❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉■❙❚❘■❇❯■➬➹❖ ❊ P❊❘❙❖◆❆▲■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖
▼❯▲❚■▼❮❉■❆ ❊▼ ❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊❙ ❊❉❯❈❆❈■❖◆❆■❙ ❯❇❮◗❯❖❙
❘❆❋❆❊▲ ❉■❆❙ ❆❘❆Ú❏❖
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❘❆❋❆❊▲ ❉■❆❙ ❆❘❆Ú❏❖
❉■❙❚❘■❇❯■➬➹❖ ❊ P❊❘❙❖◆❆▲■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖
▼❯▲❚■▼❮❉■❆ ❊▼ ❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊❙ ❊❉❯❈❆❈■❖◆❆■❙ ❯❇❮◗❯❖❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘❡♥❛♥ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❈❛tt❡❧❛♥
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❙❛♥❞r❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❆♠♦
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡ P❡rs♦✲ ♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❡♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s✑ ♣♦r ❘❛❢❛❡❧ ❉✐❛s ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✵✻ ❞❡ ❆❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘❡♥❛♥ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❈❛tt❡❧❛♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❙❛♥❞r❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❆♠♦
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ●r❛ç❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s P✐♠❡♥t❡❧
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ✵✻ ❞❡ ❆❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❆✉t♦r✿ ❘❛❢❛❡❧ ❉✐❛s ❆r❛ú❥♦
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡ P❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❡♠ ❆♠✲ ❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
➚ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❞♦♠ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘❡♥❛♥ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❈❛tt❡❧❛♥✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✐♥❝❡♥✲ t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ àq✉❡❧❡s q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❛♠✳
➚ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❙❛♥❞r❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❆♠♦ ❡ ❛♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❡❞r♦ ❋r♦s✐ ❘♦s❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s
s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦ s❡❝r❡tár✐♦ ❞♦ PP●❈❈✴❯❋❯ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐✲ ❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ PP●❈❈✴❯❋❯ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦ ❞✐ár✐♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦s ❜♦♥s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✿ ❍✐r❛♥✱ ❚❛✛❛r❡❧✱ ❊✈❛❧❞♦✱ ■❣♦r✱ ❘ô♠❡rs♦♥✱ ❊❧❞❡r✱ ❆♥❛ ▼❛r✐❛✱ ▲✉❢s✱ ◆❡✇✱ ●❡②❝②✱ ❏✉❧✐❡t❡✱ ❈❧❡✐❛♥❡✱ ❋❛❜í♦❧❛✱ ❏♦✐❝② ❡ ▼✐❣✉❡❧✳
➚ ❈❆P❊❙✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ✈✐s❛ t♦r✲ ♥❛r ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s à ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❊❧❛ t❡♠ ❛❥✉❞❛❞♦ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❡♠ s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐ár✐❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛ ✐♥str✉t♦r❡s ❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❝❛❞ê✲ ♠✐❝❛s ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❧✉❣❛r ❡ ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ♥ã♦ ✐♥tr✉s✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✳ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ sã♦ ❞♦✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s t❡♠❛s ❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣r♦❞✉③ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ✭❡①✳✱ ✈í❞❡♦✱ á✉❞✐♦✱ s❧✐❞❡s✱ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❞❡ t❡①t♦✮✱ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ♠❡✐♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡✲ ❣r❛r ❡ ❛❝❡ss❛r t❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ❆♦ ❢✉♥❞✐r ♦s ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ❧❤❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛r ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ♣❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✳ ❊ss❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ ❛❞❡q✉❛♥❞♦✲❛ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛✈❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s ♠✐♥✐str❛❞❛s ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③á✲❧❛s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❯❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✐s ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ✇❛✈❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛✐♠s ❛t ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♠♦r❡ ♣❡r♠❡❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs ❧✐✈❡s✳ ■t ❤❛s ❤❡❧♣❡❞ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ t❤❡✐r ❞❛✐❧② ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ❡①♣❡rt✐s❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐t ❛ss✐sts ✐♥str✉❝t♦rs ❛♥❞ st✉❞❡♥ts ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❞✉t✐❡s✱ ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥②✇❤❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♥②t✐♠❡✱ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✉♥♦❜tr✉s✐✈❡ ✇❛②s ♦❢ r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐r❡❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ▼✉❧t✐♠❡❞✐❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t❡①t✲❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss ❛r❡ t✇♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t s✉❜❥❡❝ts ✐♥ ✉❜✐q✉✐✲ t♦✉s ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ ❧❛r❣❡ ❛♠♦✉♥ts ♦❢ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✈✐❞❡♦✱ ❛✉❞✐♦✱ s❧✐❞❡s✱ t❡①t ❝♦♠♠❡♥ts✮ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞✱ t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ♦✛❡rs t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡r ♠❡❛♥s t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡ss s✉❝❤ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❇② ♠❡r❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✱ ✉s❡rs ♠❛② ❜❡♥❡✜t ❢r♦♠ t♦♦❧s t❤❛t ❛❧❧♦✇ t❤❡♠ t♦ r❡tr✐❡✈❡✱ ✈✐❡✇ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❛rt✐❢❛❝ts✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♣❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r tr❛♥s❢❡rr✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡♣❧✐❝❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧ ❛❝❝❡ss ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❢♦r ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥✲ t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ♠✉❧t✐♠❡❞✐❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❡❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤✐s ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ t❛❦❡s ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❝♦♥t❡①t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✉s❡r ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❡ t❤❡ ❛❝❝❡ss ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ t❛✐❧♦r✐♥❣ ✐t t♦ ✉s❡rs✬ ♥❡❡❞s✳ ❆s ❛ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞②✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s ✇❡r❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ ✉❜✐✲ q✉✐t♦✉s ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❢♦r ♠✉❧t✐♠❡❞✐❛ ❝❛♣t✉r✐♥❣ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② r❡❝♦r❞ ❧❡❝t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡♠ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t♦ st✉❞❡♥ts✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✺
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✶✳✹ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s✿ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✸✶ ✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✷ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸ ❯♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❘❡❞❡s
