http://dx.doi.org/10.15361/1984-5529.2016v44n3p338-345
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Foliar fertilization with gradual release of shale-based nutrients in strawberry and its effect on yield and compounds with
functional potential
Adubação foliar e de liberação gradual de nutrientes à base de xisto na cultura do morangueiro e seu efeito sobre a produção e os compostos com
potencial funcional
Vanessa Fernandes ARAUJO1; Gerson Kleinick VIGNOLO2; Ellen Cristina PERIN3; Clause Fátima de Brum PIANA4; Carlos Augusto Posser SILVEIRA5; Carlos Alberto Barbosa MEDEIROS5
1 Autor para correspondência, Engenheira Agrônoma, MSc., Doutoranda, PPGSPAF da Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão s/n- 96900-010, Capão do Leão, RS vagroufpel@hotmail.com
2 Eng. Agrônomo, Dr., Pós-doc, PPGA, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, gerson_vignolo@yahoo.com.br
3 Técnóloga em Alimentos, Ma., Doutoranda PPGCTA, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, ellenperin@hotmail.com
4 Bióloga, Dra., Professora,Universidade Federal de Pelotas, clausepiana@yahoo.com.br
5 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Dr. Pesquisador, Embrapa Clima Temperado, augusto.posser@embrapa.br;
carlos.medeiros@embrapa.br
Recebido em: 03-08-2015; Aceito em: 23-03-2016 Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a fertilizer matrix of shale-based by-products and shale water as an alternative fertilization on strawberry culture. Were used 16 treatments, which resulted from the combination of three factors levels: cultivar (with two levels: Camarosa and Camino Real), allocated in plot, complementary base fertilization (with two levels: with and without MBR fertilizer matrix at a dose of 2000 kg ha-1), allocated in subplots and foliar fertilization (with four levels: Shale water, shale water + boron, shale water + calcium and a control without foliar fertilization), allocated in the sub-subplot. Yield, functional compounds and fruit chemical analysis were investigated. The production obtained in strawberry crop was similar or higher than national average. In the conditions of this study, in area with high level of initial fertility, the complementary base fertilization with MBR and foliar fertilization with shale water-based, did not influence the variables of quality such as the functional properties and chemical characteristics of strawberry fruits. Similarly, the added micronutrients in leaf fertilization shale water-based, Ca and B did not influence the yield and quality variables of studied culture.
Additional keywords: complementary fertilization; Fragaria x ananassa; stonemeal.
Resumo
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de uma matriz fertilizante à base de subprodutos de xisto e da água de xisto como adubação complementar na cultura do morangueiro. Foram utilizados 16 tratamentos que resultaram das combinações dos níveis de três fatores: cultivar (com dois níveis: Camarosa e Camino Real), alocado na parcela, adubação de base complementar (com dois níveis: com e sem matriz fertilizante MBR, na dose de 2.000 kg ha-1), alocado na subparcela e adubação foliar (com quatro níveis: água de xisto, água de xisto + boro; água de xisto + cálcio, e uma testemunha sem adubação foliar), alocado na subsubparcela. As variáveis analisadas foram: produção, compostos funcionais e análises químicas dos frutos. A produção obtida no cultivo do morangueiro situou-se em níveis semelhantes ou superiores à média dessa cultura a nível nacional. Nas condições deste estudo, em área de alto nível de fertilidade inicial, as adubações de base complementar com MBR e adubação foliar à base de água de xisto não influenciaram as variáveis de qualidade como as propriedades funcionais e as características químicas dos frutos de morangueiro. Da mesma forma, os micronutrientes adicionados na adubação foliar à base de água de xisto, Ca e B não influenciaram as variáveis de produção e a qualidade da cultura estudada.
Palavras-chave adicionais: adubação complementar; Fragaria x ananassa; rochagem.
Introduction
Family farming is responsible for ensuring
much of Brazil’s food security as an important food provider for the intern market (França et al., 2009).
Among the various products grown by family farmers,
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stand out vegetables, for allowing quick economic return (Amaro et al., 2007). Among vegetables, strawberry is an alternative for farmers who need satisfactory yield in small areas and also want to diversify their property, in order to have greater economic security and rational labor use (Ronque et al. 2013).
