! " #
$ %
&'()
'
*
#
#'
!
"# $ %
"# &
'()* " + , -(
. " / 0 1 2 , 3
+,)
4! 5()
) ! )
( 67 ! $ % 4 ) / 8 9
: ;! 2 ! 2 < =
& > "'?@ ,?
A2! B
5 ( "# -B
, C
, ! D -( , / )(
& ?E (@ ?! ?;! 2 @(?)
(' ,3'( $ (@ <%
'( 2 <%(' ,3 >
4 5;7 F (
,7 ) (
6+ 4 % G H > )? 4?E (@
( 67 I'(@ 4 ) /
D ? J (/ ! ) K B7 4 % 8 2 ) 5( - ( & ? L
M =G H
M = H ( K B ! ) " 7 4 ) , 2 !
/ ,'#7 $ 2 !
4 % =G >H ,N F ( 4 5;7 6+
?O%+
5; , % )
G =M H , % , 2 ! 1
%( " + L P9
) /! , P ! 5; =.
>H % 4 ?B
4* 2 B E L ( O%+ =
H
Q /
) 4* 2 B E R 8 2
) 4S 5( =1 H ;2 ? ? % ,?
) C6 7 /( 46E@ 4 (@' "# 4 B ) ,7
2 B
4 >
Prevalence of antibodies to
Toxoplasma gondii
in females buffaloes
in Ninavah province, Iraq
M. I. Al-Farwachi, O. K. AL-Hankawe and O. M. Al-Iraqi
Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondiiin the females of the local breed buffaloes. A 400 sera samples were collected from 49 herds from different nine geographical area in Ninavah province by using latex agglutination and modified latex agglutination tests. The results shows that the total prevalence rate of the antibodies was 30%, and this percentage was differ according to the region. The highest percentage appeared in Badosh and Qnetra at 52.3%, 51.2% respectively, while the lowest was in Hawiaslan 4.3%. The antibodies titer most appear was 80 in percentage 30.5%, while the titer 640 was lowest in percentage 1.7%. Also recorded that numbers of the active cases was highest in percentage 81.4% compared with inactive cases was lowest in percentage 18.6%, also noted that the seropositive samples decreased with age.
, % 4 ) / T U
V + %
(-) -( * ! >
, E V )
$ % 4 ) / KB * Toxoplasmagondii
= L
, * I 6 @ "@ J $P >
( /
5 I 6 ,
W D 2 D !
E =7
/ + % 4 2 , Q) : " -(! ) I 6 < 6 N
4 2 R ,*3S 3 ,
/E ,B '6! , ) W
G 1 V
X ) L7
,
O ( #( )@
V 5 W Y'L
4 7 ,
: ;! 2 ! 4 ) 2( ) #W V ( 4 #( K B 3 ,N6
D 3 2 / +
. > 4 7 , 2 !
) " 2 4 ) , #W
< ! V !
E (@ , ,
E! ) L 7 K B 4
-A2! G M C)7 , < BN '% , E (@
! , ()3 % ;! 2 , E (@ & , , ) , 9
(@ @() & N(
R B
-5 '@ " ) ,7 ) #W7 V 4 % = H = , % 1 L + ;2* % %( O% ,7
B , )%B 'B Y L
2 ) , #W > %P G ) , ( #W ! / + < 4 % M H H
( K B @()
(@ <%(' ,3'(
4 % , 2 ! # ! , ( )
6 7 # ! 1 H G H ! / + D 3 <
( K B
(@ @()
Sabin-Feldman Dye test)
> ! 7
( ! ) 4 7 /! K B
, < / +
2 < , <
,3'( (@ @()
-4 % ) #W V L M H G H ! / + ( K B <
> ;2 " 3 ! ,
) #W 4 % V
G M H M
"'@ ,
A2! @() < , 5 ( "# B
<%(' ,3'( (@ M
>
; < L+ #( *
D % B7 (
5 : ;! 2 ! P9
2 Z ( 7 V S K
O 2 K +
1 T , % /
, 4 )
+ ) % (- V -( *
! /!
[PL 4 7
) I-% ,B ) #W ! V 8 9 <
: ;! 2 ! @()
, 3 ( <%(' ,3'( (@
#W 3 D 2
@() <%(' ,3'( (@
,B I-% ,B '6! 2 6+
,B $ 2(
) 4 !'(@* #W
K ( & / V
4 (@* F ( K B , 2 B ON( < 5 ! # >
& - .
