Vol-7, Special Issue-Number2-April, 2016, pp1164-1175 http://www.bipublication.com
Review Article
What Role Does Environmental Awareness Play in Reduction
Deconstructions by Reverse Migration?
(Case Study: Heyran Line Villa Building)
Mohammadreza Shaghaghipour and ElhamZarei
Master Student, Department of Environmental Education, Payam Noor University (PNU), Tehran, IRAN
Master Student, Department of Environmental Education, Payam Noor University (PNU), Tehran, IRAN
ABSTRACT
Today, environmental destructionhas been changed to global disaster and generally one of the most important actions to remove environmental problems is promoting public culture in this field and itself needstraining about environment. In this research, role of environmental awareness in reduction environmental destruction is conducted which is resulted by reverse migration from city to village about villa building in Heyran. This research is descriptive-analytical and used librarian (documentary) and surveying method. Results of research showed significant relationship between increasing environmental awareness and reducing Heyran region destruction. Number 0.821 shows high and positive correlation between these two variables in which the most answers are related to native dwellers and region authorities who emphasized on reducing region destruction.
Keywords: environmental awareness, destruction, reverse migration, Heyran
INTRODUCTION
Incremental procedure of land use change in recent years shows that great parts of natural and undistributed lands are exposed to invasion and indiscriminate usage, and irreparable damages have been imposed to natural fields all over the world in this period.
Harmful effects of tourism industry and migrations in life environment are resulted by extra usage of immigrants and tourists from natural environments, and gradual damage of beaches, jungles, sea pollutions, and destruction agricultural lands are samples of these effects. (Rezvani, 1995, p: 179)Utilization the natural environment until to be balanced and based on
determined land usage will have proper human and nature reaction normally and no damage for both parties, and when utilizations are unbalanced and extra, the natural reactions will be as flood, erosion, natural resources destrcution, desertification etc. (Mahdavi, 2005, p: 22)Astara is one city in Gilan province that the studied region, Heyran, is palced with its well-known defile in its northwest.
beautiful recreational centers in area and country level and villa building and many other migrations have happened in this region besides tourism objectives and this matter caused land usage changes in recent years; asthough, this procedure will bring serious conditions of nature destruction and harmful environmental effects in near future. There had been no discussion about villa making since 1996 and villagers just lived there and even planedfor livestock removal from forestforcedly, because villagers had many livestock that this plan signifies region sensitivity and illegal plans of Guidance Plan1 more explicitly.
The dominant form of migration in the third world countries such as Iran is one-way movement usually with no return of villagers to cities; however, another migration pattern called reverse migration happened in rural areas of country in recent decade so the results of the General Census of Population and Housing in 2011 showed that number of reverse immigrants (from city to village) was more than immigrants from village to city.755546 people migrated from city to village and 655252 people migrated from village to city in this period (Iran Statistics Center, General Census of Population and Housing, 2011).
Since any policy making and futurism in rural areas are directly and indirectly related to population structure, movement pattern analysis and effective factors on it will have significant importance.
The condition for successful implementation of all environmental protection plans, awareness about its reason, manner, and development non-sustainabilityarewell-knownas rooted from human unawareness and ignorance of using resources, energies, and behavioral manner with nature. Training is not purpose, but is an instrument to provide changes in knowledge, values, behavior, and generally life stream to achieve stability in economic, social, ecologic, and political aspects. Nevertheless, stability has 4 aspects that each one includes establishment of one value.
1 A senate designated plan to have land usage change to residual complexes and buildings
Table (1) – aspects of environment stability and its included value principles
Stability aspects Value Social aspect Peace and justice Economic aspect Proper development
Political aspect Democracy/Democratization Ecologic aspect Protecting natural resources
These principles guide society toward the following objectives:
- In social aspect, attention to all humans and
values such as social justice and peace
- In economic aspect, wealth fairly distribution
and provision economic security and welfare foe all people
- In political aspect, decision making based on
public participation and democracy
- In ecologic aspect, establishment resources
protection systems and wise usage of them, searching this issue, purposes, and principles using training instrument for probable sustainable future.