One of the major problems observed in strawberry crops is the excessive use of highly con- centrated soluble fertilizers, which cause damage to soil biodiversity, product quality and the ecosystem as a whole. Sometimes farmers are negligent in relation to the soil, leading to property deterioration, which is mainly biological and often irreversible, affecting the yield potential. As an example, according to Madail et al. (2007), the conventional strawberry cultivation system generally involves inappropriate use of chemicals in the crop. In this system, plants received a large load of agrochemicals during their cycle, putting strawberry among fruits with the highest agrochemical residue levels. In addition, strawberry agrochemical levels are often above what is tolerated by the law, as shown by the National Program of Pesticide Residue Analysis in Food (PARA), announced on 29 October 2013 by the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA, 2013).
Moreover, other problems faced by farmers - especially family farmers - are the high external dependence and high input cost.
About 70% of fertilizers used in Brazil are derived from imported conventional nutrient sources, which essentially consist of NPK variants with high concentration and high solubility (Rodrigues, 2009).
Thus, farmers can diversify their production and develop sustainable production systems, taking advantage of niches and market demand for differ- entiated products (Meert et al., 2009). Therefore, it is important to study production systems that accept byproducts of different origins in their fertilization, complementing soluble fertilization and allowing for products with better quality and reduced environ- mental impacts.
Among byproducts that may be used as fer- tilizers stand out those of organic origin, such as manure and plant residues, and those of mineral origin, such as rock powders from mining activity byproducts. In this group, products obtained from rock mining deserve special attention, which are normally used in powder form (particle size < 0.3 mm) through soil remineralization or stonemeal. Soil remineraliza- tion (or stonemeal) is the use of grounded rocks (called agrominerals) with the purpose of restoring minerals taken from the soil by crops or loss (erosion and leaching). Although it may seem new, grounded rocks have been used for several years, with liming and phosphate application as examples (Meert et al., 2009).
Advantages attributed to this practice are the concomitant supply of various nutrients (especially micronutrients), due to diverse agromineral composi- tion and more gradual nutrient availability, and CTC
increase (due to 2:1 clay minerals presence or neoformation), making possible the reducing conven- tional soluble fertilizer use and environmental risks associated with it. Production cost reduction in the field is also another stonemeal advantage, especially for family farmers (Pádua, 2012)
Research developed in this study is inserted in the context of the Projeto Xisto Agrícola (Agricul- tural Shale Project), which started in 2004 with the coordination of Brazilian Temperate Agriculture Research - Embrapa (Pelotas/RS/BR) and is devel- oped in partnership with Petrobras-SIX through the Shale Industrialization Unit, São Mateus do Sul (PR).
The project includes an extensive research and development program for new inputs to be used in agriculture, through the use of shale processing byproducts as raw materials for fertilizer matrix formulation. Within this proposal, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a fertilizer matrix shale-based on and shale water (SW) byproducts as complementary fertilization for strawberry crops.
Material and methods
The study was conducted under field condi- tions, from May to December 2011, on a private property in Estrada da Gama, 9th district, municipality of Pelotas, Brazil. The soil where the experiment was conducted is classified as a red-yellow Argisol (Embrapa, 2006). In 2011, during the implementation of this study, the soil of the location had the following
characteristics: 5.6 water pH; 431 mg dm-3 P;
94 mg dm-3 K; 4.5 cmolc dm-3 Ca; 1.8 cmolc dm-3 Mg;
18.5% clay and 2.0% organic matter, in the layer from 0 to 20 cm depth.
Prior to planting, soil analysis for base ferti- lizer recommendation with N, P and K was con- ducted, and doses of 120, 90 and 60 kg ha-1, respectively, were used. Tung press cake was used as N source (5.0% N; 4800 kg ha-1 dose), DJEBEL natural phosphate was used as P source (33.0%
P2O5, 273 kg ha-1 dose) and a rock extraction residue for construction, identified as monzogranite, was used as K source (4.33% total K2O; 1,386 kg ha-1 dose).
These sources were used due to nutrient composition and availability in the region.
