❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❊❳P▲❖❘❆◆❉❖ ❋❯◆❈■❖◆❆▲■❉❆❉❊❙ ❙❖❈■❆■❙ ❊
❈❖▲❆❇❖❘❆❚■❱❆❙ ❊▼ ❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊❙ ❊❉❯❈❆❈■❖◆❆■❙
❯❇❮◗❯❖❙
■●❖❘ ❊▼▼❆◆❯❊▲ ❙■▲❱❆ ▼❊◆❉❖◆➬❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
■●❖❘ ❊▼▼❆◆❯❊▲ ❙■▲❱❆ ▼❊◆❉❖◆➬❆
❊❳P▲❖❘❆◆❉❖ ❋❯◆❈■❖◆❆▲■❉❆❉❊❙ ❙❖❈■❆■❙ ❊
❈❖▲❆❇❖❘❆❚■❱❆❙ ❊▼ ❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊❙ ❊❉❯❈❆❈■❖◆❆■❙
❯❇❮◗❯❖❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘❡♥❛♥ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❈❛tt❡❧❛♥
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema de Bibliotecas da UFU, MG, Brasil.
M539e 2015
Mendonça, Igor Emmanuel Silva, 1988-
Explorando funcionalidades sociais e colaborativas em ambientes educacionais ubíquos / Igor Emmanuel Silva Mendonça. - 2015.
99 f. : il.
Orientador: Renan Gonçalves Cattelan.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
Inclui bibliografia.
1. Computação - Teses. 2. Computação ubíqua - Teses. 3. Mídia digital - Teses. 4. Ensino auxiliado por computador - Teses. I. Cattelan, Renan Gonçalves. II. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação. III. Título.
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❊①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❙♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s✑ ♣♦r ■❣♦r ❊♠♠❛♥✉❡❧ ❙✐❧✈❛ ▼❡♥❞♦♥ç❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘❡♥❛♥ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❈❛tt❡❧❛♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r❛ ❆❧❛♥✐③ ▼❛❝❡❞♦
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ▼ár❝✐❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ✷✶ ❞❡ ▼❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺
❆✉t♦r✿ ■❣♦r ❊♠♠❛♥✉❡❧ ❙✐❧✈❛ ▼❡♥❞♦♥ç❛
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❊①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❙♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ❆♠❜✐✲ ❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
P❡❧❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ ❝♦r❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡rr✉❜❛r ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❡ ❤♦❥❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ tã♦ ❛❧♠❡❥❛❞♦ ❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❣✉✐❛r ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❜❡♠✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♠✐♥❤❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✳ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ▼❛♥♦❡❧ P❡❞r♦✱ ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥tr❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✐♠♣❡❝á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❤♦♥❡st✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❡r❡♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❢♦❝♦✳ ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ❆♥❣é❧✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r t♦❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠❡✉s s♦♥❤♦s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❝❡rt❛s ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ s♦rr✐s♦ ❧í♠♣✐❞♦ ♥❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♠❡✉s q✉❡r✐❞♦s✱ ♣♦r s❡r ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ♠❡✉ s✉❝❡ss♦✱ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❡ ♣♦r ♣❛tr♦❝✐♥❛r❡♠ ♠❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s s❡♠ ♣❡❞✐r ♥❛❞❛ ❡♠ tr♦❝❛✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥♦✐✈❛✱ ❑❛r❧❛✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❡✈❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛♥❞♦ ❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛♥❞♦✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣♦rt♦ s❡❣✉r♦ ❢r❡♥t❡ às ❛❞✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ❯♠ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ❡ ❛♠♦r✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã✱ ■❧❦❛ ❆♥❣é❧✐❝❛✱ ♠❡✉ ❝✉♥❤❛❞♦✱ P❡❞r♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ s♦❜r✐♥❤❛ ❊♠❛♥✉❡❧❧❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ú♥✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥tr❛çã♦✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ Pr♦❢✳ ❘❡♥❛♥ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❈❛tt❡❧❛♥✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ à ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s ✐r♠ã♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞✉r♦ ♣❡s♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✿ ❍❡r♥❛♥❡✱ ❆♥❛ ▲✉í③❛✱ ❍✉♠❜❡rt♦✱ ❑❛♠✐❧❧❛✱ ❚ú❧✐♦✱ ▲✉✐③ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❍❡❧❞s♦♥ ▲✉✐③✱ ❈✐♥❞❤✐✱ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦✱ ❆♥❛ P❛✉❧❛✱ ◆á❞✐❛✱ ❆❧❡①s❛♥❞r♦✱ ❍❡❧❡♥❛✱ ▼❛r✐♦ ❡ ❆♥❛ ❋❧á✈✐❛✳
❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ q✉❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❜❛t❛❧❤❛✳ ❆ ❡❧❡s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❝❡ss❛♥t❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♥♦s ❞❡✐①❛r❛♠ ❞❡s✐st✐r✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ❘❛❢❛❡❧✱ ❍✐r❛♥✱ ❚❛✛❛r❡❧✱ ❉✐❡❣♦✱ ▲✉❝✐❛♥❛✱ ❏✉❧✐❡t❡ ❡ ❏♦✐❝②✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♠ ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ sã♦ r❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❛❜r✐♥❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♥♦✈❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛çã♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ❛♣♦✐❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭r❛♥❦✐♥❣✮ ❡♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❤✐♣❡r♠í❞✐❛ ❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r s✉❜sí❞✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❲❡❜ q✉❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛✳ P❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦st❛✱ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞❛ à ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r t✉r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❛ss✐st✐❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s s❡♠❡str❡s ❧❡t✐✈♦s✳ ◆❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❡r✐❣✉❛r ❛ r❡✲ ❝❡♣t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❢♦✐ ❜❡♠ ❛❝❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛tr❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ♠❡s♠❛✳ ❖❜s❡r✈♦✉✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r r❡❝✉r✲ s♦s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts t❤❛t ❡①♣❧♦✐t t❤❡ ✉❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉✲ ❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❛r❡ r❡❝✉rr❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ♦♣❡♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❛② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♥❡✇ ❢♦r♠s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❛t s✉♣♣♦rts ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡♥r✐❝❤♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛♥♥♦t❛✲ t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✭r❛♥❦✐♥❣✮ ✐♥ ✉❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉s❡s ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❤②♣❡r♠❡❞✐❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ s✉❜s✐❞✐❡s t♦ ♠❡❡t r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠✉❧t✐♠❡❞✐❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❆s ❛ ♣r♦♦❢ ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✱ ❛ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❜✉✐❧t t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ r❛t✐♥❣s ♦✈❡r ♠✉❧t✐♠❡❞✐❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❋♦r ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧✱ s✉❝❤ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❛s ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✉s❡ ❜② ❣r♦✉♣s ♦❢ ✉♥❞❡r❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ ❝♦✉rs❡s ❛t ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ✇❛s ❛ss✐st❡❞ ♦✈❡r t✇♦ s❡♠❡st❡rs✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ ✐t ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❛♥ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❆❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ r❡❝❡♣t✐✈✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❜② st✉❞❡♥ts ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✳ ❆s ❛ r❡s✉❧t✱ ✐t ✇❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦✲ r❛t✐✈❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✇❡❧❧ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❜② ✉s❡rs ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✐ts ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡ss✳ ■t ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ t❤❛t s✉❝❤ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❡ t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥ts✱ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❛♣♣r♦✲ ❛❝❤❡s t❤❛t ❛✐♠ ❛t ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ✐♥ ❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❤❛✈❡ ❣r❡❛t ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✜❡❧❞✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①✐✈
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✼
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✶✳✹ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✷✷
✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✸ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✹ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❙♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸ ❯♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲
♠í❞✐❛ ✸✵
✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✸ ❊♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ①
✹ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✸✻
✹✳✶ ❖ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✶✳✶ Pré✲♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✶✳✷ ●r❛✈❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✶✳✸ Pós✲♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✶✳✹ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✶✳✺ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✷ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡
❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✷✳✷ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✷✳✸ ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❈❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ✺✷ ✺✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✶✳✶ P❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❯t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ P❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✶✳✷ P❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❆tr❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✶✳✸ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✷ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦s ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❖❜t✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✺✳✸✳✶ ■♠♣r❡ssõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❆❝❡ss♦s ❛♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❆❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✹ ❉✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✻ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✼✵
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✼✽
✼✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✼✳✷ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✼✳✸ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✽✷
❆ ●rá✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❡ às ❆✉❧❛s ❞♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠✉❧✲ t✐♠í❞✐❛ ✭▼❡♥❞♦♥ç❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✶ ❙❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❧♦✉s❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦r❡s ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✷ Pá❣✐♥❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❢r♦♥t❡♥❞ ❲❡❜ ❞♦ ❈❳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✸ ❋❛s❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✹ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❈❳ ✭❆r❛✉❥♦
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✺ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✻ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦
♠✉❧t✐♠✐❞✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✼ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❡①✐❜✐çã♦ ❞♦s s❧✐❞❡s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ♥♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✽ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❞❡ s❧✐❞❡ ♥♦ ❈❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✶ ◆í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞✐s❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ❛✜r♠❛t✐✈❛s