Training in all levels in all forms is a vital instrument to solve local and global problems of sustainable development process particularly poverty, environment, threats for peace and security, rural development, and change in production and consumption patterns. Although, environment destruction is a main threatening factor and sustainable development, changing behavior in facing with environment is dependent on removing other obstacles such as poverty and production and consumption patterns; separating these factors will be difficult according to this view. According to extensive migrations in recent decade to the studied region, environment is more attended to be protected as much more as possible besides proper utilization of environment. This region is significantly important for its adjacency to nature and direct effect on nature and direct influences from nature.
documents in environmental field.The prevention principle mandates people to select preventive actions and thoughts to avoid and reduce damages on environment. Generally, in prevention principle, there is scientific certainty and certitude, while there is not such certainty in environmental principle. (Plaud, 2010 .pp:1-12)Prevention principle considers de facto dangers, while precautionary principle considers potential dangers. Experiences have shown that prevention from environmental dangers is considered as a “golden principle” according to both economic and ecologic reasons.International court of justice in its recent verdict in 2010 confirmed the case of Argentina and Uruguay pulp mills on the customary principle of prevention. (Arrêt de la CIJ, 2010 para.101)Since precautionary principle for related problems to definition and nature of this principle still prevents from knowing it as a common regulation, the necessity of prevention is awareness of proceeding dangers and making awareness wouldn’t be actualized unless by purposeful training. Training means the first foundation step of preventing golden principle. -preventing from resulted effects by reverse migration by preparing society conditions and training environment protection.- making and expanding, reinforcing coordination among governmental and public sectors about environmental issues are the objectives of this research. Therefore, it seems that there is significant relationship between lack of environmental awareness and water pollution increase by reverse migrations in Heyran region.
- There is significant relationship between
environmental awareness and reducing geomorphological destructions (excavation and position plotter) resulted by reverse migration.
- Environmental awareness reduces related
changes to plant coverage by reverse migration in studied region.
Although, the dominant domestic migration is mainly from village to city, the census results in recent years has shown new trend of domestic migration that are mainly called population
turning back or counter – urbanization stream. (Berry, 1979: 17)For example, US have the highest urbanization percentage and population movement (city to city or city to village); families change place every five years so that more than 430 million people moved in 1999-2000. (Tumertekin, 2004: 259)Population turning back or counter-urbanization is called reverse migration. This migration type, means migration from city to village, includes permanent experts and employees and people who want to migrate to get rid of affluent urban problems. (Lucas, 2002: 166)
Reverse migration can be called a form of village urbanization, because rural and village areas urbanization is a social process including ideas and methods of urban life in rural area and the most definite state is city population movement to rural areas. (Pacion, 1985:183)GholamiBaghi (2010) introduced motivations and factors of reverse migration and its effect on social and economic development (Ramsar and Tonekabon cities) as significant and positive relationships between native belongings and income by motivation of reverse migration and significant and negative relationships between reverse migration and distance and lack of significant relationship among variables of age, educational level, job type, and housing type by motivation of reverse migration. The relationship between reverse migration motivation and social and economic development also shows positive and significant relationship among variables.
that human and economic indexes have been influential in population attracting process in significant priority of immigrant sender villages than immigrant receiver villages according to employment, tourism, retailing, wood industry etc. Boyle, P.;Halfacree, K (1998) in book of migration to rural area (theories and ideas) worked on some theories helping to perceive urban-village migration in western countries. In geography field, sociology and psychology are used and some examples from England, Europe, and US are stated.