The N dose was defined according to soil organic matter content (< 2.5%). For P and K nutrients, the lowest recommended dosage was adopted, taking into account the crop nutrient replacement/export criterion (CQFS RS/SC, 2004), as their contents in the soil were classified as 'very high' (> 42 mg dm-3) and 'high' (61-120 mg dm-3), respectively.
Beds, which were built in a soil with approximately 20 cm elevation, had dimensions of 1.25 m width and 60 m length. Spacing between beds was of 50 cm.
The experiment had a sub-subplot random- ized block design, with four repetitions. Were used 16 treatments resulting from the combination of three
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factors, as follows: Cultivar (with two levels:
Camarosa and Camino Real), allocated in the plot;
complementary base Fertilization (CBF) (with two levels: with and without MBR fertilizer matrix, in the 2,000 kg ha-1 dose), allocated in the subplots; and foliar fertilization (with four levels: SW, SW + 2% B;
SW + 10% calcium and a control, without foliar ferti- lization), allocated in the sub-subplot. Camarosa and Camino Real cultivars were used in the experiment because they are the most planted cultivars by local farmers. MBR fertilizer matrix consists of 11.5% CaO, 4.1% MgO, 1.73% K2O, 7.8% sulfur and 25.9% silicon, which, in the proper dosage, provide 165 kg ha-1 Ca, 50 kg ha-1 Mg, 28.8 kg ha-1 K, 155 kg ha-1 S and 517 kg ha-1 total Si, where 0.7% is soluble.
Were used 5 L ha-1 SW, and calcium chloride and boric acid were used as Ca and B sources. Three stock solutions were stored, as follows: 200 mL SW, 200 mL SW + 73.5 g CaCl2 2H2O and 200 mL SW + 22.88 g H3BO3. 20 mL of each stock solution was diluted in 1,980 mL distilled water at every application, corresponding to a spray volume of 100 L ha-1. The solution for each application was prepared with 10% Ca or 2% B with 1% SW. Five shale water applications were conducted via foliar application (Table 1).
Table 1 - Shale water dates and foliar application doses in strawberry cultivation. Brazilian Temperate Agriculture Research - Embrapa, FAEM/UFPel, Pelotas, 2015.
Number of
applications Date Volume
(L ha-1)
1 07/19/2011 1
2 08/15/2011 1
3 09/14/2011 1
4 10/14/2011 1
5 11/16/2011 1
Each plot consisted of three rows 9.6m long and seedlings of Camarosa and Camino Real culti- vars, from Argentina, were put in plots with 30 cm spacing between plants, totaling 72 plants per plot, which corresponds to a population of 50,000 plants ha-1. The subplot consisted of half the plot area, comprising 36 plants, and the sub-subplot consisted of a quarter of the subplot area, containing nine strawberry plants.
Harvest began on 09/01/2011 in the matura- tion phase, with 75% or more of red skin, when 2 L ha-1 SWFF had already been applied in straw- berry. From there, four harvests were conducted before the third SWFF application, held on 09/14/2011.
Pest control was carried out by visual obser- vation of disease symptoms and pests in plants.
According to the need, control measures recom- mended for the culture were applied.
Variables analyzed were Average number of fruits per plant, average yield per plant (g plant-1), average weight per fruit (g fruit-1), antioxidant activity (methodology adapted from Brand-Williams et al., 1995), total anthocyanins (methodology adapted from Fuleki; Francis, 1968), total phenolic compounds (method adapted from Swain; Hillis, 1959), total soluble solids (ºBrix) and titratable acidity (AOAC, 2000).
Analysis of variance was used for all varia- bles. Analyzes were performed using the Mixed procedure of SAS statistical program. The 0.05 sig- nificance level was adopted for main effect and sim- ple effect tests (interactions).
Results and discussions
The experiment showed 421.85 g average yield, with 439.81 g for Camino Real cultivar and 403.9 g of fruits per plant by Camarosa cultivar.
