❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás
❘❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ ❏❛t❛í
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠
▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❋✐❧❛ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦
▼✉r✐❧♦ ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
▼✉r✐❧♦ ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❋✐❧❛ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✴❯❋●✱ P♦❧♦ ❏❛t❛í ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❇ás✐❝♦✱ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●❡❝✐r❧❡✐ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛
❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳ ➱ ♣r♦✐❜✐❞❛ ❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ t♦t❛❧ ♦✉ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡♠ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡ ❞♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆s ✜❧❛s t❡♠ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ♠❛r❝❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥♦s ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❝✐✈✐❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛♠✲s❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛rát❡r ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❛ss❡♠❡❧❤❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ t❡♠♦s ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛s ♠❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❛s às ✈❡③❡s ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛♠✲s❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ❡ t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ✐♠♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ♦❧❤❛r ♥ã♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s✳ ❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ t❡①t♦ t❡✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ♠♦str❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❛✐s t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✜❧❛ ❞❡ ❣✉✐❝❤ê ❞❡ ❝❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❏❛t❛í✲●♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s✱ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✱ ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ s✉❜s✐❞✐❛r ✉♠ ❡♠❜❛s❛♠❡♥t♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❜ás✐❝♦✳ P♦r t❡r s❡ ♣❛✉t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✜❧❛ ❞♦ ❝❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❙❋◆ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ❡ ❛ ❧❡✐ ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧ q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛t✐③❛ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ ✜❧❛✳ ❆♣ós ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❏❛t❛í✲●♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❡r❡♥t❡ ❛ ✜t❛ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡ ❞♦s ❝❛✐①❛s✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♥♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞✐ár✐❛✳ ❖ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛♦ ♠ês ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳ ❆♣ós ❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ tr❛t❛❞♦s s♦❜ ♦ ♦❧❤❛r ❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❛ t❡♦r✐❛✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♠❛✐s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛s ❞❡✐①❛r❛♠ ❞❡ s❡r tr❛t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛s s❡rã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❡♠ t❡①t♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ t❡r ❡st❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡
❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s✱ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❲❛✐t✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❡s ❛r❡ ❜♦❧❞❧② ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ ♦✉r s♦❝✐❡t② ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✉s s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❝✐✈✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ❙♦♠❡t✐♠❡s t❤❡② ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ ❛ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ✇❛② ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✇❡❧❧✲s❡❡♥ ❛s♣❡❝t ❛♥❞ t❤✉s ❧♦♦❦ ❧✐❦❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥ ♠✐♥❞✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t✐♠❡s ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛✐t✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❡s ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢♦r♠❛ts ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ✉♥♣❡r❝❡✐✈❛❜❧❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❡r ♥♦t ②❡t ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ◗✉❡✉✐♥❣ ❚❤❡♦r②✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t st✉❞② ❛✐♠s ✐♥ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✳ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ◗✉❡✉✐♥❣ ❚❤❡♦r② t♦ r❡❛❧ t❛s❦s s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ✇❛✐t✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❜❛♥❦ ❝❛s❤✐❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈✐t② ♦❢ ❏❛t❛í✲●♦✐ás✳ ■♥ t❤✐s r❡❣❛r❞ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ s❤♦rt ❤✐st♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ◗✉❡✉✐♥❣ ❚❤❡♦r② ❡♠❜r❛❝✐♥❣ ✐ts ❛❞✈❡♥t✱ t❤❡ ✜rst t❛s❦ t♦ ❜❡ ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤✱ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣② ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ t♦ s✉❜s✐❞✐③❡ ❛ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❜❛s❡ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t♦r② ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ❆s ♦✉r ♦❜❥❡❝t ♦❢ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ ✇❛✐t✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❜❛♥❦ ❝❛s❤✐❡r ✇❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ s❤♦rt ❤✐st♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❙②st❡♠ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥❞s ❡✈❡r② ❜❛♥❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧ ❧❛✇ t❤❛t r✉❧❡s t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ✇❛✐t✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐♥❡✳ ❆❢t❡r t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❜❛♥❦ ❛❣❡♥❝② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈✐t② ♦❢ ❏❛t❛í✲●♦✐ás ✇❡ s✉❝❝❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ❣❡t ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧✐♥❣ t❛♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛s❤✐❡rs ✉♥❞❡r ♠❛♥❛❣❡rs ❛✉t❤♦r✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ t❛♣❡ ❤❛s ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❜♦✉t ❞❛✐❧② tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦♥t❤ ♦❢ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹✳ ❆❢t❡r ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ ❝❛t❛❧♦❣✐♥❣✱ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ◗✉❡✉✐♥❣ ❚❤❡♦r② ✐❧❧✉str❛t✐♥❣ ✐ts ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ✉s t♦ ✇♦r❦ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✱ s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ r❡s✉❧ts ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❞✉❡ t♦ ✐ts ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❜✉t ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐♥ ❢✉t✉r❡ st✉❞✐❡s t❤❛t ♠✐❣❤t t❛❦❡ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✇♦r❦ ❛s ❛ st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s