❞♦s q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✷ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦s ❛♦ ❈❳ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❆✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✸ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦s ❛♦ ❈❳ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❇✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✹ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦s às ❛✉❧❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛r❛♠ ❛
❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✺ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦s às ❛✉❧❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛r❛♠ ❛
❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✻✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ▼②◆♦t❡ ✭❈❤❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ❆✳✶ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦s ❛♦ ❈❳ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❆ ♥♦
✶♦ s❡♠❡str❡ ❧❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷
❆✳✷ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦s ❛♦ ❈❳ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❆ ♥♦ ✷♦ s❡♠❡str❡ ❧❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ①✐✐
❆✳✸ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦s ❛♦ ❈❳ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❇ ♥♦ ✶♦ s❡♠❡str❡ ❧❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
❆✳✹ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦s ❛♦ ❈❳ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❇ ♥♦ ✷♦ s❡♠❡str❡ ❧❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
❆✳✺ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦s às ❛✉❧❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❆ ♥♦ ✶♦ s❡♠❡str❡ ❧❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
❆✳✻ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦s às ❛✉❧❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❆ ♥♦ ✷♦ s❡♠❡str❡ ❧❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
❆✳✼ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦s às ❛✉❧❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❝✉rs❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❇ ♥♦ ✶♦ s❡♠❡str❡ ❧❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✺✳✶ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ t✉r♠❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♥♦s s❡♠❡str❡s ❧❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✷ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ t✉r♠❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❞♦
❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♥♦s ❜✐♠❡str❡s ❧❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✻✳✶ ◗✉❛❞r♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❊❯ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s ❆❥❛① ❆s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❏❛✈❛s❝r✐♣t ❛♥❞ ❳▼▲ ❇P▼◆ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ◆♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❈❆❆ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧ ❆❝❝❡ss ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡
❈❆▲ ❈♦♥t❡♥t ❆❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ▲❛②❡r
❈✫❆ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦
❈❙❈▲ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❈❙❙ ❈❛s❝❛❞✐♥❣ ❙t②❧❡ ❙❤❡❡ts
❈❳ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡
❉❆ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦
❉❖▼ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❖❜❥❡❝t▼♦❞❡❧
❋❆❈❖▼ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❍❚▼▲ ❍②♣❡r❚❡①t ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
■❊❊❊ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡rs ■❍❈ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❍✉♠❛♥♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙ ①✈
❏❙❖◆ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t ❖❜❥❡❝t ◆♦t❛t✐♦♥ ▲▼❙ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❙②st❡♠ ▲❖▼ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❖❜❥❡❝t ▼❡t❛❞❛t❛
▼❆❈ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ▼❆◆❊❚ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❆❞ ❤♦❝ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
▼✲▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ▼❱❈ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❱✐❡✇✲❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ◆❈▲ ◆❡st❡❞ ❈♦♥t❡①t ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❖❆ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❖❈▲ ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ▲✐❢❡ P❆ P❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❆tr❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
P❈ P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs
P❋❯ P❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❯s♦ P❯ P❡r❝❡♣ç❛♦ ❞❡ ❯t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
P✷P P❡❡r✲t♦✲P❡❡r
❳❙▲❚ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❙t②❧❡s❤❡❡t ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❢♦r ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙▼■▲ ❙②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③❡❞ ▼✉❧t✐♠❡❞✐❛ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❙▼▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ▼❡❞✐❛ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❙❖❆ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡
❙❲ ❙❤❛♣✐r♦✲❲✐❧❦
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙ ①✈✐
❚❇P ❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ P❧❛♥♥❡❞ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❚❘❆ ❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❘❡❛s♦♥❡❞ ❆❝t✐♦♥ ❯❜✐❈♦♠♣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛
❯❋❯ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ❯✲❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❯❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❳▼▲ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
1
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦
◆♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ é ♥♦tór✐❛ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❛r❛t♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♥♦s ♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛❞♦s ❧✉❣❛r❡s ❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s r♦t✐♥❡✐r❛s ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s é ❤♦❥❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ♣r✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ t❛♥❣❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❛ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦s à ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♠ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ t♦❞❛ ❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❝❡ss❛❞❛ ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❤♦r❛ ❡ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❧✉❣❛r✳
❖ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ▼❛r❦ ❲❡✐s❡r✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❚❤❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❢♦r ✷✶st ❈❡♥t✉r②✱ ❤❛✈✐❛ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡st❛r✐❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ✭❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✶✮ ❡ q✉❡ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡✈♦❧✉✐✲ r✐❛♠ ❛ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❡♠ ✐♥❞✐st✐♥❣✉í✈❡✐s ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦✱ ❡♥tr❡❧❛ç❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❛♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ✭❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ P❛ss❛❞♦s ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✈✐♥t❡ ❛♥♦s ❞❛ ♣✉✲ ❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❛rt✐❣♦✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✏❡r❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✑ é ♠❛r❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ tr❛♥s♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦s à ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ✭❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
P❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ●❛rt♥❡r r❡✈❡❧❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐✲ t✐✈♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s ❡ t❛❜❧❡ts✱ t❡♠ ❝r❡s❝✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ✭●❛rt♥❡r ■♥❝✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❊ss❡ ♥♦✈♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ✭❯❜✐❈♦♠♣✮ ✭❲❡✐✲ s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✱ q✉❡ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ q✉❡ ♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r às ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛s✳
❖s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❯❜✐❈♦♠♣ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
✶✳✷✳ ▼❖❚■❱❆➬➹❖ ✶✽
❆ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✉❜íq✉♦s ❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ♦✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♣r❡❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❛❧❛s ❞❡ r❡✉♥✐õ❡s✱ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❝♦♠✉♥✐tár✐♦s ♦✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❢❛③ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✉♠ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ r❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❯❜✐❈♦♠♣✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ✫ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✭❈✫❆✮ ✭❚r✉♦♥❣ ❡ ❍❛②❡s✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦ ♥❛s t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ✈✐✈♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s✉❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ✭❚r✉♦♥❣ ❡ ❍❛②❡s✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
◆♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛r t❛r❡❢❛s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s ✭❆❊❯s✮ ✭❙❡tt❧❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦✉s❛s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s✱ ❝â♠❡r❛s ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦✱ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡ ♠✐❝r♦❢♦♥❡s ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ✈✐✈✐❞❛s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛r s✉❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♥❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛✉❧❛ ❡ ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❝❡rt♦s ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s❡rã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ❡ ❡st❛rã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❛❝❡ss♦✳
✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❖s ❆❊❯s✱ ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❛❞✈✐♥❞❛ ❞❛ ❈✫❆✱ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✭❖❆s✮✱ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❢♦♠❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛✲ ❣❡♠ ✭❲✐❧❡②✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛r t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦✳ ❙ã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ✈❡rs❛♠ s♦❜r❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✭❆r❛✉❥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✱ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭❉❡ ▼❛rs✐❝♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ ❡ ❡st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✭❉♦rç❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸❀ ❙❛♠✐❛ ❡ ❆❜❞❡❧❦r✐♠✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❚❛✐s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✈✐s❛♠ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣♦r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛♠ ❛s s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✳
❆ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ é ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ s❡✉ ❢♦❝♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ só❝✐♦✲❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛♥❞♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✲ t❡①t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❨✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛s t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛r ❡ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝❡r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❡ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ◆♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡❞✉✲ ❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♠ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵✶ sã♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❝❛♥✲