Cultivars did not develop their entire yield potential, but were higher than 300 g per plant, which is considered an economic viability threshold for strawberry crops (Rebelo & Balardin, 1997), and higher than 300-400 g, which is the average of Rio Grande do Sul state (Pagot & Hoffmann, 2003;
Antunes & Duarte Filho, 2005). Taking into account that most nutrient levels in the soil were classified as
"high", the reasons for cultivars don't have expressed their full productive potential are mainly related to Rhizoctonia soil fungus occurrence, affecting plant root system, development and yield.
Oliveira et al. (2008), while assessing the agronomic performance of three strawberry cultivars in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, obtained higher yields for these cultivars, with a slight superiority tendency of 'Camino Real' (1,121 g plant-1) in relation to Camarosa (1,038 g plant-1). Vignolo et al. (2011) found higher yield per plant in the Camarosa cultivar in relation to Camino Real, like Cocco (2014), contrary to previous results.
A relevant factor observed by Camargo et al.
(2010) is that each cultivar has a different performance within each system (conventional or organic). In the present experiment, an alternative cultivation system in which soluble fertilizers were replaced by organomineral products, such as tung press cake and rock powders, was used. Yield vari- ations observed for the same cultivars can also be related to physiological and genetic factors that are altered by environmental conditions and directly affect flowering and fruit development. Yield may also be affected by seedling sanitary quality and management during the crop cycle (Larcher, 2005).
As for complementary base fertilization (CBF) with MBR, yield improvement was expected through the application of this nutritional supplement due to diverse nutrient composition of the matrix used.
Guelfi-Silva et al. (2013), while assessing the effect of alternative nutrient source application in potassium
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fertilization nutrition, yield and efficiency on lettuce, found that increasing alternative nutrient source doses application promoted nutritional improvements and lettuce yield increase. However, this effect was not verified in isolation, and differences were only observed in interactions with the cultivar factor.
Regarding shale water-based foliar fertiliza- tion (SWFF), no significant differences between treatments for yield variable was observed with the total applied volume of 5 L ha-1 SWFF. The last application was held on 11/16/2011, and as plants were already at the end of the reproductive stage, no significant differences were observed in the latter period. Moreover, the expectation of higher yields when applying SW in combination with 10% Ca and 2% B was not observed.
Boron, which is an important nutrient for cell wall maintenance, avoiding bad fruit formation and keeping meristematic activity maintenance, besides increasing fertile activity, had no effect on yield.
Likewise, calcium, which has an important role in plant tissue formation and whose absence particularly affects root growth points, besides being also essential for pollen grains germination and pollen tube growth, did not promote better plant develop- ment. Boron movement with transpiration flow
explains why deficiency symptoms occurred in growing points (Malavolta, 1980), which was the determining factor for the foliar application conducted in the experiment. Boron content in the soil at the beginning of the experiment was ranked as high.
However, this nutrient content in leaves at early flowering remained within appropriate levels. Based on the area history of high fertility due to excess fertilizer application by the producer, boron applica- tion effect had been possibly masked. It is assumed that high nutrient level in the plant was the main cause for lack of foliar application effect.
It was initially stipulated that the shale water- based foliar fertilizer (SWFF) dose would be of 5 L ha-1, applied fractionally each month. However, the expected results were not obtained with the total dose applied. Therefore, it was decided that strawberry yield results would be presented cumulatively when significant, according to each foliar fertilizer application.
There was cultivar and complementary base fertilization interaction for yield per plant variable.
There was cultivar effect only in CBF presence, and Camino Real cultivar showed higher yield per plant in MBR fertilizer matrix presence when 2 and 3 L ha1 SW were applied (Table 2).
Table 2 - Mean strawberry plant yield after 2 L ha-1, 3 L ha-1 and 4 L ha-1 shale water application for combi- nations of cultivar and complementary base fertilization (CBF). Brazilian Temperate Agriculture Research - Embrapa, FAEM/UFPel, Pelotas, 2015.
Shale Water Cultivar Yield (g plant-1)
With ABC Without ABC
2 L ha-1 Camarosa 20.50 b A 24.14 a A
Camino Real 40.06 a A 31.73 a B
3 L ha-1 Camarosa 93.26 bA 102.39 a A
Camino Real 130.54 a A 124.77 a A
4 L ha-1 Camarosa 248.94 a B 298.89 a A
Camino Real 276.92 a A 266.79 a A
Means followed by the same letter, lower case in the column among cultivars within each level of shale water application, and capital on the line, do not differ by F test (analysis of variance) at =0.05 level.