) 4 6( . C)7 , 8 9 < 2
, 42 ( BN ) S
, O%7 4 )
K B 4B3 ( E (@ & ,
: ;! 2 ,
D L
J \ ) I % ( $ 2 ,'#7 4*'-2 W % 3 & "O (
;! 2 ! < ( > 4 2) B -B 2 , Milk vein " ()
/ 4 )
Q " ! 4 6 O
2 3 7
'O ! 4% ( / E ; "
] D ^ D O@ , %( V S B )
"# "#!
ZP Q6
B ) DP M
D _
D / M () 4 # ) "# 2) O &
! Q6 / 7
% ()' 4 6 D S#
" # +
D !
] 5 B # 4 (@* T 7 , 2 >
X - B I-% <%(' ,3'( (@ @() ,B % 67
,B '6! $ % 4 ) / T 9
(@
A @-( 2 <%(' ,3'( #W
D 2 7
3 @()
( % " 2 [ 62( " O
L / *
)2 $ * . > @() ( ( D Toxolatex_kit , Z ( 9 % -Biokit-SA )+ % ' , (@* >
/-<%(' ,3'( (@ F ( , `6(7 ,N
)
4 % 4
G H $7 ,9 B 4 4 % , B
S 4 %
B "# " > I'(@ ;2 ) ! ( 6+ & , ) 5( - (
4 % 8 2 K B7 ) , ( ! (/ J D L M G H M H K B ( ! ) " 4 % , 2 ! / $ 2 ,'#7 8 2 4 % G H $7 " )(
) ( 6+ ! 4*'- / 7 ! 4 ( /! &
) 4 % M H H G H H !
% 3 2
W \ ) I % (
( K B "
>
) F ( 4 5;7 , + 6 O%+ ;2' L ! ;2 8 2 G1
) P
G =M H , 2 !
, % 1
L " + 5; ;2 8 2
, P !
/! ) =. H " "%->
F ( 4 5;7 2 <%(' ,3'( (@
,7 B 4* 2 B E ! 8 9 < 4 % 1 2 $7 ) H , 2 ! %
4 4* 2 B B E R
" a B7 )
#W & )2 L 67 < 8 9 ! 4 ) / T
_
1 G _ 1 _ _ _ _
) b #c V
B 4
(@
LAT
B 4 DP @N
B
4 2
% &
.
H H1
1 G
H H G HM G 1 1 J
H HGG G H H H 1 H M HM M D
M H
1 .M
H HM 1 2
H = H % 3
M
H H M HM H G M1 1 . I % (
H H G 1. W
GG G
H HGG G HGG G H 1 1 1.M \ )
H H G 1 M
$ 2 ,'#7
= = = MG
4*'-. H
1 G 1
H H G
G1 G M H
G M
H H M HG .
LAT
(@ <%(' ,3'( >
) "O ( /
" a B7 ) 4
# @()
<%(' ,3'( (@ 2
>
) < 8 9
# 4 B
1
H B E(@'R4* 2
H 1 B E(@'4* 2)
4 B+ `6 ON( Y L ,7 ) F (
) K B7 ,7 ;2 8 2 6+ ( ) K B 4 2 L 4 5; 6+ ( G .
H E B ^
4 ) =
4 % ( 4 2 ! ) " 4 % , 2 !
, O%7 L B7 4S 8 2 4 )
1 H "
!
" # $ % & ' () * " G a ( , ( ) 67
% 4 ) / !
8 9 <
E (@ 4 E !
> ) 4 B (@ ,3'( <%(' B 4 # 2E E ) G .
H 1 1 ^
GG
H ^
1
H G G1 , O%7
01
7 26 4 [PL
5 E (@ )
) 2( ? (
67 4 ) /
< , , & ? ?! D -(
, E (@ : ;! 2
? ,?B I-?% ,B '6!
6+ , 3 (
#W 4 ?- ? % ? 3 D 2
) N( K B , 2 B O )
( 6+ "'@ ,
<%(' ,3'( (@ @() % X (@ 2) # @-( P9 K B $ (2 E " % @
,B I-% 6+ ,? IgM IgG > 426 7 ?) F (
,7 )? #W V % ! 8 9 4? % <
G H ,7
( ) [PL
K 9 B ?) D @ , "5
V -(
B B (9 5 ,? A @( 2# &
+
4 O 65
: @+ ,B '6!