P❡❡r✲t♦✲P❡❡r ✸✾
✸✳✶ ❈❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❆❜str❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❚r❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❘❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✷ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❱♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ❘❡❣r❛s Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
①✈✐✐✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✹ ❯♠❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❆❝❡ss♦ P❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ▼✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ✺✸ ✹✳✶ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✷ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❯s✉ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸ ❘❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✹ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✿ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✻✶
✺✳✶ Pré✲♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷ ●r❛✈❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✸ Pós✲♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✹ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✹✳✶ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❯s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✹✳✷ P❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦✱
Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❘❡str✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✻ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✼✾
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✽✼
✼✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✼✳✷ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✼✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✼✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✾✶
❆ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❊♥t✐❞❛❞❡✲❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❉❊❘✮ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❈❳ ✾✾
❇ ❘❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✶✵✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✷ ❖❜t❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛✐s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ✭❇✉s✐✲
♥❡ss ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❲♦r❧❞✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✶ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❈❆▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✷ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡❡rs ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✸ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✹ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ st❛rt❴s❡ss✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✺ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡♥❞❴s❡ss✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✻ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❧✐st❴st❛t✉s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❧✐st❴st❛t✉s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✽ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❢t❴❣❡t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✾ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❢t❴♣✉t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✷ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧ ✭❈❆❆✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✶ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛✉❧❛ ♥♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✷ ❆✉❧❛ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✸ Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ❞❛ t❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛❣❡♠ ❞❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✹ Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ❞❛ t❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✉❧❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✺ Pá❣✐♥❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛❣❡♠ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ♠❛tr✐❝✉❧❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠
❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✻ P♦♣✉♣ ❞❡ ❡①✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❛s t✉r♠❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛trí❝✉❧❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✼ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❍❚▼▲ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s s❧✐❞❡s ❡ ♦ ✈í❞❡♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✉❧❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✽ ❋♦r♠✉❧ár✐♦ ❲❡❜ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛str❛r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✾ Pá❣✐♥❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❝❛❞❛str❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✶✵ P♦♣✲✉♣ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❣❡r❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✉❧❛ ❡ ♦ r❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦
✭♣❛rt❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✶✶ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ às ❛✉❧❛s ♠✐♥✐str❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
①① ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✻✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✻✳✷ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ✳ ✽✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❊❍✿ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❍②♣❡r♠❡❞✐❛ ❆❍✿ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❍②♣❡r♠❡❞✐❛
❈✫❆✿ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦
❈❆❆✿ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧ ❆❝❝❡ss ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❈❆▲✿ ❈♦♥t❡♥t ❆❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ▲❛②❡r
❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲✿ ❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✲ ❙◗▲ ❈❙❙✿ ❈❛s❝❛❞✐♥❣ ❙t②❧❡ ❙❤❡❡ts
❈❳✿ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡
❉❊❘✿ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❊♥t✐❞❛❞❡✲❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❍❚▼▲✿ ❍②♣❡r❚❡①t ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ■❉❈✿ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉❛t❛ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t✐♦♥ ■❍❈✿ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❍✉♠❛♥♦✲❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ▲❖▼✿ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❖❜❥❡❝t ▼❡t❛❞❛t❛ ◆❈▲✿ ◆❡st❡❞ ❈♦♥t❡①t ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ◆❯■✿ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❯s❡r ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ P✷P✿ P❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r
P❈s✿ P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs
❘❋■❉✿ ❘❛❞✐♦ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ■❉❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥
❙❈❖❘▼✿ ❙❤❛r❛❜❧❡ ❈♦♥t❡♥t ❖❜❥❡❝t ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❙◗▲✿ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡❞ ◗✉❡r② ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❚❱✿ ❚❡❧❡✈✐sã♦
