Junho de 2014
Gonçalo Alexandre Ferreira Santos
Licenciado em Engenharia Civil
Soluções de Pregagens para a Estabilização
de Taludes: uma Contribuição para o seu
Dimensionamento
Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil - Perfil Estruturas e Geotecnia
Orientador: Doutor Pedro Fernando e Mota Guedes de Melo,
Professor Auxiliar Convidado, FCT-UNL
Júri:
Presidente: Prof.ª Doutora Maria Teresa Teles Grilo Santana Arguente: Prof.ª Doutora Ana Teresa Carvalho
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✏❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t✑ ●♦♥ç❛❧♦ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❋❈❚✴❯◆▲ ❡ ❯◆▲
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s q✉❡✱ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r✐❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❡r♦ ♥❡st❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡✐①❛r ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❤♦♠❡♥❛❣❡♠✳
❊♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❡st♦✉ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r P❡❞r♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❡ ▼♦t❛ ●✉❡❞❡s ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦✱ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡t✐❝✉❧♦s❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡✉ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❡ ❝rít✐❝❛s s♦❜r❡ ♥✉♠❡r♦s♦s ❛s♣❡t♦s q✉❡✱ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❍❡r♠í♥✐♦ ❡ ❏❛♥✐♥❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ♥ã♦ só ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ❛❝❛❞é♠✐❝♦✱ ❡①♣r❡ss♦ ✉♠ ❝❛❧♦r♦s♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã✱ P❛trí❝✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❞✐❝♦✉ à r❡✈✐sã♦ ♠❡t✐❝✉❧♦s❛ ❞♦ t❡①t♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱ é ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ✉♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♣r✐♠♦ ❚✐❛❣♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❞❡ â♥✐♠♦✱ ❞❡❞✐❝♦ ✉♠ ❝❛❧♦r♦s♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳
❆♦s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❡①✲❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❡q✉✐♣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❛ ❧♦❥❛ P✐♥❣♦ ❉♦❝❡✱ ▲❡✐r✐❛ ✷✱ ❍❡ró✐s ❞❡ ❆♥❣♦❧❛ ✲ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r❞❡♠ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ s✉r❣✐♥❞♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡❧❡s sã♦ ❉♦♥❛ P❛✉❧❛✱ ❉♦♥❛ ❍❡❧❡♥❛✱ ❆♥❛ ❈♦st❛✱ ❈r✐st✐❛♥❛ Pr❛③❡r❡s✱ ❚â♥✐❛ ❇❡r♥❛r❞♦✱ ❊❧s❛ ❇❛❥♦✉❝♦✱ ❙t❡♣❤❛♥✐❡ ❱✐❡✐r❛✱ ❇ár❜❛r❛ ❈♦r❞❡✐r♦✱ ❈❛r❧❛ P❡q✉❡rr✉❝❤♦✱ ❈át✐❛✱ ❆♥❛ ▼❛rt✐♥s✱ ❋á❜✐♦ ❇❡♠✱ ❈❛r❧❛ ❙♦✜❛✱ ❏♦ã♦ ▲♦✉r❡✐r♦ ❡ ❏♦❡❧ ❈♦st❛ ✲ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❜♦❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦✱ é t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ✉♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳ ❉❡✐①♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r à ❉♦♥❛ P❛✉❧❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❡ r✐❣♦r✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ ❡①♣r❡ss♦ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s sã♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛❧✉❞❡s ❡♠ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s t❡rr♦s♦s ♦✉ r♦❝❤♦s♦s✳ ❆s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s t✐♣♦ ✈❛rã♦ ❞❡ ❛ç♦✱ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❢✉r♦s s✉❜✲❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ♦✉ ♣♦♥t✉❛❧✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛r✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❥á ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ q✉❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ❢❛❝t♦ é q✉❡✱ ❡♠ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ●❡♦té❝♥✐❝♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ sã♦ ✈ár✐♦s ♦s ❛s♣❡t♦s q✉❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♦ s❡✉ ❡st✉❞♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦s ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛r ♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡ ❡ ❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠✳
Pr♦❝✉r❛✲s❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞❛r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ●❡♦té❝♥✐❝♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐rá ✉♠❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ q✉❡ s✐♥t❡t✐③❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡ ❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ ❛❞♦t❛r ♥♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❡♠ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s✳ ◆♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛r✲s❡✲á ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❝❤❛✈❡✿
Pr❡❣❛❣❡♥s❀ ❚❛❧✉❞❡s❀ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦❀ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠❀ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛❀ ❘❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡✳
❆❜str❛❝t
◆❛✐❧✐♥❣ ✐s ♦❢t❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ s❧♦♣❡ st❛❜✐❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ s♦✐❧ ♦r r♦❝❦ ♠❛ss❡s✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛✐❧✐♥❣ ✐s ❞♦♥❡ ❜② st❡❡❧ r♦❞s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ s✉❜✲❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❤♦❧❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ♦r ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ t♦ ❜❡ st❛❜✐❧✐s❡❞✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ s❛❢❡t② ❝❤❡❝❦s t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞✱ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ s✐③✐♥❣ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✜♥❡❞✱ t❤❡ tr✉t❤ ✐s t❤❛t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ●❡♦t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❉❡s✐❣♥✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛s♣❡❝ts t❤❛t ♦❢t❡♥ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ✐ts ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ st✉❞②✳ ❖❢ t❤❡s❡✱ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t t❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t✐❡s ✐♥ ❛ss❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ str❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✐❧✲♥❛✐❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② ✐♥ s❝❛❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢❛❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❧♦♣❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞r❡st t♦ t❤❡ ♥❛✐❧✐♥❣ ♣❧❛t❡✳