? (B
K B < I'B+
?( PS( ,3@ ) D3%
5 ! (( / , ! ( V /
# 82 ( (
! 3 (( I ) 5) ! ,B I'B+
" 2(( % K 9 # F @ > P9 ,7 B () ?! " /2 ! 3 ( /
,3 @ I'B+
? #? F )? J/ D3%
[
- E ,B C'6! ,N?! ? ( ! 3 S( / D B
< %7 5?- D ? X / K/ ( 2 V
? 2(
F @ () - #
> V ? < ? %7 3 ( (
I ; ) 5( /
P9 ?! T / Q ()(
S M 2(( ! S D 2
< %+ 56 ( B K 9
"O D 2 4 . ] D ? & > ;2 () ! I'(@ ) ! ? ( 67 4 ) /
& , ) 5( - (
? :3
Y P ! ) K 9
( PL I ; ! I'(@* Q &E
%P [ G , ? D ? O% ? E( & ,N
I ?; ! B 4 P , %(
? '
8 2W V < %7 d ( 5 !
>
F ( , ;2 ()
, 6+
O%+ , % ;2'
P9 ! ;2 G1 ) P G =M H , % , 2 !
1 L " 5; > P9 P ;2 , ) =. H ) ,7 ( 6+ # ( ( 5 9 <
( 4 ) Q /
4 7 ! , 6 I'(@* PL K 9 ,7 V < %7
D B $ % 4 ) / %(
, ) ( F @ 4 P 7
I 6 !
D % 4 ( , R K B
,7 5 % $ % 4 ) /
,7 ! O %(( ) 7
/ + % , B ) 5 ( e 7 ,7 7 B % "%- "/( L )7 V , M 1 > %P % . , #W ! / + R b( * $ K 9
X% ( Y P ) 4 'B 5; +
/ / ,
$ % 4 ) / 6 B >
4 5;7 F (
2 <%(' ,3'( (@ ,7
)
( 4* 2 B E L 4 % K B+ = H Q / ) 4* 2 B E R 1 H @() P7 * (@ @+
! X , % 3 ,B D 2 4* 2 3 ( (@* PL
" 2 @() O ( %
"
, % 2 [ $P
B
IgM
, % K/ , 2 !
B
IgG
> R ,N [T 6 K B )E I'(@* PL ,
2 L ! 4 % <%(' ,3'( (@ 4 , 2 ! ,7
, " B , 3 L ! 4 5; 4
=
, % , % ) ,7
, 5 ( 5 R 4 8 9
< ( " 2 , ( "2 ! , 56
8 9
465 7
B , % , %
IgM
F @ 5;
2 )7
( P "# X ! )+ O Q VE@ )7 Q 5- () D [T / ()
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
1/20 1/40 1/80 1/160 1/320 1/640 6+
+
,
27 K/ O%+ ) , G
G , B ) O e
, E
) 7 , 2 M >
;2 () ! C6 7
, K B7 ) ( 67 4 ) /
4 % ^
) " , 2 ! ) 4 5;
O%7
, 4 ) 'B Y L ,7 $7
) ,
#W
PL E( * & Q %P [ . ( X() ! L 7
!
,N6 [ %P Q F ( [PL &E(( , 2 ! P9
;2*
,N Y L ) , 2 B , )%B 'B #W
!
K B L 7 ( X() G M
)7 BN < ,
'% , E (@ , )
! E (@ &
, ;! 2
! , ()3 % , 9
>
0
? $ ? ? ? % " , 82 B ( "#
+
1. Bhopale GM, Naik SR, Bhave GG, Naik SS, Gogate A. Assessment
of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay based diagnostic kits (Toxokit-G and Toxokit-M) for the detection of IgG and IgM
antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in human serum. Comp Immun
Microbial Infect Dis 1997; 20: 309–314.
2. Dubey JP, Bettie CP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and man. Boca
Roton, Florida: CRC Press 1988: 200-202.
3. Jackson MH, Hutchison WM. In: Advances in parasitology. Baker
JR, Muller R, eds. London: Academic press 1989: 55–86.
4. Urquhart GM, Armour J, Duncan JL, Dunn AM, Jennings FW.
Veterinary Parasitolgy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scince Ltd 1996:
234–238.
5. Hill D, Dubey JP. Toxoplasma gondii, transmission, diagnosis and
prevention. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8: 634–640.
6. Sukthana Y. Toxoplasmosis ; beyond animals to humans. Trends
Parasitol 2006; 22: 137–142.