YaohuiZhao (2002) said: 1- reverse migration is limited and village to city migration is dominant, 2- both attractive and repulsive factors are effective on decision making for reverse migration, 3- reverse immigrants in spite of local immigrants have significant investment in production and play significant role in modernism of village. CaitríonaNíLaoire (2007) study findings showed that urbanization the rural areas are with family conception. In addition, it has specific sophistications onreturning immigrants. WangZiCheng; YangWeiGuo(2013) stated that reverse migration has significant and positive effect on workers activity wages, but has negative effect on entrepreneurship activities.Stockdale, A.;Catney,G (2014) found that age is effective in motiving people to migrate from city to village. Young adults (who were married) have more tendencies to migrate, because of successful policy makings on rural planning and farmer families’ traditions.Results of studies show that returning migration reasons to rural areas is mainly ecological and economic factors relating with life quality. It is noticeable to say that reverse migration in Iran is a different version of migration in advanced countries. In advance countries, city dwellers move to villages mostly for greater problems to more manageable and healthier margin. However, in the third world countries, mainly accessibility to job opportunities, cheaper housing, etc. move population from cities to villages. As it was conducted in most studies, cheaper land and
housing provision in villages and adjacency to work place and activity are the most important reasons of reverse migration and turning back. Investigating the theoretical bases has two important theoretical approaches about reverse migration that “social theoretical approaches” of migration include migration systematic theory and theory of functionalism and “economic theoretical approaches” that know economic motivations as the most principal reasons of migration.
A- Human capital theory and benefit cost or intellectual authority based on cost and benefit: the main hypothesis in this theory is that people decide to migrate whenever migration benefit exceeds its costs. Migration benefit is in its potential income after migration in comparison to the present income. The non-monetary benefits such as preference to live in a village are in the range of this theory. According to this theory, it is expected that elderlies have more tendencies to migrate to villages also mental costs is less for these people and their more awareness about destination reduces the mental coats (Lahsaeizadeh, 1989: 222).
Economists believe that immigrant evaluate his performance as immigration action in pattern of cost-benefit principle and consider all imagined costs including tangible and intangible costs in this part (such as cost of finding job, adaptation costs with environment and so on) if they have more benefit than costs so to migrate. (Zanjani, 2001: 121)
more relaxation, cleaner air, and healthy mental and physical food, they will consider villages as better status and reverse migration is formed (Rabbani et al., 2011: 94)
2- METHODOLOGY
This research is descriptive-analytical and methodology is librarian (documentary) and surveying. Therefore, first geographical field of the studied region is identified and environmental features, land usage changes, and plant coverage were evaluated; in addition, questionnaire was used to get results that 100 people as sample were randomly selected from dwellers, immigrants, and region authorities.Descriptive indexes such as fluency, average, etc.were used to analyze questionnaires, and Pearson test with SPSS software was used in deductive statistics, which was tested by proposing relational hypotheses between effective elements and factors in research.
1-2-1 Librarian (Documentary) Studies Related to Research Hypotheses for Statistical Analysis:
1- Water and Its Pollution in Heyran by Migration
Pollution is a deviation of cleanliness. When environment pollution is proposed, the purpose is more to say deviation of ordinary state than deviation of cleanliness. This material in extensive anywhere is a good solution but can’t be found totally pure naturally. Even in the most pollutant geographical areas, rain water constitutes of solved CO2, O2, and N2 gases. In addition, dust
and suspended particles in atmosphere are solved as suspended in water. Spring waters and superficial natural waters usually include solved compounds of metals such as Fe.Cdand Mg.Mn. Actually, totally pure water is not proper for drinking; however, impurities declares water flavor. The term pure is said to water state that no material with efficient concentration is not used to prevent from water to be used for natural purposes. Natural usage of water includes:
1. Beauty and recreation
2. Storing the public water consumption 3. Aquatic environment fauna (fish) 4. Agriculture
5. Industry
Any material preventing from water natural usage is called water pollutant. The issue of water pollution is made sophistically and in various forms, because natural usage of water is different. The water used for some specific usages shouldn’t be polluted. (Website)
2- Water Pollution Extension
The US Environmental Protection Association predicted that nearly one-third water streams of the world are specifically polluted and the principle of water protection is disturbed. In this prediction, pollution is a proposed as lost that damages based on water chemical and physical properties.