◗✉❡✉❡✐♥❣ ❚❤❡♦r②✱ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝s✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❙❋◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❋✐❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❙❡♥❤❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛✐①❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹ ▲❛②♦✉t ❞♦ ❙❛❣✉ã♦ ❞❡ ❆t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❆❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✺ ❋✐t❛ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡ ❞♦s ❈❛✐①❛ ❆ ❡ ❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✻ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❉❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❞✐❛ ✵✸ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✼ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❉✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✽ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❱á❧✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❉✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✾ ❆t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❈❛✐①❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✶✵ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❆t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✶✶ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❡❣❛❞❛s ♣♦r ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ✶✵ ▼✐♥✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✶✷ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❡❣❛❞❛s ♣♦r ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ✶✵ ▼✐♥✉t♦s ✲ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛
■♥t❡✐r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✶✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦✿ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❱❡rs✉s Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶ ❉✐❛s Út❡✐s ❞❡ ◆♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷ ❆t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❈❛✐①❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❡❣❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹ ▼é❞✐❛ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ■♥t❡✐r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❆t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✿ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ▼✐♥✉t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✻ ❚❡♠♣♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❉✐ár✐♦ ❞❡ P❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✹
✶✳✶ ❖ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❙❋◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✶✳✷ ▲❡✐ ▼✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧ ❙♦❜r❡ ♦ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ P❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❋✐❧❛ ♥❛s
❆❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❇❛♥❝ár✐❛s ❞❡ ❏❛t❛í✲●♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✷ ❚ó♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s ✷✵
✷✳✶ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s✴❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✷ ❆ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❑❡♥❞❛❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✸ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✹ ❆ ❋✐❧❛ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸ ❖s ❉❛❞♦s ✷✾
✸✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡s ■♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✸ ❆s ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❘❛♥❞ô♠✐❝❛s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✜❧❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s r❡♠❡t❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠❡✐❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ❛ ♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✱ ♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ❝♦✐s❛s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛ r❡t❛✳ ❊st❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ♥♦s ❢❛③ ♣❡♥s❛r ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✜❧❛ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❛❣✉❛r❞❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛s ♥♦ s✉♣❡r♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧✱ ♥❛ ❜✐❧❤❡t❡r✐❛ ❞♦ ❝✐♥❡♠❛ ✭♦✉ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❜✐❧❤❡t❡r✐❛✮✱ ♥❛ ❜❛r❜❡❛r✐❛✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛ ❡ ❡t❝✳✱ ♠❛s ❛s ✜❧❛s ♥ã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❝❡rt♦ é q✉❡ ❡❧❛s ❡①✐st❡♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❛✈✐♦s ❛❣✉❛r❞❛♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❛❣❛ ♥♦ ♣♦rt♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❛❣✉❛r❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ r❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✜❝✐♥❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛✈✐õ❡s s♦❜r❡✈♦❛♠ ✉♠ ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦ ❛❣✉❛r❞❛♥❞♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡rr✐③❛r✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♥✉♠❛ ♣r❛ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❡❞á❣✐♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡s♣❡r❛♠ ♣♦r ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♥❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❛❣✉❛r❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛❞❛s ♥✉♠❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ t❡❧❡❢ô♥✐❝❛ ❡t❝✳✳
❈♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛s ✜❧❛s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♥♦ss❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛r ❡ ♥♦s ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❝✐✈✐❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s ❢♦✐ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳ q✉❡ ❡❧❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ✈✐st❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ sér✐♦ ❡ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛✈❛ s❡r ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✵✾ ♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞✐♥❛♠❛rq✉ês ❆❣♥❡r ❑r❛r✉♣ ❊r❧❛♥❣ ✭✶✽✼✽✲✶✾✷✾✮ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s t❡❧❡❢ô♥✐❝❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ss❡♠ ♣♦r ❡❧❛✳ ❇❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❊r❧❛♥❣ s❡ r❡s✉♠✐❛ ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ t❡❧❡❢ô♥✐❝❛ ♣♦ss✉íss❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ s❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❧✐❣❛ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s t❡r✐❛♠ q✉❡ ❡s♣❡r❛r✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦ s❡ ❡①✐st✐ss❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦ s❡r✐❛ ❞❡s♣❡r❞✐ç❛❞♦✱ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡r❛ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛r ❛ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳
❋♦✐ ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s t❡❧❡❢ô♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ s✉r❣✐✉ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠♦s ❤♦❥❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ✶✾✶✼ ❊r❧❛♥❣ ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉ ♦ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ✧❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦♠❡ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ♦❢ ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❚❡❧❡♣❤♦♥❡ ❊①❝❤❛♥❣❡s✧ ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✉ t♦❞❛ s✉❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✳
❉♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❛té ♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✹✺ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ t❡r✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❊r❧❛♥❣ à ár❡❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❛ t❡❧❡❢♦♥✐❛✳ ❆ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ●✉❡rr❛ ▼✉♥❞✐❛❧ ✭✶✾✸✾✲ ✶✾✹✺✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐✈✐s♦r ❞❡ á❣✉❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛♣ós ♦ s❡✉ tér♠✐♥♦ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❛♠ ❛ s❡r ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❞❡ ♣❡❞❡str❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛tr❛✈❡ss❛r ✉♠❛ r✉❛ s❡♠ s✐♥❛❧✱ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❜❛r❝♦s ❡♠ t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s
♣♦rt✉ár✐♦s✱ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❛❣✉❛r❞❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ r❡♣❛r❛❞❛s✱ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧✱ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡s ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❍♦❥❡ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ár❡❛s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ❡♥❣❡✲ ♥❤❛r✐❛s✱ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦✱ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❡t❝✳ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳
❯♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦rr✐q✉❡✐r♦ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s é ❛ ✜❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛s✱ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠ã♦ ❞✉♣❧❛✱ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦ ❡stã♦ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ✭❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✮ ❡s♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛s ❡ ❞♦ ♦✉tr♦ ♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ss❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s q✉❡ t❡♠ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛❞♦✳
❈♦♠♦ t♦❞♦s s❛❜❡♠ ✜❧❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝❛✉s❛♠ ❡str❡ss❡ ❡ ❛❜♦rr❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✲ ✈❡✐s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡s♣❡r❞í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❧❛③❡r ❞❡ q✉❡♠ t❡♠ q✉❡ ❡s♣❡r❛r ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ❯♠ ❢❛t♦ q✉❡ t❛❧✈❡③ ♥❡♠ t♦❞♦s s❛✐❜❛♠ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ é q✉❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✜❧❛s ❝❛✉s❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡str❡ss❡ ❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥✲ t❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❞❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❛❣✉❛r❞❛♠✳
◆♦t❛♠♦s ❡♥tã♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✜❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♠❡r❡❝❡ s❡r ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❡ss❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ❛❜♦r❞❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ✜❧❛ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ s❡❥❛ ❡♠ ❝❛rát❡r ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣✐♦♥❡✐r♦ ❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ♥ã♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠♦s ❆ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✜❧❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❇❛♥❝ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❆♠✐❞❛♥✐ ❬✶❪✳
❙❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐❛ ❜✉s❝❛r❡♠♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ♠♦str❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❛✐s ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s✱ ♥❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❡♠♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❛✐s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ ✜❧❛ ❞♦ ❣✉✐❝❤ê ❞❡ ❝❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❏❛t❛í✲●♦ q✉❡ s❡rá s❡♠♣r❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❳✳ ▼❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r♠♦s ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ r❡❣✉❧❛tór✐♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛s ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s✳
✶✳✶ ❖ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❙❋◆
❖ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ór❣ã♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r r❡❣✉❧❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛r✱ ✜s❝❛❧✐③❛r ❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s à ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ❡ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ♥❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ❆ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ✈✐❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ ❋❡❜r❛❜❛♥ ✭❋❡❞❡r❛çã♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦s✮ ❬✹❪ ♦ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❡♠✿ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❛s ❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❋❡❜r❛❜❛♥ ❬✹❪ ❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈❛s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♠ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ r❡❣r❛s ❡ ♣❛✲ râ♠❡tr♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐♥❞♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❛ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦
♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ▼♦♥❡tár✐♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❈▼◆✱ ór❣ã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦ ▼✐♥✐str♦ ❞❛ ❋❛③❡♥❞❛✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥t❡✱ ▼✐♥✐str♦ ❞♦ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❖rç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ●❡stã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧✮❀ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r♦s Pr✐✈❛❞♦s ✲ ❈◆❙P✱ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ✜①❛r ♥♦r♠❛s ❡ ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r♦s ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s✱ ✜s❝❛❧✐③❛r ❛s ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❙❡❣✉r❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❞❡ ❈❛✲ ♣✐t❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❊♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❆❜❡rt❛s ❞❡ Pr❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐✈❛❞❛✱ ❘❡ss❡❣✉r❛❞♦r❛s ❡ ❈♦rr❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r♦s ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ Pr❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✲ ❈◆P❈✱ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r r❡❣✉❧❛r ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦♣❡r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛✳
❆s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❛♠ ❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ór❣ã♦s ♥♦r♠❛✲ t✐✈♦s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✲ ❇❈❇✱ ❛✉t❛rq✉✐❛ ❢❡❞❡r❛❧ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❧✐q✉✐❞❡③ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ♠❛♥t❡r r❡s❡r✈❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♠ ♥í✲ ✈❡❧ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✱ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ❛ ♣♦✉♣❛♥ç❛ ❡ ③❡❧❛r ♣❡❧❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡❀ ♣❡❧❛ ❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ▼♦❜✐❧✐ár✐♦s ✲ ❈❱▼ ✱ ❛✉t❛rq✉✐❛ ❢❡❞❡r❛❧ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ✜s❝❛❧✐③❛r ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠♦❜✐❧✐ár✐♦s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦✉♣❛♥ç❛ ❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠♦❜✐❧✐ár✐♦s❀ ♣❡❧❛ ❙✉♣❡r✐♥t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r♦s Pr✐✈❛❞♦s ✲ ❙❯❙❊P✱ ór❣ã♦ r❡s✲ ♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ✜s❝❛❧✐③❛r ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r♦s✱ ♣r❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛ ❛❜❡rt❛✱ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ r❡ss❡❣✉r♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❙✉♣❡r✐♥t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ Pr❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥✲ t❛r ✲ P❘❊❱■❈✱ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛ ❡ ✜s❝❛❧✐③❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✳
❆s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❛s ❛t✉❛♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❡ s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞❡♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ór❣ã♦s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s q✉❡ sã♦ ♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❙✳❆✳ ✲ ❇❇✱ ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✷ ❞❡ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✽✵✽❀ ❇❛♥❝♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❙♦✲ ❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❇◆❉❊❙✱ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❛♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞♦ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ■♥❞ústr✐❛ ❡ ❈♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❊①t❡r✐♦r r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❡ ❈❛✐①❛ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✲ ❈❊❋✱ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✷ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✽✻✶❀ ❉❡♠❛✐s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❛s ❛í ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ❛s ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s ▼♦♥❡tár✐❛s✱ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞❛s ❛ ❝❛♣t❛r ❞❡♣ós✐t♦s à ✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦❀ ❉❡♠❛✐s ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s✱ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞❛s ❛ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❞❡♣ós✐t♦ à ✈✐st❛ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦✉♣❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦✱ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❝â♠❜✐♦ ❡ ❡t❝✳❀ ❖✉tr♦s ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦s ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s✱ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♥sór❝✐♦✱ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❆rr❡♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❡r❝❛♥t✐❧ ❡ ❡t❝✳ ❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❡s ❇♦❧s❛s ❞❡ ❱❛❧♦r❡s✿ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛s✱ ❋✉t✉r♦s ❡ ❇❛❧❝ã♦ ❖r❣❛✲ ♥✐③❛❞♦✳
❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❙❋◆
❢♦♥t❡✿ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❛✉t♦r
❈♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s sã♦ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ◆❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❙❋◆✱ ❡ ▲✐♠❛ ❬✾❪ ♦s ❞❡✜♥❡ ❝♦♠♦
✳✳✳ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❝✉❥❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ é ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s s✉♣❡r❛✈✐tár✐♦s ✭♣♦✉♣❛♥ç❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s❡t♦r❡s ❞❡✜❝✐tár✐♦s ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✭s❡t♦r❡s ❝❛r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✮✳ ❊st❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✭❜❛♥❝♦s✮ sã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡①❡r❝❡♠✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▲✐♠❛ ❬✾❪
• ❛♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛♣t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ✈❛r❡❥♦ ❡ ❛♦ ❝ré❞✐t♦
tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣r❛③♦❀
• ❛♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r❛③♦s
♠❛✐s ❧♦♥❣♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❝♦♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✱ ❛t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛✐s❀
• às s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛♦
❝ré❞✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦❀
• às ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❍❛❜✐t❛çã♦ ✭❙❋❍✮✱ r❡s♣♦♥✲
❞❡♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤❛❜✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❀
• às ❝♦rr❡t♦r❛s✱ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❛❝✐♦♥ár✐♦✱ ❡ às ❞✐s✲
tr✐❜✉✐❞♦r❛s ♥❛ ♣♦♥t❛ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛✐s✳
❍♦❥❡ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❡①❡r❝❡r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s s✉♣r❛ ❝✐t❛❞❛s✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ✶✳
❆❣✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛❞♦r ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s s✉♣❡r❛✈✐tár✐♦s ❡ ❞❡✜❝✐tár✐♦s ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s tê♠ s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✳ ❈♦st❛ ❬✷❪ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r s❡r ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❛♥❣í✈❡❧ ❡ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ r❡s✉❧t❛r ♥❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥❛❞❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ss❡s ❢❛t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝❛✉s❛♠ ♣❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡st♦❝❛❞♦s✳
➱ ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st♦❝❛r ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣r❛✈❡s ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡♠ ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ♠ã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜r❛ ✜❝❛ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❝✐♦s❛✱ ❥á ❡♠ ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ✐♥❝❛✲ ♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✜❧❛s ❡ tr❛♥st♦r♥♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡♠ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡♠ t❡♠ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛❞♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡r❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❞♦s ór❣ã♦s ♥♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✐✲ ♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❙❋◆✱ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ sã♦ s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çõ❡s ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛✐s q✉❡ ✈❡rsã♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ✜❧❛ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s✳
