Processamento de consultas SOLAP
drill-across
e
com junção espacial em
data warehouses
geográficos
Processamento de consultas SOLAP
drill-across
e com
junção espacial em
data warehouses
geográficos
Jaqueline Joice Brito
Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Cristina Dutra de Aguiar Ciferri
Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação - ICMC-USP, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências - Ciências de Computação e Matemática Computacional. VERSÃO REVISADA
USP – São Carlos
Dezembro de 2012
SERVIÇO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DO ICMC-USP
Data de Depósito: 11/12/2012
Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Prof. Achille Bassi e Seção Técnica de Informática, ICMC/USP,
com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a)
B862p
Brito, Jaqueline Joice
Processamento de consultas SOLAP drill-across e com junção espacial em data warehouses geográficos / Jaqueline Joice Brito; orientadora Cristina Dutra de Aguiar Ciferri. -- São Carlos, 2012.
110 p.
Dissertação (Mestrado - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Computação e Matemática Computacional) --Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, 2012.
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❊❧♦ís❛ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ■❣♦r✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❛♠♦r✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❆r♠❛♥❞♦ ✭✐♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛♠✮✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦
❡ ♠❡ ❞❛r à ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦✱ ❚❤✐❛❣♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♣♦r t♦r♥❛r ❡st❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s s✉❛✈❡ ❡ ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞❛✳ ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❛✈ós✱ ■❧✐❞✐❛ ❡ ❉❛✈✐❞✱ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❡♠ ❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ❉✳ ❆✳ ❈✐❢❡rr✐✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥✲ t♦s✱ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥t♦✉ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ t✉❞♦✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✳
❆♦s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s Pr♦❢✳ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❘✳ ❈✐❢❡rr✐✱ Pr♦❢✳ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ▲✳ ▲✳ ❙✐q✉❡✐r❛ ❡ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❱❛❧ér✐❛ ❈✳ ❚✐♠❡s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çõ❡s✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s✱ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❇r❡♥♥♦ ❇❛r❜♦s❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❡ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ●❇❉■✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r❡♠ s❡✉s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧✳
❆♦ ■❈▼❈✲❯❙P✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
➚ ❈❆P❊❙✱ ❋❆P❊❙P ❡ ❈◆P◗✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❯♠ ❞❛t❛ ✇❛r❡❤♦✉s❡ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝♦ ✭❉❲●✮ é ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦r✐❡♥✲ t❛❞♦ ❛ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦✱ ❤✐stór✐❝♦✱ ♥ã♦✲✈♦❧át✐❧ ❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❞✐♠❡♥✲ sõ❡s ♦✉ ❡♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✳ ❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r s✉♣♦rt❡ à t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡♠ ❉❲●s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ✭s♣❛t✐❛❧ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✮✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❞r✐❧❧✲❞♦✇♥✱ r♦❧❧✲✉♣✱ ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss✮ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t❛✱ ❝♦♥té♠✱ ❡stá ❝♦♥t✐❞♦✮ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❛♥❣❡ q✉❡r✐❡s ❡ ❥✉♥çõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ❯♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s é r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛❞♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♠ ❉❲●s ♠✉✐t♦ ✈♦❧✉✲ ♠♦s♦s✳ ◆❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♣♦✉❝♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s à ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❲●s✱ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ss✐♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞❡ss❡s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡❞✐❝❛✲s❡ ❛ ✐♥❞❡①❛r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss ❡ ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✈✐s❛ s✉♣r✐r ❡ss❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞✉❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s✱ ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❉❲● q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❙❏❇✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❉❲● ❞❡✈❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳ ❆ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr❛st❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡str❡❧❛ ❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sõ❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ ◆♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss✱ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✽✷✱✼✪ ❛ ✾✽✱✻✪ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡str❡❧❛ ❡ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sõ❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ◆♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❙❏❇ ❣❛r❛♥t✐✉ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✲ s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✱ ♦ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✈❛r✐♦✉ ❞❡ ✵✱✸✪ ❛té ✾✾✱✷✪✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❉❛t❛ ✇❛r❡❤♦✉s❡s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝♦s✳ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P✳ ❉r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss✳ ❏✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❆ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ✇❛r❡❤♦✉s❡ ✭●❉❲✮ ✐s ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡✳ ■t ✐s s✉❜❥❡❝t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞✱ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧✱ ♥♦♥✲✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s✉❛❧❧② ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ❛ ●❉❲ ❛❧s♦ st♦r❡s s♣❛t✐❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡✳ ❆✐♠✐♥❣ ❛t ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ s✉♣♣♦rt✱ ●❉❲s ❛❧❧♦✇ ❙❖▲❆P ✭s♣❛t✐❛❧ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✮ q✉❡r✐❡s✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ q✉❡r✐❡s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❞r✐❧❧✲❞♦✇♥✱ r♦❧❧✲✉♣✱ ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss✮ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ s♣❛t✐❛❧ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝ts✱ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s✱ ✐s ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡❞✮ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❢♦r r❛♥❣❡ ❛♥❞ s♣❛t✐❛❧ ❥♦✐♥ q✉❡r✐❡s✳ ❆ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣✐♥❣ ✐ss✉❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① q✉❡r✐❡s ✐s ❤♦✇ t♦ r❡❝♦✈❡r s♣❛t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✲ ✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛ st♦r❡❞ ✐♥ ❤✉❣❡ ●❉❲s ❡✣❝✐❡♥t❧②✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❢❡✇ ❛❝❝❡ss ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ ✐♥❞❡① ●❉❲s✱ ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss ❛♥❞ s♣❛t✐❛❧ ❥♦✐♥ ❙❖▲❆P q✉❡r✐❡s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♠❛st❡r✬s t❤❡s✐s✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ♥♦✈❡❧ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❢♦r ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① q✉❡r✐❡s✳ ❲❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t✇♦ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❢♦r ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss q✉❡r✐❡s ✭♥❛♠❡❧②✱ ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❯♥✐q✉❡✮✱ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✲ s✐❣♥ ♦❢ ❛ ●❉❲ s❝❤❡♠❛ t❤❛t ❡♥❛❜❧❡s t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ q✉❡r✐❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ q✉❡r✐❡s t♦ ❜❡ ✐ss✉❡❞ ♦✈❡r ❛ ●❉❲ s❝❤❡♠❛ t❤❛t ❢♦❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦s❡❞ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s✳ ❆s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ s♣❛t✐❛❧ ❥♦✐♥ ❙❖▲❆P q✉❡r✐❡s✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t❤❡ ❙❏❇ str❛t❡❣②✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② t❤❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ ❛ ❉❲● s❝❤❡♠❛ t❤❛t ❡♥❛❜❧❡s t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ q✉❡r✐❡s ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❞❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛t ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ q✉❡r✐❡s✳ ❲❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ str❛t❡❣✐❡s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ t❡sts t❤❛t ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t❤❡♠ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ st❛r ❥♦✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❡❞ ✈✐❡✇s✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t ♦✉r str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❛r❡ ✈❡r② ❡✣❝✐❡♥t✳ ❘❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss q✉❡r✐❡s✱ t❤❡ ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❯♥✐q✉❡ str❛t❡❣✐❡s s❤♦✇❡❞ ❛ t✐♠❡ r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t❤❛t r❛♥❣❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✽✷✱✼✪ t♦ ✾✽✱✻✪ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ st❛r ❥♦✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❡❞ ✈✐❡✇s✳ ❘❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❖▲❆P s♣❛t✐❛❧ ❥♦✐♥ q✉❡r✐❡s✱ t❤❡ ❙❏❇ str❛t❡❣② ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡❞ ❜❡st r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ q✉❡r✐❡s✳ ❋♦r t❤❡s❡ q✉❡r✐❡s✱ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❣❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❏❇ str❛t❡❣② r❛♥❣❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✵✱✸✪ t♦ ✾✾✱✷✪ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ st❛r ❥♦✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❡❞ ✈✐❡✇✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ●❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ✇❛r❡❤♦✉s❡s✳ ❙❖▲❆P q✉❡r② ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ❉r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss✳ ❙♣❛t✐❛❧ ❥♦✐♥✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❈✉❜♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❥❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ●r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❥❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✸ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❞♦ ❙❙❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✹ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❝✉st♦♠❡r ❞♦ ❙❙❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✺ ❈♦♥st❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s ❡①tr❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❚P❈✲❍✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞r✐❧❧✲❞♦✇♥ ❡ r♦❧❧✲✉♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♣✐✈♦t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ s❧✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✾ ◆❡✇ ●❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❍②❜r✐❞ ❙❙❇ ✭◆❡✇●❍❙❙❇✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✶✶ ❙✉❜t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❛♥❣❡ q✉❡r✐❡s ✲ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❈✐❢❡rr✐✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✶ ▼✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❇♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❘❡❝t❛♥❣❧❡ ✭▼❇❘✮ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❘✲❚r❡❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✸ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡çã♦ ✲ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❙✐q✉❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✹ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❇✐t♠❛♣ ❞❡ ❥✉♥çã♦ ✲ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❙✐q✉❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✶ ❛❘✲tr❡❡ ✲ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭P❛♣❛❞✐❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✷ ●r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❘✲tr❡❡ ✲ ❡①tr❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ✭P❛♣❛❞✐❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✸ ❛✸❉❘✲tr❡❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✹ ❛❘❇✲tr❡❡ ✲ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭P❛♣❛❞✐❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ✲ ❡①tr❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ✭P❛♣❛❞✐❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✻ ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ❙❏❆▲■ ❡ ❙❏❊▲■ ✲ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭▼♦❤❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✼ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❙❇✲✐♥❞❡① ✲ ❡①tr❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❙✐q✉❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✽ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❇✲✐♥❞❡① ✲ ❡①tr❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❙✐q✉❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✾ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❙❇✲✐♥❞❡① ✲ ❡①tr❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❙✐q✉❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✶✵ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❍❙❇✲✐♥❞❡① ✲ ❡①tr❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❙✐q✉❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✺✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss q✉❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s✲
t❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s ❝♦♠ ❞♦✐s ❡sq✉❡♠❛s ❡str❡❧❛s✱ ❆ ❡ ❇✱ s❡♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡s✲ tr❛té❣✐❛ ❉✐✈✐❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss q✉❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s✲
t❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s s❡♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ Ú♥✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✸ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❙♣❛t✐❛❧❉r✐❧❧❆❝r♦ss ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡sq✉❡✲
♠❛s ❞♦ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❚P❈✲❍ ❡ ❞♦ ◆❡✇●❍❙❙❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✹ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❙♣❛t✐❛❧❉r✐❧❧❆❝r♦ss ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✺ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❘❡❣✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✺✳✻ ❚❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✼ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛s ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ◗✶✱ ◗✷ ❡ ◗✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡str❡❧❛✱ ✈✐sõ❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❱D ❡
✺✳✾ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✶✵ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ✭❙❋✮
❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✶✶ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧
✭❙❙❋✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✶✷ ❘❛③ã♦ TU/TD✿ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s P❛rts✉♣♣ ❡
▲✐♥❡✐t❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✶✸ ❘❛③ã♦ ❚U✴❚D✿ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s P❛rts✉♣♣ ❡
▲✐♥❡✐t❡♠ ❡ ❞❛ s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✶✹ ❘❛③ã♦ ❚U✴❚D✿ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s P❛rts✉♣♣ ❡
▲✐♥❡✐t❡♠ ❡ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ✭❙❋✮ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✶✺ ❘❛③ã♦ ❚U✴❚D✿ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s P❛rts✉♣♣ ❡
▲✐♥❡✐t❡♠ ❡ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✭❙❙❋✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✻✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❙♣❛t✐❛❧❉r✐❧❧❆❝r♦ss✰✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✻✳✷ ❉❛❞♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❞❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❈✐t②✱ ◆❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘❡❣✐♦♥✱ ❘✐✈❡r ❡ P♦rt ❝♦♠ SSF = 1✳ ✽✹
✻✳✸ ❚❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✻✳✹ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖✲
▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ◗✶✱ ◗✷✱ ◗✸✱ ◗✹✱ ◗✺ ❡ ◗✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✻✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡str❡❧❛✱ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡s✲
tr❛té❣✐❛ ❙❏❇ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ◗✶✱ ◗✷ ❡ ◗✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✻✳✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡str❡❧❛✱ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡s✲
tr❛té❣✐❛ ❙❏❇ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ◗✹✱ ◗✺ ❡ ◗✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✻✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❙❏❇ ♣❛r❛
♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ◗✶✱ ◗✷ ❡ ◗✸ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ✭❙❋✮ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✻✳✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❙❏❇ ♣❛r❛
♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ◗✹✱ ◗✺ ❡ ◗✻ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ✭❙❋✮ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✻✳✾ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❙❏❇ ♣❛r❛
♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ◗✶✱ ◗✷ ❡ ◗✸ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✭❙❙❋✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✻✳✶✵ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❙❏❇ ♣❛r❛
♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ◗✹✱ ◗✺ ❡ ◗✻ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✭❙❙❋✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s
✶ ❉✐✈✐❞❡❈♦♥tr✉✐r❮♥❞✐❝❡s ✭CF, m, n✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✷ ❉✐✈✐❞❡Pr♦❝❡ss❛r❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ✭Q, CF, IBJ1, ..., IBJm, SB1, ..., SBn✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✸ Ú♥✐❝❛❈♦♥tr✉✐r❮♥❞✐❝❡s ✭CF, n✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹ Ú♥✐❝❛Pr♦❝❡ss❛r❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ✭Q, CF, IBJ, SB1, ..., SBn✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✺ ❙❏❇❈♦♥tr✉✐r❮♥❞✐❝❡s ✭EE, n✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ❡ ❆❝rô♥✐♠♦s
❛✸❉❘✲tr❡❡ ❛❣❣r❡❛❣❛t❡ ✸✲❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❘✲tr❡❡ ❛❘✲tr❡❡ ❛❣❣r❡❛❣❛t❡ ❘✲tr❡❡
❛❘❇✲tr❡❡ ❛❣❣r❡❛❣❛t❡ ❘❇✲tr❡❡ ❉❲ ❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s❡
❉❲● ❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s❡ ●❡♦❣rá✜❝♦