❚❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❥❡❝t✱ ✐s t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ t♦✇❛r❞s ❜❡tt❡r s❝❛❧✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♥❞s t♦ t❤❡s❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❛❧✇❛②s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ s❝♦♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ●❡♦t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❉❡s✐❣♥✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t♦ t❤✐s ❡✛❡❝t✳ ❚❤❡ st✉❞② ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❛♥ ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❤♦✉❧❞ s✉♠♠❛r✐s❡ ✇❤❛t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✱ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❢♦r ❛ss❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ str❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✐❧✲♥❛✐❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❝❛❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❧♦♣❡ ❢❛❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❞r❡st s✉♣♣♦rt t♦ t❤❡ ♥❛✐❧✐♥❣ ♣❧❛t❡✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s t♦ ❜❡ ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❛✐❧✐♥❣ ❧♦❛❞ t❡st✐♥❣✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛t ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s✱ ❛s ❞❡❡♠❡❞ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿
◆❛✐❧✐♥❣❀ ❙❧♦♣❡s❀ ❙t❛❜✐❧✐s❛t✐♦♥❀ ▲❛t❡r❛❧ str❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ s♦✐❧✲♥❛✐❧✐♥❣❀ ▲♦❛❞ t❡st✐♥❣❀ ❙❧♦♣❡ ❢❛❝✐♥❣✳
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ▼❛tér✐❛s
❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t ✐
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐✐✐
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✈
❆❜str❛❝t ✈✐✐
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐✐✐
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s✱ s✐❣❧❛s ❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ①①✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❊♥q✉❛❞r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✷ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s à ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛❧✉❞❡s ✺ ✷✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❣❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ ❖r✐❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✸ ❈❛r❛t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✹ ❱❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✺ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✺✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✺✳✷ ❈r❛✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✺✳✸ ❋✉r❛çã♦ ❡ s❡❧❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✺✳✹ ❆✉t♦✲♣❡r❢✉r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✻ ❉r❡♥❛❣❡♠ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✻✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✻✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞r❡♥❛❣❡♠ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✻✳✸ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞r❡♥❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✻✳✹ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞r❡♥❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✼ ❘❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✼✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✼✳✷ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s s✉❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✼✳✸ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ✢❡①í✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
① ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ▼❛tér✐❛s
✷✳✼✳✹ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s rí❣✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✸✺
✸✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❣❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✸ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✸✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✸✳✷ ■♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❝♦rt❡ ❡ à ✢❡①ã♦ ❞❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✸✳✹ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✹ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sõ❡s ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✹✳✶ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✹✳✷ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ tr❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✹✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ tr❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✺ ❊st❛❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✺✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✺✳✷ ❊st❛❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✺✳✸ ❊st❛❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✻ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ❡ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✹ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛❧✉❞❡s r❡❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✺✾ ✹✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❣❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✷ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✸ ◆♦r♠❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❣✉✐❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✹ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✺ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✺✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✺✳✷ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✺✳✸ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❣❡♦té❝♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✺✳✹ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❛rr❛♥❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✺✳✺ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✹✳✻ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✻✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✻✳✷ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s s✉❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✻✳✸ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ✢❡①í✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✻✳✹ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s rí❣✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✹✳✼ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✹✳✽ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✹✳✽✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✹✳✽✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✹✳✽✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✹✳✽✳✹ ▼ét♦❞♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✹✳✾ ▼♦♥✐t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻
✺ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✶✶✾
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ▼❛tér✐❛s ①✐
✺✳✷✳✷ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ♣ré✈✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❛rr❛♥❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✺✳✷✳✹ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ r❡❝❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✺✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✺✳✹ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✺✳✺ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ♥ã♦ ❞❡str✉t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ✺✳✻ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡str✉t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✶✸✶
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❉❡s❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦r ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ❜❛rr❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ◆♦tr❡ ❉❛♠❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♠✐❡rs✱ ✶✾✻✶ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇♦♥❛③③✐ ❡ ❈♦❧♦♠❜❡t✱ ✶✾✽✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❚r❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♦ ◆❡✇ ❆✉str✐❛♥
❚✉♥♥❡❧❧✐♥❣ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇r✉❝❡ ❡ ❏❡✇❡❧❧✱ ✶✾✽✻❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✸ ❙❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞♦ ♠✉r♦ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❱❡rs❛✐❧❧❡s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❘❛❜❡❥❛❝
❡ ❚♦✉❞✐❝✱ ✶✾✼✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✹ Pr❡❣❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦✿ ❛✮ ❈♦r♣♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❨❲■❉❆●✱
✷✵✶✸❝✮❀ ❜✮ ❙❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❡♠ ó♠❡❣❛ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❊❯❘❖❚❊❈✱ ✷✵✶✵❡✮✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✺ Pr❡❣❛❣❡♠ ❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❨❲■❉❆●✱ ✷✵✶✸❜✮✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✻ Pr❡❣❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❛tr✐t♦✿ ❛✮ ❈♦r♣♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❨❲■❉❆●✱
✷✵✶✸❛✮❀ ❜✮ ❆♥❡❧ ❡ s❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❊❯❘❖❚❊❈✱ ✷✵✶✵❞✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✼ Pr❡❣❛❣❡♠ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠❀ ❜✮ ❙❡❝çã♦
tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧✱ ❆✲❆✬❀ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r❊◆ ✶✹✹✾✵✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✽ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❛✉t♦✲♣❡r❢✉r❛♥t❡✿ ❛✮ Pr❡❣❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❜✐t ❞❡ s❛❝r✐❢í❝✐♦ ♥❛ ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡
✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❨❲■❉❆●✱ ✷✵✵✻❛✮❀ ❜✮ ❙❡❝çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦r♦❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❀ ❝✮ ❇✐t ❞❡ s❛❝r✐❢í❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧♦s ❝♦❡s✐✈♦s❀ ❞✮ ❇✐t ❞❡ s❛❝r✐❢í❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧♦s ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r❡s❀ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❨❲■❉❆●✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✾ Pr❡❣❛❣❡♠ s❡❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❝❛❧❞❛ ❞❡ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ r❡s✐♥❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡s❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛
❞❡ ❉❨❲■❉❆●✱ ✷✵✵✻❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✶✵ ❱❛rõ❡s ❣❛❧✈❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣❛ ❡♣ó①✐ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❨❲■❉❆●✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✶✶ Pr♦t❡çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛ ❝♦rr♦sã♦✿ ❛✮ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ t✉❜♦ ❝♦rr✉❣❛❞♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡
❉❨❲■❉❆●✱ ✷✵✵✻❝✮❀ ❜✮ ❈❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦r ❡♠ P❱❈ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❨❲■❉❆●✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✶✷ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ tí♣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ✢❡①í✈❡✐s ❡