✶✳✷ ▲❡✐ ▼✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧ ❙♦❜r❡ ♦ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ P❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❋✐❧❛ ♥❛s
❆❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❇❛♥❝ár✐❛s ❞❡ ❏❛t❛í✲●♦
❱✐s❛♥❞♦ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡♠ ✜❧❛ ❞❡ ❝❛✐①❛ ♥❛s ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛s ❞❡ ❏❛t❛í ❛ ❈â♠❛r❛ ▼✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧ ❛♣r♦✈♦✉ ❛ ▲❡✐ ♥♦ ✷✳✼✾✸ ❬✽❪✱ ❞❡ ✶✽ ❞❡
❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✼ s❛♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r❡❢❡✐t♦ ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧✳ ❊st❛ ❧❡✐ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❛rt✐❣♦ ✷♦
♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♥❛ ✜❧❛✱ s❡♥❞♦✿ ■ ✲ ✸✵ ♠✐♥✉t♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❛ ❞❡ ✈és♣❡r❛ ❞❡✱ ♦✉ ❛♣ós ❢❡r✐❛❞♦s❀ ■■ ✲ ✷✵ ♠✐♥✉t♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❛s ♥♦r♠❛✐s❀
■■■ ✲ ✷✵ ♠✐♥✉t♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♠✉✲ ♥✐❝✐♣❛✐s✱ ❡st❛❞✉❛✐s ❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛✐s ❡ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦s✳
✶❜❛♥❝♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❝❛rt❡✐r❛s ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♦❜r✐❣❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡
❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❋✐❝♦✉ ❛ss✐♠ r❡✈♦❣❛❞❛ ❛ ▲❡✐ ♥♦ ✷✳✶✼✶ ❬✼❪✱ ❞❡ ✶✸ ❞❡ ❥✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✵ q✉❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❛ ✸✵
✭tr✐♥t❛✮ ♠✐♥✉t♦s ❝♦♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❢❛③✐❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛✳ ❆ ▲❡✐ ♥♦ ✷✳✼✾✸ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡①✐❣❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♠♣r❡ss❛
♠❡❝❛♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❤♦rár✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❝ô♠♣✉t♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r✲ ♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ✜❧❛ ❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♠❛♥t❡♥❤❛♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ ❛✈✐s♦ ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡ ❞❛ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✐❛ ▼✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❡s❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ✲ P❘❖❈❖◆✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉❧t❛ ♣❡❝✉♥✐ár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❏á ♦ ❉❡❝r❡t♦ ♥♦ ✼✵✽ ❬✸❪✱ ❞❡ ✷✸ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✼ tr❛③ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▲❡✐ ✷✳✼✾✸
❡ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❛rt✐❣♦ ✸♦ ❞❡✜♥❡✿
■ ✲ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡✿ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r q✉❡✱ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛✱ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡✐♦ ❡ ❝❛s❛s ❧♦tér✐❝❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✲s❡ ❞❡ ❝❛✐①❛s ❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥✲ t♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦❀
■■ ✲ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✿ ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③ ♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❝❛✐①❛s ❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦❀
■■■ ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✿ ❛q✉❡❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✜❧❛ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛té ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡st❡✳
❊♥❝❡rr❛❞❛ ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s ♣❛r❛ s✉❜s✐❞✐❛r ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❢✉t✉r❛s s❡♥❞♦ ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ q✉❡ ✐r❡♠♦s s❡❣✉✐r✳
✷ ❚ó♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛r❡♠♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s tó♣✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s ❝♦♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ❡ s✐♠❜♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳
✷✳✶ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s✴❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❛s
P❛r❛ Pr❛❞♦ ❬✶✶❪ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✱ ❥á ❋❧♦❣✐❛tt✐ ✫ ▼❛tt♦s ❬✺❪ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ✈♦❝á❜✉❧♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛♥❞♦✲♦ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❛s s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡✿
❆ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❛s ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦✉ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛s q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✴♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ss❡s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳
❋❧♦❣✐❛tt✐ ✫ ▼❛tt♦s ❬✺❪ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♥❛ ✜❧❛✱ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♦❝✐♦s♦ ❞♦s ♣r❡st❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡❢❡t✉❛r ❛❥✉st❡s✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ❡ ♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦✲ ♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❯♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦ é ♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❋✐❧❛✿
✳✳✳ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♦♥❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♦r✐✉♥❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛✲ çã♦ ❝❤❡❣❛♠ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝❡❜❡r ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ❡s♣❡r❛♠✱ s❡ ❢♦r ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ s❛✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ss✐♠ q✉❡ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ é ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛❞♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ é ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦✱ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦✳ ❬✺❪
❖ t❡r♠♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✷ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛❝✐♠❛ s❡r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ♣r♦❣r❛✲
♠❛s ♦✉ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr♦ ❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛❣✉❛r❞❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝❡❜❡r ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♦✉ s❡r ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ❖ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✿ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✳ ❙❡rá ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛ s❡ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛s ❡ ♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❛s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♠✱ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ s❡rá ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ✈♦❝á❜✉❧♦ s✉❣❡r❡ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛s ❡ ♥❡♠ ♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❡♠