❳▼▲✿ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❳❙▲❚✿ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❙t②❧❡s❤❡❡t ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❢♦r ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡✱ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡stá ❝❧❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ✭▲❡❡ ❡ ❈❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ s❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦r❡s ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛✱ ❧♦✉s❛s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s✱ ♠✐❝r♦❢♦♥❡s✱ ❝â♠❡r❛s ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❆ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s t❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛ ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ❝♦✲ t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ✭❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉❛t❛ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✭■❉❈✮✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s ❡ ❞✐s✲ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s t❡♠ ❝r❡s❝✐❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♥♦ ✭■❉❈✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❊ss❛ é ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❧ ❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✏❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✑ ❡ q✉❡ tr❛③ às ♣❡ss♦❛s ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ❡ ♥ã♦✲✐♥✈❛s✐✈❛✳
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✉ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✶✾✽✵ ♣♦r ❲❡✐s❡r ✭✶✾✾✸✮ ❡✱ ❤♦❥❡✱ é ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡ ✭▲❡❡ ❡ ❈❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ❝✉❥♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é t♦r♥❛r ✐♥✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❛çõ❡s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛s ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❡♠ t❛r❡❢❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ s❡♠ ♥♦tá✲❧♦s✳
❊ss❛ é ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ s✉r❣❡ ❡ t♦♠❛ ♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❛ ❡r❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✳ ❍♦❥❡✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❝❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡❧❡s ❛♦ s❡✉ r❡❞♦r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦t❡❜♦♦❦s✱ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s ❡ t❛❜❧❡ts✳
❚rês ❣r❛♥❞❡s t❡♠❛s ❞✐✈✐❞❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✿ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ◆❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✭❈✫❆✮ ✭❆❜♦✇❞ ❡ ▼②♥❛tt✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ t❡♠❛ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❣❡st♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛r ♠❛✐s ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t❛s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
✷✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
t❡♠❛✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❡stá ❧✐❣❛❞♦ à ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡r❡♠ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❡ r❡❛❣✐r ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❈✫❆ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ♥❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛r ❛ ❣r❛✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ✈✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r r❡✈✐s✐t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✳
❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❛♦ ✈✐✈♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ r❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ✭❆❜♦✇❞ ❡ ▼②♥❛tt✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❚r✉♦♥❣ ❡ ❍❛②❡s✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❙❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛s ❡ ❞❡ r❡✉♥✐õ❡s ❡q✉✐♣❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❧♦✉s❛s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s✱ ♠✐❝r♦❢♦♥❡s ❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ r❡❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ r❡✈✐sã♦✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣❡r❝❛♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ss❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s s❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ✭❆✐❍✉❛✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ❩❡♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞♦s✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡✱ ♣♦r✈❡♥t✉r❛✱ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ✏❛♦ ✈✐✈♦✑ ❞❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛s✱ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ✭▼♦♦s ❡ ▼❛rr♦q✉✐♥✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✈í❞❡♦✱ s♦♠ ❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ à ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ é ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❝❧❛r❛s✱ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦✲♦s s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ♦✉ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❣❛st❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ♦✉✈✐♥❞♦✱ ❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❛ss✉♥t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❣r❛✈❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t tê♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛tr❛t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥str✉t♦r❡s ❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
◆❡ss❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♠❡❝❛✲ ♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ á✉❞✐♦✱ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s s♦❜r❡ ❧♦✉s❛s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s✳
✶✳✷✳ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✷✼
t❡♠❛s ❞❡ss❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❆❧✐ ❆❧✲❉❛❤♦✉❞ ❡ ❲❛❧❦♦✇✐❛❦✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ é ❛ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦♥t♦s ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❧✐❞❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ s❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❍✐♣❡r♠í❞✐❛ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛ ✭❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❍②♣❡r♠❡❞✐❛ ✕ ❆❍✮ ✭❇r✉s✐❧♦✈s❦②✱ ✷✵✵✶✮ s✉r✲ ❣✐✉ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❲❡❜✱ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❍✐♣❡r♠í❞✐❛ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❍②♣❡r♠❡❞✐❛ ✕ ❆❊❍✮ ✭❇r✉s✐✲ ❧♦✈s❦②✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❛♦s s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✱ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❡st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳ ❖s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡ ❡s❢♦rç❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss❛r ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s✱ ♣r♦✲ ❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s tr❡❝❤♦s ❞♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❡ s✉❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ♠❡♥t❡✳
❖ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈✫❆ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r ♣♦✉❝♦ ✉s♦ s❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❧♠❡❥❛❞❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✿
• ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✿ sã♦ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡
s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ✐t❡♥s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ✭▲✐❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮❀
• ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦✿ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❡
♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ s✉❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✭▲✐❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮❀
• ❙✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✿ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉á✲
r✐♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r s✉❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡✱ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ s✉❣❡r✐r ✐t❡♥s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✭❞❡ ❆♠♦ ❡ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ▲✐❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❯♠ ❜♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ❛❝❡ss❛r ♦ ❝♦♥✲ t❡ú❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ♣ró①✐♠❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛✳ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ t❡♠♣♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦✱ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ❡t❝✳✮✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r✲❧❤❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ♣r♦✲ ✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ q✉❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛❞❛ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛✉❧❛s ✷ ❛ ✻ sã♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛ ♣r♦✈❛✮✳
✷✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ss❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛q✉✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♥✲ ❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s t❡♠❛s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡✱ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣✉r❛✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✭✶✮ ♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❡ ✭✷✮ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ♣❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r ✭P✷P✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❣r❛✈❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❣❛r❣❛❧♦s ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s✲ ♠✐ssã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡❞✉✲ ❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦✲♦s ♥❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✳
➱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✭❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷❛❀ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛✱ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ r❡❢❡✲ r❡♥t❡s ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢r❛❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ ❡ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦❢❡r❡ç❛ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❡❳♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛r❡♠ à ♥♦✈❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ❡ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s✱ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s q✉❡ sã♦ três ♣✐❧❛r❡s q✉❡ ❛♣♦✐❛♠ ♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❍✉♠❛♥♦✲❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✭■❍❈✮ ✭❉✐① ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
✶✳✹ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛
✶✳✺✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✷✾
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❡①♣❡✲ r✐ê♥❝✐❛ t❡♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ é ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ❡ ❡♥tã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❡ t❛✐s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ✭❉❡②✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ▼♦❞❛❤❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❚r✉♦♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
Pr♦tót✐♣♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s s❡♠ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❢♦✐ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉❜íq✉❛s ❢♦❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✭❚❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❡ s✉❛s ❞❡✈✐❞❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳
✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s✿
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s✳ ➚ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛✈❛♥ç❛♠♦s ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ♦♥✐♣r❡s❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦s ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛♠♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❝❤❛♠❛♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉✲ t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♠❡♥♦s ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❡✱ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❡s s❡ ♠✐st✉r❛♠ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛s ✈✐❞❛s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛s✳
❆s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❡✴♦✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❡♠ s❡✉ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❤♦r❛ ❡ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❧✉❣❛r ✉s❛♥❞♦ s❡✉s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ s❡♠ ✜♦✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❛s❝❡♥sã♦✳
❖s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡stã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ♥❛s s❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛s✳ ◆♦t❡❜♦♦❦s✱ t❛❜❧❡ts✱ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s ❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛♦s ✐♥str✉t♦r❡s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❜s♦r✈❡r❡♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥str✉t♦r❡s✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❝❡ss❛r ♦ ❝♦♥✲ t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❧✉❣❛r ❡ ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✭✉✲▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣✮ ✭❩❤❛♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
❆ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ✏❛♦ ✈✐✈♦✑ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛s ❣❡r❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛ ✭▼♦♦s ❡ ▼❛rr♦q✉✐♥✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✈í❞❡♦✱ s♦♠ ❡ t❡①t♦✳
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ❡ s✉❛s s✉❜✲ár❡❛s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦✐s sã♦ ♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❀ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸✳
✸✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s✿ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s
✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛
❖s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❝♦r✲ ♣♦r❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❡r❛♠ tã♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❛✈❛♠ ❡♥♦r♠❡s s❛❧❛s✳ ❊ss❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡r❛♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s✳ ◆❡ss❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s tê♠ ❞✐♠✐♥✉í❞♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ s✉r❣✐✉ ❛ ❡r❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ ♦✉ P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✭P❈s✮✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ♣r❡ç♦ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛ t♦r♥❛ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✈✐á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r s❡❥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✳