t❛❧✉❞❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❉❨❲■❉❆●✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✶✸ ■♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❝r❛✈❛çã♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ▲❛✉♥❝❤❡r✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✶✹ ❋✉r❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ tr❛❞♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉r✐❧❧✐♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✶✺ ❙❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❣r❛✈ít✐❝❛ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✶✻ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡✐♥❥❡çã♦✿ ❛✮ ■♥❥❡çã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❡ ✉♥✐tár✐❛ ✭■●❯✮❀ ❜✮ ■♥❥❡çã♦
r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈❛ ✭■❘❙✮❀ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✶✼ ■♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲♣❡r❢✉r❛çã♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡
❲❡❧❞❣r✐♣✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶✽ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ♥✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡
P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✶✾ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞r❡♥❛❣❡♠ t✐♣♦ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ P❤❡❛r
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷✵ ❙❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛❧❡t❛ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
①✐✈ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✷✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞r❡♥❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡✿ ❛✮ ❇❛r❜❛❝ãs ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ●r✐✣t❤s ❉r✐❧❧✐♥❣✱ ✷✵✶✹✮❀ ❜✮ ❇❛♥❞❛s ❣❡♦ss✐♥tét✐❝❛s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ▼❛❣❛③✐♥❡ ❘❛✐❧r♦❛❞✐♥❣ ❚✳ ❚✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✷✷ ❉r❡♥♦ s✉❜✲❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ♥✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡
▲❛③❛rt❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✷✸ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s s✉❛✈❡s✿ ❛✮ ●❡♦❣r❡❧❤❛s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ▼❛❝❝❛❢❡rr✐ ❯❑ ✫ ❘❖■✱ ✷✵✶✸✮❀
❜✮ ❘❡❞❡s ♠❡tá❧✐❝❛s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ▼❛❝❝❛❢❡rr✐ ❈❛♥❛❞❛ ▲t❞✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✷✹ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ✢❡①í✈❡✐s✿ ❛✮ ❘❡❞❡s ♠❡tá❧✐❝❛s❀ ❜✮ ❘❡❞❡s ♠❡tá❧✐❝❛s ❡ ❝❛❜♦s
❞❡ ❛ç♦❀ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ▼❛❝❝❛❢❡rr✐ ❈❛♥❛❞❛ ▲t❞✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✷✺ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s rí❣✐❞❛s✿ ❛✮ ❇❡tã♦ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ Pr♦t❡①t
❈♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✶✶✮❀ ❜✮ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣ré✲❢❛❜r✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❜❡tã♦❀ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❘❡✐♥❢♦r❝❡❞ ❊❛rt❤✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸✳✶ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ à ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❛❧✉❞❡ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ●✉✐❧❧♦✉① ❡ ❙❝❤❧♦ss❡r✱ ✶✾✽✷❀ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❈❛r❞♦s♦✱ ✶✾✽✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠✿ ❛✮ Pr❡❣❛❣❡♥s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛s
♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ♣❛ss✐✈❛❀ ❜✮ Pr❡❣❛❣❡♥s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ❛t✐✈❛❀ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❛r❧❡② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼❛❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ●❊❖✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✸ ❊✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çõ❡s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛
❞❡ ❏♦❤♥s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✹ Pr❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛
♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ♣❛ss✐✈❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❏♦❤♥s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✺ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦rt❡ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡
❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✻ ❩♦♥❛s ❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ♣❛ss✐✈❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦
❛s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦❀ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❛r❧❡② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✼ ❚❛❧✉❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✭❝♦♠ ✉♠ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦
✢❡①í✈❡❧✮✿ ❛✮ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ à s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡❀ ❜✮ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ tr❛çã♦ ♥❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s❀ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✽ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ▲❛③❛rt❡
❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❩❤♦✉ ❡ ❨✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✾ ❊q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t❡s✐♠❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛
❞❡ ❙❝❤❧♦ss❡r ❡ ❯♥t❡rr❡✐♥❡r✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ▲❛③❛rt❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✶✵ Pr♦✈á✈❡✐s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ♥✉♠❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠✿
