RARE COLLECTION ABOUT KASHMIR:
SURVEY AND DOCUMENTATION
Rosy Jan
Shahina Islam
Uzma Qadri
Department of Library and Information Science University of Kashmir India
ABSTRACT
Kashmir has been a fascinating subject for authors and analysts. Volumes have been documented and published about its multi-faceted aspects in varied forms like manuscripts, rare books and images available in a number of institutions, libraries and museums worldwide. The study explores the institutions and libraries worldwide possessing rare books (published before 1920) about Kashmir using online survey method and documents their bibliographical details. The study aims to analyze subject, chronology and country wise collection strength. The study shows that the maximum collection of the rare books is on travelogue 32.48% followed by Shaivism1 8.7%. While as the collection on other subjects lies in the range of 2.54%-5.53% with least of 2.54% on Grammar. Literature of 20th century is preserved by maximum of libraries (53.89%) followed by 19th century (44.93%), 18th century (1.08%) and 17th century (0.09%) and none of the library except Cambridge University library possesses a publication of 17th century. The treasure of rare books lies maximum in United States of America (56.7%) followed by Great Britain (35%), Canada(6%), Australia (1.8%) with least in Thailand (0.45%).
Keywords: Rare Books; Rare Books Collections; Kashmir; Manuscripts; Paintings.
1 INTROUCTION
2004a). Kashmir as a nursery of learning and religion has to credit its multi-dimensional and multi-faceted contributions to the cultural heritage. There is no segment of human learning and abstract thought which intellectuals and thinkers of Kashmir have not nourished and enriched with loftiness of their thought and sublimate of their expression. The prolific faculties that they were endowed with have found remarkable expression in the annals of Philosophy, Aesthetics, Poetics, Sculpture and Architecture and more than most in Mathematics, Astronomy and Astrology (KOUL,2001).
For centuries, Kashmir has been a fascinating subject for authors and analysts. Texts have been written about its multi-faceted aspects. The shared characteristics are evident in the sub continental literatures from the earliest period to the modern one – characteristics that reveal how a literary movement, religious or secular, passes from one language area to another. It is the rule of nature that a change in thinking results in the change in action, which in turn changes the environment (DHAR, 2000).
All these changes are reflected in the literature produced from time to time by a significant amount of academics and poets of Kashmir, such as: Sheikh Noor Mukundram, Pandit Saheb Ram Kaul, Govind Koul, Sahajabhatta, Nityanand and
Their contribution resulted in vast literature on various facets of Kashmir that is presently available in the form of manuscripts, books, images and paintings in the worldwide. A number of institutions, libraries and museums like India Office Library, British Library, Library of Congress, Yale University Library, Cambridge University Library, Washington University Library etc., have preserved these collections. Some of these institutions have made the collection about Kashmir available online, while some have listed them in their online catalogues and few of the collection remain uncatalogued in certain institutions.
2 PROBLEM
Though a number of libraries, institutions and museums are preserving the rich treasure of manuscripts about Kashmir, hardly any effort has been made to explore and identity the institutions were they are lying in. The study at hand explores the institutions featuring manuscripts, books and images about Kashmir as a part of
their collection. The study focuses on compiling metadata of the available collection of manuscripts, books and images about Kashmir.
3 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES
The study is confined to identify rare books, images (before 1920) and manuscripts about Kashmir in the libraries of Canada, Great Britain, USA, Australia and Thailand. The objectives are: a) To explore the manuscripts, rare books and images about Kashmir; b) To compile bibliographical details of manuscripts, rare books and images about Kashmir; c) Verify the subject; d) Verify the chronology.
5 METHODOLOGY
the world’ and a website ‘Cashmerian Sanscritist’. Libraries were selected using simple random sampling. To fulfill the second objective, records pertaining to manuscripts, rare books and images were extracted and the necessary information was documented.
6 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Though mass of literature about Kashmir have been preserved by institutions, museums and libraries at national and international level but meager efforts have been put to get knowhow about Kashmir collection.
George Buhler undertook a task in 1870’s to search Sanskrit manuscripts in Kashmir. The result lead to the collection of more than 300 pieces of Kashmiri great works for deposit in the government publication (KAW, 2004b). The National Library of Pakistan has acquired 555 manuscripts and other collection. Special collection includes rare handwritten manuscripts in Persian language relating to history of
Kashmir (AHSAAN, 2009).
Shaheen (2007) reveals that the Khurshid National Library Muzaffarabad has a special section known as ‘Kashmir Collection’that houses world’s largest collection of materials on Kashmir, including some manuscripts, more than 3,500 books and more than 40,000 documents related to the history of Jammu2 and Kashmir and its freedom movement either in original or in micro film/fiche or photocopy form. Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library has a rich collection of manuscripts in Persian, Arabic, Urdu and other languages available in 30 volumes set descriptive catalogue. Besides certain manuscripts relating to Kashmir has been introduced in the catalogue (CHANDRASHEKHAR, 2007).