❍❙❇✲✐♥❞❡① ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❙♣❛t✐❛❧ ❇✐t♠❛♣ ✐♥❞❡① ❏❈ ❏❛♥❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛
▼❇❘ ▼✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❇♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❘❡❝t❛♥❣❧❡ ▼❖▲❆P ▼✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❖▲❆P
◆❡✇●❍❙❙❇ ◆❡✇ ●❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❍②❜r✐❞ ❙t❛r ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❖▲❆P ❖♥✲▲✐♥❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣
❖▲❚P ❖♥✲▲✐♥❡ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❘❖▲❆P ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❖▲❆P
❙❇✲✐♥❞❡① ❙♣❛t✐❛❧ ❇✐t♠❛♣ ✐♥❞❡①
❙●❇❉❘s ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❙■●s ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ●❡♦❣rá✜❝❛s
❙❏❆▲■ ❙❡❧❢✲❏♦✐♥ ❆❞❥❛❝❡♥❝② ▲✐st ■♥❞❡① ❙❏❊▲■ ❙❡❧❢✲❏♦✐♥ ❊❞❣❡ ▲✐st ■♥❞❡①
❙❖▲❆P ❙♣❛t✐❛❧ ❖♥▲✐♥❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❙❙❇ ❙t❛r ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ❡ ❆❝rô♥✐♠♦s ①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s❡ ✺
✷✳✶ ❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s❡ ❈♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✶✳✷ ◆í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❆❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❱✐sã♦ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✶✳✹ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✶✳✺ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❖▲❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷ ❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s❡ ●❡♦❣rá✜❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❊s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸ ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ✶✾
✸✳✶ ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ❊s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❘✲❚r❡❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❘✯✲❚r❡❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❏✉♥çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷ ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ♣❛r❛ ❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s❡s ❈♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❇✐t♠❛♣ ❞❡ ❏✉♥çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✹ ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ♣❛r❛ ❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s❡s ●❡♦❣rá✜❝♦s ✷✾
✹✳✹✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❡ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✹✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✺ ❍❙❇✲✐♥❞❡① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✺ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❉r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss ✹✸
✺✳✶ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❞♦ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✶✳✸ ❊str❛té❣✐❛ ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✶✳✹ ❊str❛té❣✐❛ Ú♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✷ ❚❡st❡s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❚❡st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❏✉♥çã♦ ❊str❡❧❛✱ ❱✐sã♦ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛s ❊str❛té❣✐❛s
❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛✿ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❙❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✷✳✹ ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛✿ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✷✳✺ ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛✿ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷✳✻ ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛✿ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❋❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✷✳✼ ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛✿ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❋❛t♦s ❡ ❛
❙❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✷✳✽ ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛✿ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❋❛t♦s ❡ ♦ ❋❛t♦r
❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✷✳✾ ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛✿ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❋❛t♦s ❡ ♦ ❋❛t♦r
❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✻ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❏✉♥çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✼✼
✻✳✶ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✻✳✶✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✻✳✶✳✷ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✻✳✶✳✸ ❊str❛té❣✐❛ ❙❏❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✻✳✷ ❚❡st❡s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✻✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❚❡st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✻✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❏✉♥çã♦ ❊str❡❧❛✱ ❱✐sã♦ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❊str❛té❣✐❛
❙❏❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✻✳✷✳✸ ❙❏❇✿ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❈♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✻✳✷✳✹ ❙❏❇✿ ❱❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✻✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✾✾
✼✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✼✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❯♠ ❞❛t❛ ✇❛r❡❤♦✉s❡ ✭❉❲✮ é ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ❞❛❞♦s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s✱ ❤✐stór✐❝♦s ❡ ♥ã♦✲✈♦❧át❡✐s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❡ é ♠✉❧t✐❞✐✲ ♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠ ❉❲ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❛♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❉❲ é q✉❡ ❡❧❡ é ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ✭❈❤❛✉❞❤✉r✐ ❡ ❉❛②❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❈✐❢❡rr✐✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ●♦❧❢❛r❡❧❧✐ ❡ ❘✐③③✐✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ●♦❧✲ ❢❛r❡❧❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❛❀ ■♥♠♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❙❛♠t❛♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❱❛ss✐❧✐❛❞✐s✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❲✐❞♦♠✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ❲✉ ❡ ❇✉❝❤♠❛♥♥✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