3- Classification Water Pollutants
The water pollution symbols are discerned even by the most superficial attention. For example, drinking water has bad flavor. The mass of water weeds grow in water. The water of seas, oceans, rivers, and lakes transmit bad smell. The origin of these problems should be attributed to resources and type of many pollutants. Water pollutants are classified into 9 groups:
1. Oxygen demander garbage 2. Pathogens
3. Vegetarian food
4. synthesized (artificial) organic compounds 5. Oil
6. Inorganic chemicals and minerals 7. Sediments
8. Radioactive (radionuclides) substances 9. Heat (website)
excavation and position plotter, excavation, land clearing, excavation, cleanly shaven dense vegetation and trees, the movement of machinery and equipment, fencing, and dredging etc. in preparation and implementation step. Each activity makes soil erosion, reduces soil fertility and water holding capacity, changes soil texture and structure, increases soil density and volumetric weight. In addition, besides the mentioned activities happening in preparation and implementation step, activities of utilization step and also activities in natural environments that need less human-made environments make effects and consequences on soil conditions and properties. The resulted commutes by construction reduce oil organic level and compress soil mineral substances and this compression reduces water permeability and consequently reduces soil movement and ventilation. The mentioned changes about soil have undesirable effect on plants resistance and growth. In addition, biological communities and organisms in the soil disturb for reducing soil ventilation and consequently lack of oxygen and increase CO2.
The activities of preparation along with construction activities besides changes and changing landscape, soil profile, changing the topography and the drainage increase potential landslides and gully erosion, especially in areas with low slope and vegetation cover. Amount of these changes especially soil erosion is more significant in sloppy regions. (ZandiEbtehal) The soil structure of Heyran defile is multi-story and turns to the tertiary geological era that these layers are slippery and schist that if contact with water, their slippery increase and there is probability of rock falls and landslides in these areas. This issue has both financial and live dangers besides economic and natural resources capital. Among the occurred changes in soil, erosion is concerned as the most serious effect, because erosion is naturally irreversible and non-innovative and returning rate especially temperature and humidity is so different and need long time; nonetheless, other effects may be
modified in a decade or some effects may be repaired by modifying activities and human interruption more quickly. In addition, erosion is considered as one of the biggest threatening factors for environment. Potential effects are different on soil type and environmental factors. Increased density and compaction in soils with soft tissue, soils with a wide variation in particle size and low organic matter soils are less significant, while erosion in soils with homogeneous context especially with high percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter are less tangible; in addition, erosion in sloppy regions, low depth soils, regions with plant coverage, and regions with runoff are more intensive. (HosseinzadehDalir, 1999)
- Changing Plant Coverage by Reverse Migration in Heyran
Effect of human activities on plant coverage is observable both directly and indirectly. Preparation step activities, construction, and building infrastructures such as way networks, passersby, an jungle roads, pavements, parking sites, camping sites, shopping malls, entertainment centers and residential as well as landfills waste etc. are considered more directly in purification and extensive cleaning process to eliminate vegetation for the mentioned activities. In addition, commutes in utilization process make fractures and bruising of vegetation and thus reduce regeneration capacity and plant resistance; therefore, damage plant coverage directly. The effects of implementation step and also utilization step on soil properties have indirect effect on plant coverage. Increasing soil density and reducing soil permeation reduces plant accessible water and reduces root branching inside soil so reduces plant accessible nutrition. Erosion throws plant roots out and exposes them to danger. In addition, microclimate changes of the region by human activities indirectly expose seedlings and stripling plants to extra heat and cold and improper condition. (EbtehalZandi)
recent years, the aficionados of environment and support groups of social justice have extensively attempted to share their ideas in policy makings. Environment growth shows that supporter organizations and groups of natural resources have been more active in affairs such as monitoring, promotion and even perform activities that are focused on environmental protection. One of the most important activities to reduce environmental destructions is environmental awareness and role of training. Environment training role is significantly important for making environmental belief and cultural preparation along with accomplishment prevention principle. Awareness among Heyrandwellers changes their view about environment and improves their relationship with environment. Undoubtedly, making people familiar with environment and motivation for volunteering protection can solve the matter of environmental destruction forever. If people have ethical and spiritual sense of protecting environment, the initial preconditions of their participation in environmental plans will be provided. If people consider environment as their personal asset, know its protection not only as their necessary duty, but also as inseparable part of their lives, because many other factors are involved with this matter. Interaction or confrontation between environmental protection
and economic development issues is one of determinant factors in governments’decision makings. In spite of priority of environmental protection than economic development, such priority faces with affluent challenges practically. Moreover, non-awareness or environmental belief makes indifference in decision makers for environmental crises and destructions. Thee negligence bring weak and dangerous decision makings for environment and can endangers physical and mental health and hygiene of social various layers and impose heavy costs on government, people, and environment. (Website)
2-2-2- Statistical Population
Statistical population of this study is 100 old dwellers of Heyran and authorities. In this research, the related data before designing questionnaire was collected in order to get the necessary validity and after designing questionnaire, it was given to several experts with efficient skill and expressive and understandability of questionnaire was investigated by interview.