Das (2009) reveals that Schmitz worked on the miniatures and illustrated manuscripts over a long period of time. Close to 4,000 miniatures and 35 albums containing an additional 1,000 miniatures of Arab, Persian, Central Asian, Pre-Mughal, Pre-Mughal, Deccani, and later Mughal schools of Delhi, Lucknow, Kashmir, Lahore, Rampur, and Rajasthan have been examined and catalogued. ‘Jambudvipa3 - Indian Philosophy and Hinduism’ provides links to sites devoted to Indian Philosophy and Hinduism, Kashmir Saivism, history and teachings of Kashmir (JAMBUDVIPA, 2009).
Pandita (2005a) Research and Publication Department of Jammu and Kashmir lists 17 manuscripts about history of medieval Kashmir generally written in Farsi4. Sri Ranbir Sanskrit Research Institute Jammu produced a descriptive catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts most of them are in Devanagari5 and Sharada6 script reflecting the cultural heritage of Kashmir (MISHRA, 2004).
Tambo (2003) states, H. A. Walter - India/Kashmir Photograph album a photo album with 252 b/w photos, mainly taken during 1912-1916, of H. A. Walter and
family in India and Kashmir reflecting local scenes and people, especially around Srinagar is preserved in Davidson Library of University of California. The Kashmir Bhawan Centre, through its inspiring team with the fullest cooperation and support of
the Bodleian Library and funds granted by the Heritage Lottery Fund, began a project to create a website on Stein’s Kashmir legacy. The major content hosted on the website includes some Sanskrit manuscripts from Stein’s collection, together with their translation into English, Stein’s photograph collection etc. (PANDITA, 2005b).
‘Kashmir Web links’ provides links to other Internet resources which describe the background, history and current events in Kashmir (UNITED…, 2005). Letters of John Wilson (1804-1875), Missionary and Orientalist comprises letters from Wilson at Harewood Glen relating to his ‘journeying’ in the Himalaya Range, Kashmir, and other countries on India Border (UNIVERSITY…, 2009).
National Library of India has separate Indian language division for Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu languages with Kashmiri division that became an independent division in 1983 having 500 Kashmir books (COLLECTIONS…, [n.a.]).
Khuda Baksh Khan Library is a repository of nearly 2 lakh printed books and 22,000 very rare manuscripts. It also preserves artifacts of Kashmir (KHUDA…, 2003). Muktobodha Indological Research Institute7 examines that Harry Spier implemented a project of building a digital library covering texts of Kashmir Shaivism. Sanskrit manuscripts in Devanagari, old Nevari and Granatha script were included in the Library.
Kaul ([n.a.]) reveals that Pandit Dinnath Yaksh as a copyist in Jammu and Kashmir Research and Publication Department established a section on Kashmir School of Art and Paintings, which contain some 500 rare Kashmiri paintings and miniatures. Dogra Art Museum (2009) houses about 800 rare and exquisite paintings
from different schools of paintings-viz: Basholi, Jammu and Kangra. The Museum also has hand written manuscripts of Shahnama and Sikandernama both in Persian. The British Library’s Kashmiri collections contain 7 manuscripts, principally vocabularies and poetry in the Perso-Arabic script; approximately 300 printed books dating from the early 19th century to the present day (BRITISH LIBRARY…, 2010).
7 ANALYSIS OF DATA
Library of Congress holds a maximum collection of 17.9% of rare books, followed by British Library 15.8%, while as the rare books in other libraries lie in the range of 0.45%-9.2%, with the least collection of 0.36% in Washington University Library, except India Office Library that does not hold any collection of rare books. The India Office Library holds a maximum collection of 88.6% of manuscripts, followed by British library 4.2%, while in other libraries range of manuscript collection varies from 0.0%-3%. The India Office has a maximum collection of 55.8% of images, followed by British Library 39.4%, and the range of image collection in other libraries is 0%-2.4%.
Table 1: Collections of select libraries pertaining Kashmir.
Library Rare Books Manuscripts Images Total
Bodleian Library 61 (5.5) Nil Nil 61 (2.28)
British Library 174 (15.8) 7 (4.32) 554 (39.4) 735 (27.5)
Cambridge University Library 101 (9.2) Nil Nil 101 (3.78)
Cornell University Library 84(7.6) Nil Nil 84 (3.14)
Edinburgh University Library 32 (2.9) Nil Nil 32 (1.19)
India Office Library Nil 147 (90.7) 785 (55.8) 932 (34.9)
Leiden University Library 67 (6.1) Nil 34 (2.4) 101 (3.78)
Library of Congress 197 (17.9) 2 (1.2) 4 (0.3) 202 (7.56)
McGill University Library 22 (2) Nil Nil 22 (0.81)
National Library of Australia 20 (1.8) 2 (1.2) Nil 22 (0.81)
National Library of Canada 15 (1.4) Nil Nil 15 (0.55)
National Library of Thailand 5 (0.45) Nil Nil 5 (0.18)
Newberry Library 38 (3.4) Nil Nil 38 (1.4)
North Western University Library 20 (1.8) Nil Nil 20 (0.73)
University of British Columbia Library 29 (2.6) Nil Nil 29 (1.07)
University of Michigan Library 40 (3.6) Nil Nil 40 (1.48)
University of Princeton Library 50 (4.5) 1 (0.62) 2 (0.14) 53 (1.96)
University of Virginia Library 18 (1.63) Nil Nil 18 (0.66)
Welcome Institute London 17 (1.5) 1 (1.32) 29 (2.1) 47 (1.76)
Yale University Library 106 (9.6) 1 (1.32) Nil 107 (3.97)
Total 1102 (41.3) 162 (6.07) 1407 (52.71) 2669 (100)
Note: Numbers between parentheses represent %.