✷❚❛♠❜é♠ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❋✐❧❛s
❢♦♥t❡✿ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❛✉t♦r
q✉❡ ❡❧❛s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♠ ❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡rá ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦ ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆♣ós ♦ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ s❛❜❡r q✉❛❧ é ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s sã♦ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦s✳ ❆s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s sã♦✿
• ❋■❋❖ ✭✜rst ✐♥ ✲ ✜rst ♦✉t✮✿ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s sã♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❛s ❝❤❡✲
❣❛❞❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✱ tê♠✲s❡ ❛ ✈❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦s ♥✉♠ ❝✐♥❡♠❛✱ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦✱ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈✐♦s ♥✉♠ ♣♦rt♦✳
• ▲■❋❖ ✭❧❛st ✐♥ ✲ ✜rst ♦✉t✮✿ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❛ s❡r ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦ é ♦ q✉❡
❝❤❡❣♦✉ ♣♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st♦q✉❡s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ♦✉ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tê✐♥❡r❡s ❡♠ ♥❛✲ ✈✐♦s✳
• P❘■ ✭♣r✐♦r✐t② s❡r✈✐❝❡✮✿ ♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s s❡❣✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s
♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r❡❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❣❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠✲ ♣❧♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛çã♦ ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧❛r ♦✉ ❝✐r✉r❣✐❛s✱ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ç♦s ♣❡tr♦❧í❢❡r♦s ❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳
• ❙■❘❖ ✭s❡r✈✐❝❡ ✐♥ r❛♥❞♦♠ ♦r❞❡r✮✿ ♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s s❡❣✉❡
✉♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛✱ tê♠✲s❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✲ t❡♠♣❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥sór❝✐♦s ❡ ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦s ♣♦♣✉✲ ❧❛r❡s✳ ❬✺❪
❖ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✸ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❡❧❡♥❝❛❞❛s
❛❝✐♠❛ ♦❝♦rr❡rá ♥♦s ❝❛♥❛✐s✱ ♣♦st♦s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♦✉ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊ss❡s ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✜♥✐t♦s ♦✉ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦s ❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s t❡r ❝❛♥❛❧ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❢❛s❡ ú♥✐❝❛✱ ❝❛♥❛❧ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❢❛s❡s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s✱ ❝❛♥❛✐s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❢❛s❡ ú♥✐❝❛✱ ❝❛♥❛✐s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❢❛s❡s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❡ ♠✐st♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▼♦r❛❡s ❡t ❛❧❧ ❬✶✵❪✿
❈❛♥❛❧ ú♥✐❝♦✱ ❢❛s❡ ú♥✐❝❛✿ ❊st❡ é ♦ t✐♣♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ✜❧❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✱ ❡ ❤á ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❞✐r❡t❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✲♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛s ❡ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛❧ ú♥✐❝♦✱ ❢❛s❡ ú♥✐❝❛✱ é ✉♠ s❛❧ã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡❧❡③❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✳
❈❛♥❛❧ ú♥✐❝♦✱ ❢❛s❡s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s✿ ❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛✈❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❛rr♦s é ✉♠❛ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭❛s♣✐r❛r✱ ♠♦❧❤❛r✱ ❧❛✈❛r✱ ❡♥①❛❣✉❛r✱ s❡❝❛r✱ ❧✐♠♣❛r ♦s ✈✐❞r♦s ❡ ❡st❛❝✐♦♥❛r✮ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡✳ ❯♠ ❢❛t♦r ❝rít✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ sér✐❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s é ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦s à ❢r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ♦ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s✳
❈❛♥❛✐s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s✱ ❢❛s❡ ú♥✐❝❛✿ ❖s ❝❛✐①❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❡ ♦s ❣✉✐❝❤ês ♥❛s ❧♦❥❛s ❞❡ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛♠ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛✳ ❆ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✜❧❛s✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s s❡❥❛♠ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❝❡❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❡♥✲ tr❡ ❛s ✜❧❛s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❡st❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♠ ❝r♦♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉✲ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✱ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✱ ♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✜❧❛ é ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡
✸❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s sã♦ s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s
❡str✉t✉r❛ é q✉❡ ❡st❛ r❡q✉❡r ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ rí❣✐❞♦ ❞❛ ✜❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛r ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳ ❊♠ ❝❡rt❛s ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛s ❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♣♦r ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛✱ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛ ❛❧✐✈✐❛r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
❈❛♥❛✐s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s✱ ❢❛s❡s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s✿ ❊st❡ ❝❛s♦ é s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❡①✲ ❝❡t♦ q✉❡ ❞♦✐s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s s❡r✈✐ç♦s sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆ ❛❞♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧ s❡❣✉❡ ❡st❡ ♣❛❞rã♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡s✲ ♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❡t❛♣❛s é✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛❞❛✿ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ ❜❛❧❝ã♦ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐ssõ❡s✱ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧ár✐♦s✱ ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞❛s ♣✉❧s❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✲ ✜❝❛çã♦✱ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ q✉❛rt♦✱ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛té ♦ q✉❛rt♦✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✈ár✐♦s s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❡stã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s✲ ♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✈❡③✳