In order to evaluate reliability of questionnaire, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used. Reliability was obtained 0.824 using Cronbach alpha coefficient. Therefore, questionnaire has acceptable reliability.
Table (2)- reliability of all questions (reference:researcher)
Sample no. Questions no. Cronbach alpha
100 15 0.824 Questionnaire
Table (3) shows frequently distribution of studied people. As it is seen, number of participants according to being dweller, immigrant, or authority is 54, 32, and 14 people, respectively.
Table (3) - frequently distribution of studied people according to dwelling and authority (reference: researcher) Participants Frequently Percentage
Elder dwellers 54 54%
Immigrants 32 32%
Authorities 14 14%
Table (4) – frequently distribution and participants’ percentage according to gender (reference: researcher) Gender of participants Frequently Percentage
Female 41 41%
Male 69 69%
Total 100
Table (5): frequently distribution and participants’ percentage according to education Educational level Frequently Percentage
Diploma 43 43%
BA/BS 28 28%
MA/McS 9 9%
Ph.D. 1 1%
Total 100 100%
Main Reasons of Migration to Heyran
Table (6) –Evaluation reasons of reverse migration to Heyran village areas
Variable Sig. level Correlation coefficient
Low cost of living in village 0.002 0.630 Low cost of renting house in village 0.018 0.755 Accessible land and possibility of agriculture 0.0015 0.653
having housing in village 0.025 0.738
Turning back home 0.021 0.803
Good relationships with villagers 0.016 0.851 Reaching to retirement age 0.021 0.822
Marriage 0.014 0.711
Security in the village 0.013 0.702
Warm welcome of dwellers from immigrants 0.001 0.615
Native belonging 0.0314 0.860
Proper climate 0.0321 0.824
Economic
- Low cost of living in village
- Low cost of renting house in village
- Accessible land and possibility of agriculture - having housing in village
Factors for Immigrants entering to Heyran
Environmental
- Proper climate -no noise pollution
- Way quality and easy accessibility to city
- Green nature
Social
- Turning back home
-Good relationships of villagers with relatives
- Reaching to retirement age -Marriage
- Security in the village
- Warm welcome of dwellers from immigrants
no noise pollution 0.001 0.798 Way quality and easy accessibility to city 0.0017 0.694
Green nature 0.030 0.841
Table (7) – the relationship between lack of environment awareness and water pollution increase resulted by reverse migration in Heyran region (reference: researcher)
Sig. level Correlation coefficient
0.0321 0.824
Table (8) – relationship between environmental awareness and reducing geomorphologic destructions in Heyran region (reference: researcher)
Sig. level Correlation coefficient
0.030 0.841
Table (9) – the relationship between environmental awareness and related changes to plant coverage resulted from reverse migration to Heyran (reference: researcher)
Sig. level Correlation coefficient
0.016 0.851
3- FINDINGS AND RESULTS
Identification environmental effects, reciprocal effects, and finally quantitative and qualitative investigation of migration effects, discussion, and conclusion about the serious changes in environmental features, and determination modifying methods to reduce environmental effects and management purification of these effects are research objectives. Ramos et al. (2006), Ambrose and Evanson (2006) obtained a strong relationship between residential regions pollution and wastewaters of these regions and stated that raining in these regions are along with increasing microbial pollution of superficial waters. Kim et al. (2005) study showed that wastewater of sewages has high correlation with increase the amount of coliform in water. One of the most polluted resources in recent years that polluted Heyran region water is building rest areas, hotels, and village wastewaters and constructed villas near water resources so most villagers emphasized on establishing treatment plant in village. Moreover, results showed if there was necessary awareness to prevent from constructing such buildings near water resources in studied region, their construction would happen definitely in legal periods and wouldn’t have water pollution. The relationship between environmental awareness and reduction