The Table 2 shows that among the surveyed libraries India Office Library holds rich manuscript collection on all the identified subjects. British Library manuscript collection confines to the field of history (40%). National Library of Australia possesses 9.09% and 20% on dairies and history respectively. While as the
remaining libraries have 1.9% manuscripts collection other than the identified subjects.
Table 2: Subject of Collection (Manuscripts).
Library Correspondence Travelogue Memories Dairies Accounts Gilgit8 Dispute History Others Total
British Library Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 2
(40) 5 (9.4) 7 (4.3) Library of
Congress Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
2 (3.8) 2 (1.2) India Office Library 36 (100) 13
(100) 16 (100) 10 (90.9) 5 (100) 9 (100) 11 (100) 2 (40) 45 (79.2) 147 (90.7) National Library
of Australia Nil Nil Nil
1
(9.09) Nil Nil Nil
1
(20) Nil 2 (1.2)
University of
Princeton Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
1 (1.9) 1 (0.67) Washington University
Library Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
1 (1.9)
1 (0.67)
Welcome
Institute London Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
1 (1.9)
1 (0.67)
Yale University
Library Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
1 (1.9)
1 (0.67)
Total 36 (22) 13 (8) 16 (10) 11 (7) 5 (3) 9 (6) 11 (7) 5 (3) 53
(33) 162
Note: Numbers between parentheses represent %.
by United States of America (25.3%), Canada (2.5%), Australia (0.81%) and Thailand (0.18%).
Table 3: Collection available by country.
Location/Country Library Surveyed Total
Australia National Library of Australia 22
Canada
National Library of Canada McGill University Library University of British Columbia
66
Great Britain
Bodleian Library Oxford British Library
Cambridge University Library Edinburgh University Library India Office Library
Welcome Institute London
1,908
Thailand National Library of Thailand 5
United States Of America
Cornell University Library Newberry Library
North-Western University Library Princeton University Library Library of Congress
Leiden University Library Michigan University Library Virginia University Library Washington University Library Yale University Library
668
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NOTES
Shiva is everything and in all, as creator, preserver, destroyer, and one that reveals and protects all that exists. Available: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism>.
2 Jammu and Kashmir is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan Mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistani territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, to the west and northwest respectively. Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as ‘Little Tibet’, is renowned for
its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture. Available:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir>.
3 Jambudvīpa is the dvipa (island’ or ‘continent’) of the terrestrial world, as envisioned in the cosmologies of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, which is the realm where ordinary human beings live. Although the description given below does not go with the Jainism description of Jambudvipa and its surroundings, the word Jambudvipa holds a very important place in Jain Cosmology, and has a different architecture. Available: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambudvipa>.
4 Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran and known by Persian speakers as Farsi or Parsi, Afghanistan (officially known as "Dari" since 1958 for political reasons), Tajikistan (officially known as "Tajik" since the Soviet era), and other countries which historically came under Persian influence. The Persian language is classified as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanid Persia, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Persian Empire in the Achaemenid era. Persian is a pluricentric language and its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages. Available: < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language>.
5 The Nāgarī or Devanāgarī alphabet developed from eastern variants of the Gupta script called
Nāgarī, which first emerged during the 8th century. This script was starting to resemble the modern
Devanāgarī alphabet by the 10th century, and started to replace Siddham from about 1200. The
name Devanāgarī is made up of two Sanskrit words: deva, which means god, brahman or celestial,
and nāgarī, which means city. The name is variously translated as "script of the city",
"heavenly/sacred script of the city" or "[script of the] city of the Gods or priests". Available: <http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari.htm>.
6 The Śāradā, or Sharada is an abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts, developed around the 8th century. It was used for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri. The Gurmukhī script was
developed from Śāradā. Originally more widespread, its use became later restricted to Kashmir, and
it is now rarely used except by the Kashmiri Pandit community for ceremonial purposes. Śāradā is
another name for Saraswati, the goddess of learning. Available:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharada_script>.
7 The mission of the Muktabodha Indological Research Institute is to preserve endangered texts from the religious and philosophical traditions of classical India and make them accessible for study. Available: <http://www.muktabodha.org/>.
the Karakoram and other peaks in the Himalayas, the other hub being Skardu. Available: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit>.
Rosy Jan
Assistant professor
Department of Library and Information Science University of Kashmir
E-Mail: hakimrosy@yahoo.co.in India
Shahina Islam Research scholar
Department of Library and Information Science University of Kashmir
E-Mail: Malik.shahana@gmail.com India
Uzma Qadri Research scholar
Department of Library and Information Science University of Kashmir