✷ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❯♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P é r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡s✲ ♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❉❲●s ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧✉♠♦s♦s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡①✐st❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ q✉❡ ✈✐s❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡♠ ❉❲s ❡ ❉❲●s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✭❆❣r❛✇❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❇❛✐❦♦✉s✐ ❡ ❱❛ss✐❧✐❛❞✐s✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❍✉♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❑♦t✐❞✐s ❡ ❘♦✉ss♦♣♦✉❧♦s✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❇❡❧✲ ❧❛tr❡❝❤❡ ❡ ❲♦❛♠❡♥♦✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❈✐❢❡rr✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ●♦❧❢❛r❡❧❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❜✮✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ✭❇❡♥❦r✐❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❈♦st❛ ❡ ▼❛❞❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❡ í♥❞✐❝❡s ✭❏♦❤♥s♦♥ ❡ ❙❤❛s❤❛✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ P❛♣❛❞✐❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❙❛r❛✇❛❣✐✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❙✐q✉❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❜✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ✷✵✵✾❛✮✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss ❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❙✉r❣❡✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡♠ ❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ ❊ss❡ é ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❆ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✈✐s❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r s✉♣♦rt❡ à t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❡♠ ❉❲●s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ▼❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r♦♣♦r ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss ❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳
❆s ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s s♦❜ ❞✉❛s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✳ ◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss sã♦ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ❉❲s ♣♦rq✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ❝r✉③❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐✲ ❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡❧❛çõ❡s✳ ◆❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❉❲s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ r❡❧❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tê♠ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s✳ ❊ss❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ r❡❧❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tê♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦s ❞❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛♠ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥✉♠ér✐✲ ❝❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss r❡❝✉♣❡r❛♠ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✸
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❉❲s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ t✉♣❧❛s ♥❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s✳ ■ss♦ ❥á ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛s ✈✐❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♥tr❛ ❡ss❡s ❉❲s✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❉❲●s ❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❛ ❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❝✉st♦s♦✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s q✉❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ ❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ❡♥❢♦❝❛r ❡ss❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦✱ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ sã♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✿
• ❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠
❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❉❲● q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss✳
• ❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❉❲● ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳
• ❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ í♥❞✐❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss ❡♠ ❉❲●s✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛✳
❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ❉❲●s ♣♦rq✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡♦rr❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❉❲● ❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ é ✏◗✉❛❧ ♦ ❧✉❝r♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ♣♦r ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♣♦r ✜❧✐❛❧ ❡♠ ✈❡♥❞❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✜❧✐❛✐s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ❦♠ ❞❛ ✜❧✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✑❄✳
❊♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❊♠ ❉❲●s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❝✉st♦s♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ✈♦❧✉♠♦s♦s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ■ss♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡ss❡s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ í♥❞✐❝❡s ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❡♠ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✳ ❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ❡♥❢♦❝❛r ❡ss❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦✱ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ sã♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✿
• ❆ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❉❲● ❞❡✈❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r
❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳
• ❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s
❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❉❲● ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s✳
• ❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ í♥❞✐❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲
✹ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss ❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❉❲● ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s❡❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr❛st❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡str❡❧❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sõ❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ ◆♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲ ❛❝r♦ss✱ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❉✐✈✐❞❡ ❡ Ú♥✐❝❛ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✽✷✱✼✪ ❛ ✾✽✱✻✪ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡str❡❧❛ ❡ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sõ❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ◆♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❙❏❇ ❣❛r❛♥t✐✉ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✱ ♦ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✈❛r✐♦✉ ❞❡ ✵✱✸✪ ❛té ✾✾✱✷✪ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡str❡❧❛ ❡ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sõ❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲❛❝r♦ss ❢♦r❛♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r② ✭❉❛❲❛❑✮✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❈❆P❊❙ ◗❯❆▲■❙ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❇✶ ✭❇r✐t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
✶✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❆❧é♠ ❞❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦✱ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡stá ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s s❡✐s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✿
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✿ sã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❉❲s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ♦s
q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✿ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s tó♣✐❝♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ í♥❞✐❝❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❘✲❚r❡❡✮ ❡ í♥❞✐❝❡s
♣❛r❛ ❉❲s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❇✐t♠❛♣ ❞❡ ❥✉♥çã♦✮✳
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✿ sã♦ r❡s✉♠✐❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s à ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❲●s✳
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✿ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❞r✐❧❧✲
❛❝r♦ss✳
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✿ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙❖▲❆P ❝♦♠
❥✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼✿ sã♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
✷
❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s❡
❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ❛❜r✐✉ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ss❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ➱ ♥❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♠ ♦s ❞❛t❛ ✇❛r❡❤♦✉s❡s ❡ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❖▲❆P ✭♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❞❛t❛ ✇❛r❡❤♦✉s❡s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝♦s✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❞❛t❛ ✇❛r❡❤♦✉s❡s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❖▲❆P✱ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛✮ ❡ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❞❛t❛ ✇❛r❡❤♦✉s❡s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ✜♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✸✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s✳
✷✳✶ ❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s❡ ❈♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧
✻ ✷✳ ❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s❡
❉❲s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠ ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ◆♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❖▲❚P ✭♦♥❧✐♥❡ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✮✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s é r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛♠ ♥♦✈❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ❖▲❆P✮✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊ss❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s s❡❥❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡str❛té❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ q✉ã♦ rá♣✐❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❉❲✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❉❲✱ r❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧❡s sã♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♦✉ r❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s✳ P♦r ❡ss❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❉❲ sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♥ã♦✲✈♦❧át❡✐s✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ❉❲✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ❛♣ós ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ■ss♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❤♦✉✈❡r ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❡♠ ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ✭❙❙❉✮✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ❉❲✱ ♦ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ❡stá ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✶ é ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳ ◆❛s s❡çõ❡s ✷✳✶✳✷ ❡ ✷✳✶✳✸ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s é ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✹✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❖▲❆P sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✺✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧
❉❛❞♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s às ✈❡♥❞❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❥❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s s♦❜ ✈ár✐♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✿ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ✈❡♥❞❛ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✈❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡ ✜❧✐❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ✈❡♥❞❛ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❊ss❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ♣♦r ❡ss❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❉❲ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❈❤❛✉❞❤✉r✐ ❡ ❉❛②❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❙❙❉✳