After 4 L ha-1 SWFF application, complemen- tary base fertilization effect was only significant for Camarosa cultivar, which showed higher yield per plant in MBR fertilization absence (Table 2).
For mean weight per fruit variable, there was only cultivar effect when 2 and 3 L ha-1 SWFF were applied, and Camino Real cultivar had higher mean fruit weight than ‘Camarosa’ (Table 3). Strawberry size is important for the fresh fruit market, as larger fruits are valued for catching the attention of consumers.
Mean weight per fruit, considering the total yield period, was significantly higher for 'Camino Real' (16.1 g fruit-1) in relation to ‘Camarosa’ (15.3 g fruit-1).
Cocco, 2014, while evaluating strawberry seedling origin influence in development and yield in
conventional system and in the conditions of Pelotas, Brazil, found similar results for these two cultivars. In addition, ‘Camino Real’ cultivar had higher values than ‘Camarosa’, with 17.7 g fruit-1 and 15.9 g fruit-1, respectively. Vignolo et al. (2011), while evaluating strawberry yield from alternative fertilizers during pre- planting, have also found significantly higher weight per fruit for 'Camino Real' (20.2 g fruit-1) in relation to Camarosa cultivar (18.5 g fruit-1) throughout the yield period. Martins (2010) also corroborated the results of this study.
Vignolo et al. (2011) reported in their study that strawberry yield it is related to the intrinsic characteristics of each cultivar, such as matter and number of fruits per plant over the cycle, and knowing
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the behavior of each cultivar is important for producers to choose the one that best fits their region and consumer preference. If consumers prefer large fruits, the producer should choose “Camino Real”; if consumers prefer smaller fruits, the producer should plant ‘Camarosa’.
Table 3 - Camarosa and Camino Real cultivars means after 2 and 3 L ha-1 shale water application for strawberry average weight per fruit (g) variable.
Brazilian Temperate Agriculture Research – Embrapa, FAEM / UFPel, Pelotas, 2015.
Cultivar Weight per fruit (g) 2 L ha-1 3 L ha-1
Camarosa 12.72 b 15.28 b
Camino Real 17.77 a 18.68 a
Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by F test (analysis of variance) at =0.05 level.
For the number of fruits per plant variable, CBF factor was only significant after 4 L ha-1 SWFF application, and only for Camarosa cultivar. There was cultivar effect in absence of complementary base fertilization, where ‘Camarosa’ had the highest number of fruits per plant (Table 4). Vignolo et al.
(2011), corroborating the results of this study, found higher fruit quantity by Camarosa cultivar. However, the authors stressed that increase in the number of fruits caused less weight per fruit, which was also observed in this study.
Table 4 - Average number of fruits per strawberry plant after 4 L ha-1 shale water application for combinations of cultivar and complementary base fertilization (CBF) factors. Brazilian Temperate Agriculture Research - Embrapa, FAEM / UFPel, Pelotas, 2015.
Cultivar Mean Number of fruits plant-1 With CBF Without CBF
Camarosa 15.77 a B 18.42 a A
Camino Real 15.28 a A 14.25 b A Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column and capital letter in the line do not differ by F test (analysis of variance) at =0,05 level.
By observing results, it can be stated that there may be synchronization between nutrient application and demand by the plant. In this case, in fact, the fifth application was conducted late, as it was expected that application effect in strawberry plants would occur during a month. After this appli- cation, plants were already at the end of the repro- ductive cycle.
In general, the hypothesis that higher com- pounds with functional potential synthesis would occur in CBF absence, as this synthesis normally
occurs due to plant stress (nutritional deficiency or excess in this case), was not observed. In addition, it was also expected that shale water-based foliar fertilization and its possible changes in plant nutrition would cause some consequence in fruit compound production and/or antioxidant activity, but this hypothesis was not observed.