❞✐❞❛t❛s ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ✭❲❛♥✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈✐s♠♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦✱ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
✶❲❡❜ ✷✳✵ é ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❲❡❜ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s ❝❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦✲
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
✶✳✸✳ ❖❇❏❊❚■❱❖❙ ✶✾
✈✐rt✉❛✐s ✭❈❤✐✉ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❛s ❛ss❡rt✐✈❛s✱ é ♥♦tór✐❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❝r✐❛r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐✲ ❜✐❧✐t❡♠ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❆❊❯s✳ ❚❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♦ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❛s ✐♠♣r❡ssõ❡s ❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♠ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦s ❆❊❯s✱ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦s✱ r❡✜♥❛❞♦s ❡ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐❞♦s✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ à ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✭❇❛♥❞❛②✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ◆♦❦❡❧❛✐♥❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❚s❡♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s ♠í❞✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ♣♦r ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✷ ❡♥tr❡s ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✭❈♦✲
❡❧❤♦✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐✲ ③❛❞♦ ✭▼❡❞❡✐r♦s ❡ ●♦♠❡s✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ r❡❝✉rs♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❞❛r s✉♣♦rt❡ à ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛tr❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ à ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✜❝❛ ❝❧❛r♦ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛s ♠í❞✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ❆❊❯s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♥❡ss❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭r❛♥❦✐♥❣✮ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ♣❛✉t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦✱ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❡ s✉❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✮ q✉❡ s✉♣♦rt❛ ❛s ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛♥❞♦✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛çã♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ q✉❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❡ r❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵✳ ❯♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✭❈❳✮ ✭❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛♥❞❛ ♥❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ à ❡❞✉✲ ❝❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❈❳ é ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ✭❧♦✉s❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦✱ ♠✐❝r♦❢♦♥❡s ❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s✮ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ❆ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❢r♦♥t❡♥❞ ❲❡❜ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ às ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝❛♣t✉r❛s✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
✶✳✹✳ ▼➱❚❖❉❖ ❉❊ P❊❙◗❯■❙❆ ✷✵
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ s✉❜sí❞✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡rá ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❈❳✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝✐t❛r✿
• ❊❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦✲
❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭r❛♥❦✐♥❣✮ ❡♠ ❆❊❯s❀
• Pr♦t♦t✐♣❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❲❡❜ ❝♦♠
♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ✭❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s✮✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛❀ ❡
• ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦
❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳
✶✳✹ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛
❖ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ é ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s s❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ ♣❡❧❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ s✉❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✭❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐❛✱ ♥♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳
P❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s ❢✉♥❝✐✲ ♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❛tr❛t✐✈❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦✐s ❞✐s♣❡♥s❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡✱ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦s q✉❡s✐t♦s ❞❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡✜❝✐✲ ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s✳ ❚❛✐s q✉❡s✐t♦s ❡①❡r❝❡♠ ❢♦rt❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❛❧✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
✶✳✺✳ ❊❙❚❘❯❚❯❘❆ ❉❆ ❉■❙❙❊❘❚❆➬➹❖ ✷✶
✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❖s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡stã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r ❡♠❜❛s❛♠❡♥t♦
t❡ór✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦❀
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✱ ❞✐s❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ s✉❛s
♣r❡♠✐ss❛s✱ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛rq✉✐✲ t❡t✉r❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛❀
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ❛r✲
q✉✐t❡t✉r❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ s❡r✈✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦❀
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s❀