❛✮ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ▲❛③❛rt❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮❀ ❜✮ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❛r❧❡② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼❛✮ ❡ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✶✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ tr❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡
▲❛③❛rt❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✶✷ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦
❧✐♥❡❛r ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ tr❛çã♦✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ♥❛ ③♦♥❛ ♣❛ss✐✈❛ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ▲❛③❛rt❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✶✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ tr❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ t♦t❛❧
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈
✸✳✶✹ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✶✺ P♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❡①t❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠
✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ●❊❖✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✶✻ P♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠
✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ●❊❖✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✶✼ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠
✭δh é ♦ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧❀δv é ♦ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧✮ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✶✽ ❋♦rç❛s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ✐♥st❛❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛
❞❡ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✹✳✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❣❡♦té❝♥✐❝♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇✉r❧❛♥❞✱ ✶✾✽✼❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✷ ❚❡♥sõ❡s ❛t✉❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠✿ ❛✮ ❈♦r♣♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠
✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❙❝❤❧♦ss❡r ❡ ❯♥t❡rr❡✐♥❡r✱ ✶✾✾✹✮❀ ❜✮ ❙❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧✱ ❆✲❆✬ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❍❆ ✻✽✴✾✹✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❩❤♦✉ ❡ ❨✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✸ ➪❜❛❝♦s ✭qs,ult/pl, NSP T✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s s❡❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛r❡✐❛s ❡ ❝❛s❝❛❧❤♦s
✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇✉st❛♠❛♥t❡ ❡ ❉♦✐①✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✹ ➪❜❛❝♦s ✭qs,ult/pl, NSP T✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s s❡❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛r❣✐❧❛s ❡ s✐❧t❡s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛
❞❡ ❇✉st❛♠❛♥t❡ ❡ ❉♦✐①✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✺ ➪❜❛❝♦s ✭qs,ult/pl, NSP T✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s s❡❧❛❞❛s ♥♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r♦❝❤❛✿ ❣✐③✱
♠❛r❣❛ ❡ ♠❛r❣❛✲❝❛❧❝ár✐♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇✉st❛♠❛♥t❡ ❡ ❉♦✐①✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✻ ➪❜❛❝♦s ✭qs,ult/pl, NSP T✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s s❡❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ r♦❝❤❛s ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛s ❡
❢r❛❣♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇✉st❛♠❛♥t❡ ❡ ❉♦✐①✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✼ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ú❧t✐♠❛ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠✱ qs,ult✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦
❞❡ ❛tr✐t♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦✱φ′ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❍❡②♠❛♥♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✹✳✽ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ú❧t✐♠❛ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠✱qs,ult✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡✱ NSP T ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❍❡②♠❛♥♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✾ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ú❧t✐♠❛ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠✱ qs,ult✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡
NSP T ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❖rt✐❣ã♦✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✶✵ ➪❜❛❝♦s ❆✳ ✶ ✭qs,ult/pl, NSP T✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s s❡❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❣r❛✈ít✐❝❛
❡♠ ❛r❡✐❛s ✭❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✶✮ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ▲❛③❛rt❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✹✳✶✶ ➪❜❛❝♦s ❈✳ ✶ ✭qs,ult/pl, NSP T✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s s❡❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❣r❛✈ít✐❝❛
❡♠ ❝❛s❝❛❧❤♦s ✭❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✷✮ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ▲❛③❛rt❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✶✷ ➪❜❛❝♦s ❆❙✳ ✶ ✭qs,ult/pl, NSP T✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s s❡❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❣r❛✈ít✐❝❛
❡♠ ❛r❣✐❧❛s ✭❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✸✮ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ▲❛③❛rt❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✹✳✶✸ ➪❜❛❝♦s ▼✳ ✶ ✭qs,ult/pl, NSP T✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s s❡❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❣r❛✈ít✐❝❛