By comparing Camarosa and Camino Real cultivars in relation to compounds with functional potential, difference was observed only for the anthocyanins variable. As for CBF and foliar fertili- zation factors singly, significance was not observed for this compounds.
Possible changes in these compounds and fruit antioxidant activity in relation to SWFF were not found, possibly due to high nutrient concentration in the soil, or because SW nutrients were not precur- sors of any element that would induce compounds with potential functional synthesis.
There was cultivar and CBF factors interac- tion for the phenolic compounds variable. For the antioxidant activity variable, interaction between CBF and foliar fertilization was observed. CBF effect was not significant for any of the cultivars. There was cultivar effect only in CBF absence, when Camarosa cultivar had higher phenolic compound content than Camino Real cultivar (Table 5).
Table 5 - Phenolic compound means for combina- tions of cultivar and complementary base fertilization (CBF) factors. Brazilian Temperate Agriculture Research – Embrapa, FAEM/UFPel, Pelotas, 2015.
Cultivar
Phenolic compounds (μg/eq.chlorogenic acid 100g-1)
With CBF Without CBF Camarosa 645.18 a A 668.75 a A Camino Real 586.23 a A 550.59 b A Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column and capital letter in the line do not differ by F test (analysis of variance) at =0,05 level.
Fruit phenolic compounds content and total antioxidant capacity are affected by plant genotype, culture conditions interaction, environmental condi- tions (temperature, UV, shade and light), manage- ment practices (Scalzo et al., 2005), ripeness degree, environmental conditions during harvest, post-harvest storage conditions and sample handling (Stern et al., 2010), increasing their levels in stress conditions.
Portela et al. (2012) found that phenolic compound levels ranging from 678.45 to 876.13 mg 100 g-1 for
‘Camarosa’ in soilless cultivation. Bordignon Junior (2008), found lower levels for this cultivar, 171.0 mg 100 g-1 in conventional system.
For anthocyanins, there was only cultivar effect, where the 'Camino Real' had higher anthocya- nins content in fruits than ‘Camarosa’ (Table 6).
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Similarly to phenolic compounds, anthocyanins underwent higher genotype influence in relation to fertilization treatments, corroborating results obtained in other studies. Chitarra & Chitarra (2005) reported that variation in color, and consequently in anthocyanin pigment amount, is common among cultivars of the same species. Camargo et al. (2011), while evaluating chemical characteristics of eight strawberry cultivars, observed similar response to this study, and 'Camino Real' performed better than other cultivars regarding anthocyanin content. Portela et al.
(2012) found lower anthocyanin concentrations than those of this study for Camarosa cultivar grown in hydroponic culture (between 22.5 and 30.4 mg 100 g-1 depending on ionic concentration), which was similar to Bordignon Jr. (2008), who found 58.3 mg 100 g-1 content for Camarosa cultivar in soil cultivation.
Anthocyanin synthesis is directly related to light incidence, nutritional balance (adequate K supply), temperature changes during growth and ripening, and cultivation system (Severe et al., 2010).
Contrary to data by Severo et al.(2010), potassium content increase decreased anthocyanin content in this study, with significant correlation and low correlation value (r = -0.28).
Although there was no CBF and shale water effect on anthocyanins in this study, studies such as Moor et al. (2009) demonstrate fertilizer use influence in strawberry quality, by reporting that soaking plants with phosphite fertilizer solution before planting activates plant defense mechanisms, increasing anthocyanin content in fruit.
Table 6 - Mean anthocyanins in strawberry fruits for cultivar. Brazilian Temperate Agriculture Research - Embrapa, FAEM/UFPel, Pelotas, 2015.
Cultivar Anthocyanins
(μg eq. cyanidin-3-glucoside 100 g-1)
Camarosa 109.69 b
Camino Real 138.85 a
Means followed by the same letter do not differ by F test (analysis of variance) at =0.05 level.
In relation to strawberry fruit antioxidant activity, interaction between CBF and foliar fertiliza- tion factors was observed (Table 7).
There was significant CBF effect when combined with SW, resulting in higher fruit antioxidant activity. However, the opposite result was expected, as compounds with functional potential and those that determine antioxidant activity are synthesized under plant stress conditions. Thus, these differences should appear in fertilization absence. Moreover, in CBF presence, plants treated plants just with SW produced fruits with higher antioxidant activity than those treated with SW + B (Table 7).