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ à ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠
♣r♦♣♦st❛❀
• P♦r ✜♠✱ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼ r❡✈✐s✐t❛ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡r✲
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
2
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
❆ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✱ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❖ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ t❛♥t♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ♦ s❡✉ ✉s✉❢r✉t♦ à q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❤♦r❛ ❡ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❧✉❣❛r✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡r ♦♥✐♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❛❥✉❞❛♥❞♦✲❛s ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❡ ♠✐st✉r❛♥❞♦✲s❡✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✱ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ✭❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳
❖s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s tê♠ ❤♦❥❡ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✭♦✉ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✮ ❡♠ s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❝♦rr✐q✉❡✐r❛s ❛♦♥❞❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❡♠✱ s❡❥❛ ❡♠ ❝❛s❛✱ ♥♦ ❡s❝r✐tór✐♦✱ ♥♦ ❝❧✉❜❡ ♦✉ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❛s❝❡♥sã♦✳
❆ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❛r❛t♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s s❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ é ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ◆♦t❡❜♦♦❦s✱ t❛❜❧❡ts✱ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐✲ ❧✐t❛♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r s❡✉s ❞❡t❡♥t♦r❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ r❡❣✐s✲ tr❛r ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛✉❧❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r r❡✈✐sã♦✳ ❆♦ ❢❛③❡r ✐ss♦✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✭❈✫❆✮✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❈✫❆ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❡❞✉✲ ❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s✳ P♦r ❢❛③❡r❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛✱ ❞❛ ❈✫❆ ❡ ❞♦s ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆
✷✳✶✳ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖ ❯❇❮◗❯❆ ✷✸
❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s s❡rã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s✳
❆s s❡çõ❡s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s✿ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲ ❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s à ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛✱ s✉❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ t❡ór✐❝❛✱ t❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡❀ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ❛s ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s ❞❛ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡ s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s❀ ♥❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸✱ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♦s ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡❞✉✲ ❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❀ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✹✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s tó♣✐❝♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s à ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ é ♦ t❡♠❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛
❖s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❞♦ s❡✉ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡r❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛✈❛✲♦s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❛♣❡♥❛s à ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉íss❡♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦r♣♦r❛çõ❡s ♦✉ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝❛r♦s✱ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♦❝✉♣❛✈❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✈❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✳ ❊ss❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲ ❞♦r❡s ❡r❛♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ▼❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s✳ ❖s ▼❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s ♠❛r❝❛r❛♠ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ♣r♦♣✐❝✐♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♠❡♥♦r❡s✱ ♠❛✐s r♦❜✉st♦s ❡ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s à ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❡s ❢❛t♦s ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❛♠✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✱ ♠❛r❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ♦✉ P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✭P❈s✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳
P♦ré♠✱ ♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❡ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ s❡r ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❡ ♣♦rtát❡✐s✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦s à ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉✲ t✉r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ t♦r♥♦✉ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡r❛✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛♣❛r❛t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ❛ ❡r❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ✭❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳
◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥tr✉s✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♥♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐á✲❧❛s ❡♠ s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❝♦rr✐q✉❡✐r❛s ✭❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♠✉❧✲ t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r❡s✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ▼ó✈❡❧✱ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❍✉♠❛♥♦✲❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✱ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
