❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❇❈❇ ❡①❡r❝❡rá
❛ s❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛✲❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❈❖◆❊❋✱ ♣r❡st❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ♦s ♠❡✐♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s à ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é ❞❡ s❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ♦ ❞✐s♣♦st♦ ♥♦ ➓✼♦✱ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❈❖◆❊❋
♣♦❞❡rá ❝♦♥✈✐❞❛r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ór❣ã♦s ❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝✐✈✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❘❡❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥t❡r♥♦✶✷✳
P♦ré♠✱ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❡stá ♥♦
❛rt✐❣♦ ✺♦✱ q✉❡ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ss❡ss♦r❛r ♦ ❈❖◆❊❋ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦s
✶✶✭❬✶✻❪✮
✶✷❈♦♠♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❘❡❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥t❡r♥♦ ❞♦ ❈❖◆❊❋✱ ♦s q✉❛tr♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡s ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝✐✈✐❧ ❞❡✈❡♠
s❡r ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✭✐✮ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❛✉t♦rr❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❛s r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ♣♦r ór❣ã♦ r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❙❋◆❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✱ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛✐s✱ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r♦s✱ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✐③❛çã♦❀ ❡ ✭✐✐✐✮ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❝✐✈✐s ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r✳ ❊ss❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡s tê♠ ✉♠ ♠❛♥❞❛t♦ r❡♥♦✈á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✸ ❛♥♦s ✭♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❛té ✷✵✶✼✮✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❛té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥st♦✉ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❈❖◆❊❋ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ✏✐✐✐✑✱ ♦ q✉❡✱ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦✱ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛ ✉♠ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛♥t❡ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✳
❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❡ ♣r❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐ár✐❛✱ é ✐♥st✐t✉í❞♦✱ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦
❞♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❋❛③❡♥❞❛✱ ♦ ●r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❆♣♦✐♦ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ✕ ●❆P✶✸✱ q✉❡ t❡rá ❡♠
s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ✉♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ór❣ã♦s ❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✿ ■ ✲ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r❡s✐❞✐rá❀
✭✳✳✳✮
❱■■■ ✲ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❢❡❞❡r❛✐s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❛té ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦✱ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦r r❡❣✐ã♦ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ P❛ís✳
❊♠ s✉❛s ❞✉❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ♦ ❈❖◆❊❋ ❛♣r♦✈♦✉ s❡✉ ❘❡❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥t❡r♥♦ ❡ ♦ P❧❛♥♦ ❉✐r❡t♦r ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋✳ ❊ss❡ ♣❧❛♥♦✱ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ❛♥❡①♦s✱ ♥♦rt❡✐❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋✳ ❆s ❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❡ s❡t♦r✐❛✐s✱ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ♠❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳
❚✉❞♦ ✐ss♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✭■❊❙✮ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡s ❞♦ Pr♦❢♠❛t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡❝✐sór✐♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋✱ s❡❥❛ ✈✐❛ ❣❡stõ❡s ❥✉♥t♦ às ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✐♥❝✐s♦ ■✱ ♦✉ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞♦ ✐♥❝✐s♦ ❱■■■✱ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❡ss❡ ♠✐♥✐stér✐♦✳
❈♦♥✈é♠ ❢r✐s❛r q✉❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❇❈❇ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ■♠♣❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✏❧í❞❡r❡s✑ ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋ ❡ ❞♦ Pr♦❢♠❛t✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ tê♠ s✉♣❡r♣♦s✐çã♦ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛✳ ▼❛s ✐ss♦ ♥ã♦ q✉❡r ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❞❡✈❛♠ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ❡st❛♥q✉❡s✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ s❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛rt✐❧❤❛s✱ ❧✐✈r♦s✱ ❡t❝✱ ❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ Pr♦❢♠❛t é ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♥❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✭❡ ✉r❣❡♥t❡✦✮ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❡♠ ❡ ❝♦♥✈✐r❥❛♠ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ à s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❆q✉❡❞✉t♦ ❞❡ ❊✉♣❛❧✐♥♦s✱ ❡♠ ❙❛♠♦s✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❞✉❛s ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❝❛✈❛✈❛♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠♦s ♦♣♦st♦s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠♦♥t❛♥❤❛✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦✶✹✳