. >
2 7 < % % R )
>
T A @-( # )
/
: ;! 2 ! , ) W Rf 4 )
>
% () )
& "# "# $
>
>
2 2(! '27
>
67 ( ,B 2) )
: ;! 2 ! 65 Z ! $ % 4 ) /
>
0 1 a 1 >
>
'27 S B B $ ) 2 " /B I
-2(! >
$ % 4 ) / 67 ( ,B 2) )
Toxoplasmagondii
! D 3 3B R+ / + !
: ;! 2
> 0
a MG ^
1 >
>
& 3 B g B
> )
4 ) / T ) #
, E ! ( #W D 3 4 2 ! %
>
() )
"# "# $ %
& >
>
b & 3 B ) : ) , R
>
# V ,B $ 2(
B 4 ON( ) Q :
E 6
Toxoplasma gondii >
$ % D (% 2 7
& "# "# M
>
12. Navidpours S, Hoghoogh-rad, N. Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma
gondii antibodies in buffaloes in khoozestan province, Iran. Vet Parasitol 1998; 77: 191-194.
13. Maronpot RR, Botros BA. Toxoplasma serologic survey in man and
domestic animals in Egypt. J Egy Pub Heal Ass 1972; 47: 58–67.
14. Huong LT, Ljungstrom BL, Uggla A, Bjorkman C. Prevalence of
antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in cattle and water buffaloes in Southern Vietnam. Vet Parasitol 1998; 75: 7-53.
15. Gondim LF, Barbosa HV, Filho CHA, Sqeki H. Serological survey
of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in goats, sheep, cattle and water buffaloes in Bahia state, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 1999; 82: 273–276.
16. AL-Jamass, RK. Determination of some featural and production
traits on Iraqi water buffalo in Badosh . Buffalo Newsletter 1999; 12: 12–13.
. >
B 3 2 e ! I E@ >
4 ) / T # ) "3B
: ;! 2 ! W ,) T ) !
> )
% ()
& "# "# >
>
2 B , )2 T /
>
E 6 )
ON( DT E% ( Q : ;! 2 8 9 ! 4 ) / T )
4 # ! / V
>
% () )
"# "# &
>
19. Karim KA, Landlam GB. The relationship and significance of
-20. Dubey JP, Emond JP, Desmonts G. Serodiagnosis of postnatally and
prenatally induced Toxoplasmosis in sheep. Am J Vet Res 1988; 58: 35–39.
21. Skjerve E, Waldeland H, Nesbakken T, Kapperud C. Risk factors for
the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Norwegian
slaughters lambs. Prev Vet Med 1998; 35: 219–227.
22. Wilson M, Mcauley JB. Toxoplasma. In: Manual of clinical
microbiology. 7th ed. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover
FC, Yolker RH, eds. Washington: American Society for Microbiology 1999: 1372-1382.
23. Plant JW, Freeman P, Sounders E. Serological survey of the
prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in rams in sheep flooks in Newsouth wales. Aust Vet J 1982; 59: 87–89.
24. Riemann HP, Willadsen CM, Berry LJ, Behymer DE, Garcia ZV,
Franti CE, Ruppanner R. Survey for toxoplasma antibodies among sheep in Western Nnited State. J Am Asso Vet Med 1977; 177: 1260–1264.
25. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC, Hinchcliff KW. Veterinary
medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pig, goats and
horses. 9th ed. Philadelphia: WB Sanuders Company 2000: 1317–
1322.
26. Dubey JP. Distribution of cysts and tachyzoites in calves and
pregnant cows inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Vet
Parasitol 1983; 13: 199–211.
27. Dubey TP, Thulliez P. Persistence of tissue cysts in edible tissues of
cattle fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Am J Vet Res 1994; 54: 270– 273.
28. Dannemann BR, Vaughan WC, Thulliez P, Remington JS.
Differential agglutination test for diagnosis of recently acquired infection with Toxoplasma gondii . J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1928– 1933.
29. Oksanen A, Tryland M, Johson K, Dubey JP. Serosurvey of
Toxoplasma gondii in North Atlantic marine mammals by the use of agglutination test employing whole tachzoites and dithothreitol. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infec Dis 1998; 21: 107– 114.
30. Gorgievski-Hrisoho M, Germann D, Matter l. Diagnostic
implications of kinetics of immunoglobulin M and antibody responses to Toxoplasma gondii . J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1506– 1511.
31. Jenum PA, Stray-pedersen BS. Develpoement of specific
immunoglobin G, M and A following primary Toxoplasma gondii