geomorphological destruction (excavation, and position plotter) resulted by reverse migration showed that since jungle reduces wind speed by trees’ leaves and branches, protects soil by plants’ roots, and prevents from erosion, inside jungle has less air evaporation and removed danger of soil dryness, that is an important starter condition of erosion. Therefore, excavation and position plotter change land shape and soil erosion and if there is trainings in this field that many years are necessary to form a soil layer, undoubtedly, this coming true, soil destruction and its rate will be less. These results are in agreement with results of Gupta et al. (1963) research who stated that narrowing jungle has high correlation with geomorphological changes and increase runoffs production and flood are in agreement with results of Tehran (2001) research who showed that inappropriate use of land destruct plant coverage, soil, and also intensive and shape seasonal is the main reason of increasing runoffs.
buildings or use trees woods in buildings. Dwellers believe that if construction is prevented by authorities in these regions and features of exposed to risk regions are taught to them, the irreparable consequences of such damages will reduce. This matter is in agreement with results of Kiyani Haft Lang (2005) research who stated that today environmental problems have changed into global crisis and if not consider seriously and scientifically to remove them, humans will face with huge disaster. Hejazi and Arabi research (2008) stated that this condition as result of several factors such as extreme usage of natural environment, population increase, and human technological advance, make environment as the main victim of this condition all over the world. For example, using natural resources is necessarily connected to environmental changes that itself consists of reciprocal relationship of internal expressions. In many cases, these changes are desirable, voluntary, and positive. According to the stated hypotheses in this field, preparing, and formulating g environmental plan seems necessary. It means providing a framework about how human relates with natural environment, identification environment, plans adaptation with nature actions; as though, human performances confrontation with environmental reaction is minimized to use environmental scores (Ramasht, 1996). Necessary training to protect these valuable capitals can be one of the best planning to reach such objectives. The necessity of changing attitude of human toward nature and environment manifolds according to present population procedure, natural resources reduction that is with jungle damage. In addition, the caused dangers for environment assure accurate water consumption, biological resources, increase knowledge, and environmental awareness both in developing and developed countries.
CONCLUSION
Promoting public culture is one of the most important actions to remove environmental problems, which need training about environment.
Increasing environmental awareness played significant role in reducing environmental damages and destructions. Training in all levels and forms is a vital instrument to solve local and global problems of sustainable development especially poverty, environmental destruction, security and peace threats, rural development, and changes in production and consumption pattern.
SUGGESTIONS
- Formulating plans to establish a team educate people and immigrants in order to prevent further pollution of water in Heyran region - Having comprehensive and integrated plans of
educational discussion in school and high school levels in Heyran, contents to prevent from extra construction, soil excavation, and geomorphological changes in region
- Combining theoretical training with practical activities and preventing the plant changes with legal action for Heyran region
- Informing and awareness about migration issue and environmental effect on the studied region - Extending public supervision on migrations,
construction projects, and environmental issues in Heyran region
- Publishing a publication, pamphlets, videos, educational tapes, and media in order to reflect related issues to migration and sustainable environment in Heyran region
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In this research, all honorable professors in Payam Noor University are appreciated who helped in this research and valuable ideas of unknown referees, too, who helped us in acceptance and publication of this article.
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