✶✸❆s s✐❣❧❛s ❈❖◆❙❊❉ ❡ ❯◆❉■▼❊ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❡❝r❡✲
tár✐♦s ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❯♥✐ã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❉✐r✐❣❡♥t❡s ▼✉♥✐❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥✈✐❞❛❞❛s✳
✶✹❤tt♣s✿✴✴♣t✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴❆q✉❡❞✉t♦❴❞❡❴❊✉♣❛❧✐♥♦s✳ ❱✐❞❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❬✽✱ ♣✳ ✺✾✲✻✺❪
❊♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎✆ ✝ ✞ ✟✠ ✡ ✂ ☛ ☞ ✟✝ ✌ ☛ ✍ ✎ ✏ ✄ ✎ ✑ ☞☛ ✒✓ ✝ ☎ ✟✌ ☛ ✌ ☞ ✏ ✟✔☛ ✕ ✖✗✘ ✙✚ ✗ ✛✚ ✜✢ ✣✤✚ ✥ ✘ ✣✙✗✢ ✦✛ ✚ ✜ ✗✢✧✖✦ ★✗✘✧✖✛✘ ✣✙✘ ✛✢ ✥ ✚ ✩ ✖✧✧✪ ✚ ✛✘ ✫ ✢ ✦✚ ✗✘ ✧ ✬ ✚ ✭✖✦✖✮ ✗✖✚ ✧ ✕ ✖✗✘ ✙✚ ✗✯✰ ✱ ✲✘ ✗✖✣✙✘ ✣✛ ✘ ✣✙✘ ✛ ✢ ★✳ ✴✫ ✵✥ ✰ ✱✲✘ ✗✖✣✙✘ ✣✛ ✘ ✣✙✘ ✛ ✢ ✰ ✶ ✰ ✴★ ✰✘✤✗✘ ✙✮ ✗✖✚ ✯✘✷✘✤ ✱✙✖✸✚ ✛✚ ✬ ✴✥ ✰✘✤✗✘ ✙✮ ✗✖✚ ✯✘✷✘✤ ✱✙✖✸✚ ✛✚ ✬ ✹ ✰✘✤✗✘ ✙✮ ✗✖✚ ✯✘✷✘✤ ✱✙✖✸✚ ✛✚ ✬ ★✰ ✰✘✤✗✘ ✙✮ ✗✖✚ ✯✘✷✘✤ ✱✙✖✸✚ ✛✚ ✬ ✺ ✳✘ ✲✗✘✧✘ ✣✙✢ ✣✙✘ ✧ ✛✢ ✧✚ ✤ ✖✘ ✛✢✛ ✘ ✤✖✸ ✖✦✯ ✻✼ ✽✽✯✻✼ ✽✾ ✯ ✿ ❀ ✜ ✵✬ ✿ ❁ ✜ ✬ ❂ ✹✜❃ ✫ ✴✰ ★✿ ❁ ✹✴ ✜ ✳✿ ✜✿ ❀ ❁ ✘ ✥ ❀ ✧✘ ❄ ❅ ✏☞ ✔✏ ✠☛ ✔✟☛ ✄❆ ✏ ☞ ✑ ✠✟❇ ☛ ✕ ✘ ✲✙✚ ❈✛✘ ✴✛ ✱✤✢ ❉✪ ✚ ✹✖✣✢ ✣✤✘ ✖✗✢ ✛✚ ✜✢ ✣✤✚ ✥ ✘ ✣✙✗✢ ✦ ❊ ☎ ❋ ✝ ✞ ✟✠✡ ✎ ✏ ❊ ☞✝ ✞ ● ☛ ✌ ❍ ☛ ✞ ✏ ✌✠✝ ✏ ☎✟■☞☛ ✍✟❏☛ ✒✓ ✝ ✜✢ ✣✤✚ ✥✘ ✣✙✗✢ ✦ ✥ ✫ ✬ ✰ ✱✧✘ ✲ ★ ✗✘ ✸ ✖✤ ✬ ✖✣✖✧✙❑ ✗✖✚ ✛ ✢ ✹✢▲✘ ✣✛ ✢ ▼ ❊ ◆ ❋ ▼ ✔✑ ● ✝ ✎ ✏ ❊ ● ✝ ✟✝ ◆ ✏ ✎ ☛ ❖ P ❖ ✟☞ ✝
✬ ✖✣✖✧✙❑ ✗✖✚ ✛ ✢ ✴✛ ✱✤✢❉✪✚ ❁✤✚ ✩ ✚ ★ ✗✘ ✧✖✛ ✘ ✣✙✘ ✜✢ ✣✤✚ ✥ ✘ ✣✙✗✢ ✦ ✥ ✫ ✬ ✬ ✖✣✖✧✙❑ ✗✖✚ ✛ ✢ ✹✢ ▲✘ ✣✛ ✢ ✰ ✱✧✘ ✲ ★✗✘✸ ✖✤ ✥ ✚ ✣✧✘ ✦◗✚ ❀ ✢ ✤✖✚ ✣✢ ✦✛ ✘ ✴✛ ✱✤✢ ❉✪✚ ✵✣✧✙✖✙✱✖❉❘ ✘✧ ✛ ✘ ✘ ✣✧✖✣✚ ❙✘ ✛✘ ✗✢ ✖✧ ❚✢✙❑ ❯ ❱ ✥ ❃ ❀ ✰ ✴✕ ✶ ❀ ✕ ✵✬ ✴ ◆ ❋ ✝ ✞ ✟■■✓ ✝ ◆ ✏ ✔✞ ☛ ✌ ✏ ✌ ✠ ✏ ✽ ✻ ✩ ✘ ✩ ✭ ✗✚ ✧ ✘❙✘✙✖✸✚ ✧❁ ✗✘ ✲✗✘✧✘ ✣✙✢ ✣✛✚ ✤✢✛✢ ✲✢ ✗✙✖✤ ✖✲✢ ✣✙✘ ✛✚ ✥ ❃ ❀ ✴✹ ❲❳❨❩❬❭ ❪❭ ❬ ❫ ❩❴ ❩❵ ✿ ❀ ✜ ✵✬ ✿ ✜✬ ❂ ✹✜❃ ✫ ✴✰ ★✿ ✥ ❀ ✧✘❄ ✹✴✜ ✳✿ ✜✿ ❀ ❊ ✄ ☎ ❋ ❊ ■■✝ ☞ ✟☛ ✒✓ ✝ ✎ ✏ ✄ ✎ ✑ ☞☛ ✒ ✓ ✝ ☎ ✟✌ ☛ ✌ ☞ ✏ ✟✔☛ ✎ ✝ ❛ ✔☛ ■✟✍ ✿ ❀ ✜ ✵✬ ✿ ✜ ✬ ❂ ✹✜❃ ✫ ✴✰ ★✿ ✥ ❀ ✧✘❄ ✹✴✜ ✳✿ ✜✿ ❀ ❜ ❬❝ ❞❵❪❭ ❳ ❡❬ ❢ ✜✢ ✣✤✚ ✥ ✘ ✣✙✗✢ ✦ ✥✫ ✬ ✰ ✱✧✘ ✲ ★✗✘✸ ✖✤ ❣ ❳❴ ❬❡❤ ❳ ✬ ✖✣ ✖✧✙❑ ✗✖✚ ✛ ✢ ✴✛ ✱✤✢ ❉✪ ✚ ✬ ✖✣ ✖✧✙❑ ✗✖✚ ✛ ✢ ✹✢ ▲✘ ✣✛✢ ✬ ✖✣ ✖✧✙❑ ✗✖✚ ✛ ✢ ✺✱✧✙✖❉✢ ✬ ✖✣ ✖✧✙❑ ✗✖✚ ✛ ✚ ✕ ✘✧✘ ✣✸✚ ✦✸ ✖✩ ✘ ✣✙✚ ✰✚ ✤ ✖✢ ✦ ✬ ✖✣ ✖✧✙❑ ✗✖✚ ✛ ✢ ★ ✗✘✸ ✖✛ ✐ ✣✤✖✢ ✰✚ ✤✖✢ ✦ ◆ ✔✝ ❖ ✔☛ ✞ ☛ ■ ❅ ✏ ✠✝ ✔✟☛ ✟■
❥ ❦ ❧ ♠ ♥ ❧ ♦ ♣ q♥ r ♥ s qt r ♥ ✉ ✈ ❥ ❥ ✈ ✇ s ♥ ① ② t ③ qr ♥ r s ❥ q♠ ♥ ④❥ r ❥ ③ ⑤
⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑦
✰✘✤ ✗✘✙✢ ✗✖✢ ✴✷✘ ✤✱✙✖✸✢ ⑩ ❶ ❷ ❸ ❹❺ ❻ ❼ ❽❶ ❾
⑧ ❼ ❿ ❶ ❽➀ ❼
➁
❼ ➂➃❶ ❻ ❺ ❻ ❶ ⑥ ➃❿ ➃❹
⑨ ➄ ➅ ⑥ ⑨ ➅
s t r ❥ ③
✴✷✘✤ ✱✙✖✸✢ ✿ ✛ ✩ ✖✣✖✧✙✗✢✙✖✸✢ ✹✖✧✤✢ ✦ ✥ ✚ ✣✧✱ ✦✙✖✸✢ ✴✧✙✗✢✙❑ ❄ ✖✤✢ ➆➇ ❲➈ ➉ ➇ ❫ ➆➊ ❲
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❊◆❊❋