▼✐st♦✿ ◆❡ss❡ tó♣✐❝♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠✲s❡ ❞✉❛s s✉❜❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿ ✭✶✮ ❡str✉t✉✲ r❛s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♥❛✐s ú♥✐❝♦s ❡ ✭✷✮ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦s✳ ❊♠ ✭✶✮✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ t❛♥t♦ ❛s ✜❧❛s q✉❡ s❡ ✉♥❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ✜❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ú♥✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❡s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❞✉❛s ♣✐st❛s s❡ ❥✉♥t❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ✜❧❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❥✉♥t❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ s✉❜♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳ ❊♠ ✭✷✮✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❞✉❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♠ ♥❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ é s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉✲ t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛✐s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s✱ ❢❛s❡s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✭❛✮ ♣♦❞❡ ❤❛✈❡r ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞❡♣♦✐s q✉❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ✭❜✮ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛✐s ❡ ❢❛s❡s ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ✲ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✲ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦✳
❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ ❛ ✜❧❛ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❝❛♥❛❧✮✳ ❙✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✜♥✐t❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛ ♦✉ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥✜♥✐t❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✜♥✐t❛ t❡♠♦s ♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s q✉❡ ❛❞♠✐t❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr♦s✱ ❥á ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥✜♥✐t❛ ❋❧♦❣✐❛tt✐ ✫ ▼❛tt♦s ❬✺❪ ❝✐t❛♠ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦rt♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♥❛✈✐♦s ❝❤❡❣❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❣✉❛r❞❛♥❞♦✱ ❝❛s♦ s❡❥❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♥♦ ♠❛r✳
P❛r❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❡①♣♦st❛ ❛té ❛q✉✐ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♥♦t❛çã♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
✷✳✷ ❆ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❑❡♥❞❛❧❧
❉❛✈✐❞ ●❡♦r❣❡ ❑❡♥❞❛❧❧ ✭✶✾✶✽✲✷✵✵✼✮✹♣r♦♣ôs ❡♠ ✶✾✺✸ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❆✴❇✴❈✴❉✴❊✴❋
♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✜❧❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❧❡tr❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❛ s❛❜❡r✿
• ❆✿ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛s s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛s❀ • ❇✿ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✴s❡r✈✐ç♦❀ • ❈✿ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✴♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡♥t❡s❀ • ❉✿ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❢ís✐❝❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛❀
• ❊✿ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s❀ • ❋✿ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛❀
❖s ❞♦✐s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s t❡r♠♦s ✭❆ ❡ ❇✮ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❛ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡♠✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r✿
• ▼✿ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛✴♠❛r❦♦✈✐❛♥❛✴P♦✐ss♦♥❀ • ❊m✿ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❊r❧❛♥❣ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ♠❀
• ❍m✿ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❤✐♣❡r❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ♠❀ • ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛❀
• ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✭♥ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛✮❀
P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✜❧❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ é ♠❛r❝♦✈✐❛♥♦✱ ♦ r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❊r❧❛♥❣ ❞❡ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❣r❛✉✱ ❡①✐st❡ s❡✐s ❛t❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ é ❞❡ ✈✐♥t❡ ❡ ❞♦✐s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s é ✐♥✜♥✐t❛ ❡ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ é ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣❛ é ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛ s❡r ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦ r❡s✉♠✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❑❡♥❞❛❧❧ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ▼✴❊3/6/22/∞✴❋■❋❖✱ ♦ q✉❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❡①♣♦st❛ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
✷✳✸ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s
❆❜❛✐①♦ tr❛③❡♠♦s ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s r❛♥❞ô♠✐❝❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s q✉❡ ❛s r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛♠✳
✹♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ✐♥❣❧ês
• λ✿ ❘✐t♠♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ • µ✿ ❘✐t♠♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦
• ❚❙✿ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭❚❋ ✰ ❚❆✮ • ◆❙✿ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭◆❋ ✰ ◆❆✮ • ■❈✿ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦r ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦
IC = 1
λ
• ❚❋✿ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ✜❧❛ • ◆❋✿ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ✜❧❛
• ❚❆✿ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ♣♦r ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦
T A = 1
µ
• ❝✿ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡♥t❡s • ◆❆✿ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦s • ρ✿ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛
ρ = λ
cµ
❆❧é♠ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡①✐st❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❛ s❛❜❡r✿
• ◆❙ ❂ ◆❋ ✰ ◆❆ ✭♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦
♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ✜❧❛ ♠❛✐s ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦s✮
• ❚❙ ❂ ❚❋ ✰ ❚❆ ✭t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦
t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ✜❧❛ ♠❛✐s ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✮
❋❡✐t♦ ♦ ❡♠❜❛s❛♠❡♥t♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛❣♦r❛ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ✜❧❛ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦✳
✷✳✹ ❆ ❋✐❧❛ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦
■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ♣♦ss✉í❛♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❣✉✐❝❤ês ❞❡ ❝❛✐①❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ♣ú✲ ❜❧✐❝♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡r❛ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♦✉ q✉❛s❡ ♥❛❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞♦✱ ❡ ❡r❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛ ♠ã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜r❛✳ ❆♠✐❞❛♥✐ ❬✶❪ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛ q✉❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛✈❛ ❛té ✸✸ ❣✉✐❝❤ês ❞❡ ❝❛✐①❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✳
❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦ ✐♥❝♦♠✉♠ ❡ ❡str❛♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s é ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ✜❧❛s ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❣✉✐❝❤ê ❞❡ ❝❛✐①❛✱ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛ à t♦❞♦s ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s✳
❊ss❡ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ✜❧❛s ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛✐①❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❣r❛✈❡s✳ ❆♠✐❞❛♥✐ ❬✶❪ ❝✐t❛✿
❛✳ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✿ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠♦s ❣✉✐❝❤ês ✈❛③✐♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❞♦✐s ♦✉ três ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s s❡ ❡♥✜❧❡✐r❛✈❛♠ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ ❝❛✐①❛❀ ♥♦t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❝❡rt♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♣r❡❢❡r✐❛♠ ❝❡rt♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❛✐①❛ ✭♣✳ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❤✉♠✐❧❞❡ ❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥t❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡ ♦ ❝❛✐①❛ ♠❛✐s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✮❀ ❡ ❝❛✐①❛s ❝♦♠ ✈❛st♦ ❝✐r❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s sã♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞♦s✱ ❡t❝✳
❜✳ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣✉✐❝❤ê✿ ♦✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛♠♦s ❡ q✉❡ ❜♦❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡ ♦ s❛❣✉ã♦✱ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❣✉✐❝❤ês✱ ♠❛s ✜❝❛ ❧♦❣♦ ♥♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s à ❡♥tr❛❞❛✳ ❱ár✐❛s ✈❡③❡s ♥♦t❛♠♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ✧❛❣❧♦✲ ♠❡r❛❞♦s✧ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝❛✐①❛s ✭♣❡rt♦ ❞❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✮✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛t❡♥❞✐❛♠ ❜❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❬✶❪
❖✉tr♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s é q✉❡ s❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣✉✐❝❤ê ❞❡ ❝❛✐①❛✱ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ tr♦❝♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ✜❧❛ q✉❡ ❡stá ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s é ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞❛ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ ❝♦♠ ✢✉①♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s ✜❧❛s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡st❡s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣❛ss♦✉✲s❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✜❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛✱ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✜❧❛ ✐♥❞✐❛♥❛✱ ❝♦♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❣✉✐❝❤ês ❞❡ ❝❛✐①❛ ✭❝❛♥❛✐s ♦✉ ♣♦st♦s✮ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✜❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❣✉✐❝❤ês ❞❡ ❝❛✐①❛✱ ♠❛s ❛❣♦r❛ ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡s♣❡r❛♠ s❡♥t❛❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❛ ✜❧❛ é ❡♠✐t✐❞♦ s❡♥❤❛s ♥✉♠❡r❛❞❛s✳ P♦r ❢♦rç❛ ❞♦ ❞❡❝r❡t♦ ◆♦ ✼✵✽ ❬✸❪✱ ❞❡ ✷✸ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✼ ❡ ♣♦r q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦
❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❛ s❡♥❤❛ ♣❛ss❛ s❡r ❡♠✐t✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❛ s❡♥❤❛✱ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦ ✭❆❚❊◆❉■▼❊◆❚❖ ❈❆■❳❆ ❖❯ ❆❚❊◆❉■▼❊◆❚❖✮✱ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♦✉ ♣r✐♦r✐tár✐♦✮✱ ❞❛t❛✱ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❙❡♥❤❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛✐①❛
❢♦♥t❡✿ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❛✉t♦r
❆ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❳ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❞✐s♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❞❡ s❡♥❤❛s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❞✐r✐❣❡✲s❡ ❛ ❡st❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❡ ❢❛③ ❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ s❡♥❤❛✳ ■♥s❡r✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❛rtã♦✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♥t❛ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛♣❡rt❛♥❞♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t❡❝❧❛ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡rá ✉♠❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♦♣çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞✉❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ❝❛✐①❛ ✭❈❆■❳❆ ❈❖◆❱❊◆❈■❖◆❆▲ ❡ ❈❆■❳❆ P❘■❖❘■❚➪❘■❖✮ ❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s❡♥❤❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ s❡♥❤❛s✳
❆ ♦♣çã♦ ❈❆■❳❆ P❘■❖❘■❚➪❘■❖ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✷✳✽✼✽ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❡s❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❇❛♥❝ár✐♦ é r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❞❡✲ ✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ t❡♠♣♦rár✐♦ ♦✉ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❛✱ ✐❞♦s♦s ❝♦♠ ✐❞❛❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♦✉ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ s❡ss❡♥t❛ ❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❛♥♦s✱ ❣❡st❛♥t❡s✱ ❧❛❝t❛♥t❡s ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦✳ ❖s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ r❡t✐r❛r ❛ s❡♥❤❛ ❈❆■❳❆ ❈❖◆❱❊◆❈■❖◆❆▲✳
❆♣ós r❡t✐r❛r ❛ s❡♥❤❛ ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛ss❛♠ ❛ ❛❣✉❛r❞❛r ♥♦ s❛❣✉ã♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭✜❣✉r❛ ✹✮✳ ❖ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r❡st❛❞♦ ♣♦r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠ ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ❝❛✐①❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❳✱ ❝❛✐①❛ ❆ ♦✉ ❝❛✐①❛ ❇✳ ❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✜❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❝❛♥❛✐s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ú♥✐❝❛✳
❆ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❳ é ❛ ❋■❋❖ ✭♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣❛ é ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛ s❡r ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦✮ ✐♥t❡r❝❛❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ P❘■ ✭s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣r✐♦r✐tár✐♦✮✱ ❡ss❛ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❞❡