Table 7 - Mean antioxidant activity variable for combinations of complementary base fertilization and foliar fertilization. Brazilian Temperate Agriculture Research - Embrapa, FAEM/UFPel, Pelotas, 2015.
Foliar fertilization
Antioxidant activity (μg eq. TE g-1) With MBR Without MBR
SW 6,707 a A 5,293 a B
SW + Ca 6,169 ab A 6,186 a A
Control 5,667 ab A 5,420 a A
SW + B 5,191 b A 5,503 a A
Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column and capital letter in the line do not differ by F test (analysis of variance) at =0,05 level.
Foliar fertilization treatments SW, SW + Ca, control and SW + B did not differ in absence of CBF with MBR regarding antioxidant activity.
In strawberry culture, studies indicate that genotype effect has higher influence on strawberry quality characteristics than culture conditions, par- ticularly in relation to nutritional parameters (Capocasa et al., 2008). However, it was observed in this study that nutritional factors may somehow influence antioxidant activity.
Strawberry cultivar factor influenced physi- cochemical, total soluble solids and titratable acidity variables in fruit (Table 8).
‘Camarosa’ had higher soluble solids content and acidity than ‘Camino Real’ cultivar, confirming the Camarosa cultivar feature of producing fruit with subacid flavor (Embrapa, 2005).
Table 8 - Mean total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA) and SST/ATT ratio of strawberry fruits for cultivar. Brazilian Temperate Agriculture Research - Embrapa, FAEM/ UFPel, Pelotas, 2015.
Cultivar TSS (ºBrix) TTA (%) TSS/TTA
Camarosa 9.4 a 0.81 a 12.11 a
Camino Real 8.1 b 0.64 b 12.19 a Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by F test (analysis of variance) at =0,05. level.
Lemiska et al. (2014), while assessing the effects of boron application in the soil and in the shoot on strawberry yield and quality, observed that boron foliar application did not change titratable acidity when boron was not applied in the soil. In addition, the authors also observed that regardless of boron application form (in the soil or foliar), there was soluble solids content reduction in strawberry fruit, which did not corroborate this study.
According to Chitarra & Chitarra (2005), total soluble solids content varies with cultivar, maturation and climate, with values ranging from 2 to 25% and
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mean values of 8-14%. Contents found in both culti- vars are within the range reported.
Soluble solids content indicates sugar amount in the fruit and acid, vitamin, amino acid and pectin amounts, but to a lesser extent. This feature, along with acidity, is controlled by varying levels of additive and dominant variance, that is, these are parameters that depend on hereditary factors (Brackmann et al., 2011). Cecatto et al. (2013) found lower total soluble solid values compared to those found in this study, 6.90 for ‘Camarosa’ and 5.43 for
‘Camino Real’.
Sugar and acidity ratio (TSS/TTA) is an important parameter to determine fruit maturation.
With respect to this parameter, Camarosa and Camino Real cultivars did not show significant difference, obtaining a mean of 12.11 and 12.19, respectively (Table 8). TSS/ATT was studied by Antunes et al. (2010), who obtained a value of 9.94 for ‘Camarosa’, while the study by Malgarim et al.
(2006) showed a 12.25 ratio for this cultivar.
Carvalho et al. (2013), while evaluating strawberry cultivars performance and quality, obtained of 9.53 for ‘Camarosa’ and 13.15 for ‘Camino Real’.
Resende et al. (2008), while correlating TSS/TTA ratio and consumer acceptance, found that the high- est TSS/TTA ratios were associated with better fruit flavor perception, being preferred by consumers.
Conclusions
Camino Real’ has higher fruit yield, although fruit quality is lower than ‘Camarosa’.
At the beginning of the production cycle, after the second shale water application, complementary base fertilization provided fruit yield increase for
‘Camino Real’. However, but after the fourth shale water application, ‘Camarosa’ yield decreased with complementary base fertilization use.
Foliar fertilization with shale water combined with complementary base fertilization, provides fruit with higher antioxidant activity.
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