❈♦♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❡ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❡♥♦r❡s✱ s✉r❣❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡r❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❞ã♦ ❧✉❣❛r à ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✭❲❡✐s❡r ❡ ❇r♦✇♥✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❯♠ ✐♥✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❞❡❧❡s sã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✳
❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝✉❥❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ é ❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❡♠ s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛s ✭❲❡✐s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ é ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r q✉❡ ❧✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ▼ó✈❡❧✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✱ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❍✉♠❛♥♦✲❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❘❡❝✉✲ ♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❞❡ s✉❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✳ ■ss♦ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s r❡❛✐s✳
✷✳✶✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❜íq✉❛ ✸✸
♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝❡♥tr♦s ✉r❜❛♥♦s ✭❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❆ ✐❞❡✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ é q✉❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❞❛❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ♣r❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳
❊♠ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧❛✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ três ❣r❛♥❞❡s t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✭❆❜♦✇❞ ❡ ▼②♥❛tt✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✿ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ◆❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✭❈✫❆✮✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞❡❧❡s✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ◆❛t✉r❛✐s ✭◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❯s❡r ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♦✉ ◆❯■✱ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✮✱ ❡st✉❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈♦③✱ ❞❡ ❣❡st♦s✱ ❞❡ t♦q✉❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ✭❲✐❣❞♦r ❡ ❲✐①♦♥✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❖ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛ ár❡❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡ q✉❡ ❡st✉❞❛♠ ❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✲ t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ t♦r♥❛r ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ♠❛✐s r❡❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦ ❲✐✐ ❡ ❞♦ ❳❇♦① ✸✻✵ ✰ ❑✐♥❡❝t✶✳
❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ t❡♠❛✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ✭❈♦♥t❡①t✲❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss✱ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✮✱ ❡stá ❧✐❣❛❞♦ à ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡r❡♠ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❡ r❡❛❣✐r ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✳
❊ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❈✫❆ q✉❡ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r r❡❣✐str❛r ❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ✈✐✈✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛♠ r❡✈✐s✐tá✲❧❛s ❢✉t✉r❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛q✉✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ú❧t✐♠♦s t❡♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s s❡rã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦
❈✫❆ é ❛ s✉❜✲ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛ q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞❛s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❣r❛✈❛❞❛s✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❡ss❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ✭❚r✉♦♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛✈❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥✲ t♦s✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✈✐✈✐❞❛ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r r❡✈✐s✐t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✳
P♦ré♠✱ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ❣r❛✈❛♠ ❡ ❞✐s✲ ♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ♠❛s s✐♠✱ ✈ár✐❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣ós ❡❧❛s✳ ❆ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ♠❡✐♦s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r s✉❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦✳ ❆♣ós s❡r❡♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s✱ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡r ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠
✸✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❯❜íq✉♦s✿ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s
♥♦✈❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦✉✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ s❡r ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❤✐♣❡r♠í❞✐❛✳
❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛q✉✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡stá ❢♦❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ❛s ❛✉❧❛s ♠✐♥✐str❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥str✉t♦r❡s sã♦ ❣r❛✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ s❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❡q✉✐♣❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦r❡s ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛✱ ❧♦✉s❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ♠✐❝r♦❢♦♥❡s ❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
✷✳✶✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❆❝❡ss♦
❯♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈✫❆ ♣♦❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦✳
P❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆ s❡❥❛ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞❛✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❢❛s❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣♦r ❆❜♦✇❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✿
• Pré✲♣r♦❞✉çã♦✿ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦❀
• ●r❛✈❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈✐✈♦✿ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛✈❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡
✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦❀
• Pós✲♣r♦❞✉çã♦✿ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛
❣r❛✈❛çã♦ ❛❝❛❜❛ ❞❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛❀ ❡✱
• ❆❝❡ss♦✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✳
❊ss❛s ❢❛s❡s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛ss♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❡❧❛s ♠♦str❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛r ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥✲ t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳
❊ss❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡r ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❘✐❝❤t❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡ ❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡ sã♦ ✉♥✐❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ só✳ P✐♠❡♥t❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠❛ q✉✐♥t❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦ ❡ ✈✐s✉✲ ❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❚r✉♦♥❣ ❡ ❍❛②❡s ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❢❛s❡s é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r q✉❛tr♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥ã♦✲❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈✫❆✿