❯♠❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ é✿ ✏◗✉❛❧ ♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ✈❡♥❞✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡ ✜❧✐❛❧ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦❄✑✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❤♦r❛✱ ❞✐❛✱ ♠ês✱ s❡♠❡str❡✱ ❛♥♦✳ ❊ss❡s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♠ r❡❧❛çõ❡s✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✭❍❛r✐♥❛r❛②❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✱ ❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡ss❡s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿ ano semestre mesˆ dia hora✳ ■ss♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❤♦r❛s ♣♦❞❡♠
✷✳✶ ❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s❡ ❈♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✼
❖s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❉❲ sã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❤á ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛r✲s❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳ ◆♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❥❛s✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ✈❡♥❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s sã♦ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ ✜❧✐❛❧✱ ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ✈❡♥❞✐❞❛s✳ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡ss❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ é ❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✉❜♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊ss❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s✳ ❖ ❝✉❜♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❥❛s é ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳ Pr♦❞✉t♦✱ ✜❧✐❛❧ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ sã♦ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✱ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ✈❡♥❞✐❞❛s✱ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛✳ ❆ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛ ❞❛s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❙❙❉ t♦r♥❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❉❲s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❈✉❜♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❥❛s✳
✷✳✶✳✷ ◆í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❆❣r❡❣❛çã♦
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❉❲s sã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❞❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s✱ ❛té ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ s✉♣❡r✐♦r q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❞❛❞♦s ♠✉✐t♦ r❡s✉♠✐❞♦s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡①✐st✐r ✈ár✐♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❣r❛✉s ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ✭❆❣r❛✇❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❇❛r❛❧✐s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❉❡r❛❦❤s❤❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ●✉♣t❛ ❡ ▼✉♠✐❝❦✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❍❛r✐♥❛r❛②❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ❍✉♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❑♦t✐❞✐s ❡ ❘♦✉ss♦♣♦✉❧♦s✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ▲❛✇r❡♥❝❡ ❡ ❘❛✉✲❈❤❛♣❧✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❙❤❛❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
✽ ✷✳ ❉❛t❛ ❲❛r❡❤♦✉s❡
❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦✳ ❯♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sõ❡s L ❡ ✉♠❛
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ❙❡❥❛♠ V1 ❡ V2 ❞✉❛s ✈✐sõ❡s✳ ❚❡♠✲s❡ q✉❡ V1 V2 s❡ V1 ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ V2✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ V1 é ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ V2 ❡ V2 é ❛♥❝❡str❛❧ ❞❡ V1✳ ❚♦❞❛ ✈✐sã♦ é
❛♥❝❡str❛❧ ❡ ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳ ❖ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛♥❝❡str❛✐s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ s❡✉s ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✳
❖ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛❣r❡❣❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦ p✱ ✜❧✐❛❧ f ❡ t❡♠♣♦ t ❞♦ ❝✉❜♦
❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❥❛s é ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ✈✐sã♦pf é ✉♠ ❛♥❝❡str❛❧
❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❡ p❡ f ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡ ✜❧✐❛❧✳ ❆ ✈✐sã♦ vazio❝♦♥té♠ ♦
♥í✈❡❧ ♠❛✐s ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ é ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈✐sõ❡s✳ ❆ ✈✐sã♦ pf t♣♦ss✉✐ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s
♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❡ é ❛♥❝❡str❛❧ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ✈✐sõ❡s ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦✳
pf t
pf f t pt p f t
vazio
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ●r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❥❛s✳
✷✳✶✳✸ ❱✐sã♦ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛
❆s ✈✐sõ❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r t❛❜❡❧❛s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛s ✜s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❉❲ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s q✉❡ s❡✉s ❛♥❝❡s✲ tr❛✐s✳ ❆ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sõ❡s é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡♠ ❉❲s ✭❆❣r❛✇❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❇❛✐❦♦✉s✐ ❡ ❱❛ss✐❧✐❛❞✐s✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❍✉♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❑♦t✐❞✐s ❡ ❘♦✉ss♦♣♦✉❧♦s✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡✲ ❝✉çã♦✱ ❡❧❛ é ♣ré✲❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❉❲✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❡✈✐t❛✲s❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❝✉st♦s❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ ❣r♦✉♣ ❜② ❡ ❥✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦✳
❖ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❉❲ t♦r♥❛ ✐♠♣r❛t✐❝á✈❡❧ ❛ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈✐sõ❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❡ss❛s ✈✐sõ❡s✳ ❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✭❇❛r❛❧✐s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❍❛r✐♥❛r❛②❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ q✉❛✐s ✈✐sõ❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛r✳