❡♠ ♠❛r❣❛s ✭❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✹✮ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ▲❛③❛rt❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✹✳✶✹ ➪❜❛❝♦s ❘✳ ✶ ✭qs,ult/pl, NSP T✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s s❡❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❣r❛✈ít✐❝❛
❡♠ r♦❝❤❛s ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛s ✭❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✺✮ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ▲❛③❛rt❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✹✳✶✺ ➪❜❛❝♦s ❆✳ ✷ ✭qs,ult/pl, NSP T✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❝r❛✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛r❡✐❛s ✭❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛s
①✈✐ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✹✳✶✻ ➪❜❛❝♦s ❈✳ ✸ ✭qs,ult/pl, NSP T✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❝r❛✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛s❝❛❧❤♦s ✭❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✼✮ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ▲❛③❛rt❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✹✳✶✼ ➪❜❛❝♦ ❈✳ ✷ ✭qs✱pl✮ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s s❡❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥❥❡çã♦ s♦❜ ❜❛✐①❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❡♠
❝❛s❝❛❧❤♦s ✭❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ✽✮ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✶✽ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❧❛tâ♥❝✐❛ ✐♠♣❡❞✐❞❛✿ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❛t✉❛♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡
❞❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✭Hé ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠✮ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❙❝❤❧♦ss❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✹❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✶✾ Pr♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ♠é❞✐❛
✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❍❆ ✻✽✴✾✹✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✹✳✷✵ P♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ❜❧♦❝♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s
❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❍❆ ✻✽✴✾✹✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✹✳✷✶ P♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡
♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❘✉❡❣❣❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✹✳✷✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡ ✭✶✾✾✶✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛♠❡♥t♦
✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✹✳✷✸ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣r❡ssõ❡s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ s♦❜ ♦ ♣❛r❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ❛✮
❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡❀ ❜✮ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣✐r❛♠✐❞❛❧❀ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✹✳✷✹ P❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✿ ❛✮ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❍❆
✻✽✴✾✹✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ●❊❖✱ ✷✵✵✽✮❀ ❜✮ ❙❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧✱ ❆✲❆✬ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✹✳✷✺ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡♥s✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡
✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❲❡✐ ❡ ❈❤❡♥❣✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✹✳✷✻ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✿ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦
❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡❀ ❜✮ ❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡❀ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❲❡✐ ❡ ❈❤❡♥❣✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✹✳✷✼ ➪❜❛❝♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛L/H = 0.6✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳✶✶✶ ✹✳✷✽ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ●❊❖✲❙▲❖P❊ ■♥t❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✹✳✷✾ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❙▲❖P❊✴❲
✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ●❊❖✲❙▲❖P❊ ■♥t❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✹✳✸✵ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ à tr❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙▲❖P❊✴❲ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ P♦❝❦♦s❦✐ ❡
❉✉♥❝❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✹✳✸✶ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡
●❊❖✲❙▲❖P❊ ■♥t❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✹✳✸✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ●❊❖✲❙▲❖P❊ ■♥t❧✳✱
✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✹✳✸✸ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❙❧✐❞❡
✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❘♦❝s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ■♥❝✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✹✳✸✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ à tr❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❧✐❞❡ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ P♦❝❦♦s❦✐ ❡ ❉✉♥❝❛♥✱
✷✵✵✵❀ ❘♦❝s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ■♥❝✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❜✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
✺✳✶ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦rt❡ ♣r❡❣❛❞♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❛r❧❡② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼❛❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✺✳✷ ❖❜t✉r❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥✢á✈❡✐s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❘♦❝❦✇✐❧❧✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✺✳✸ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈✐✐
✺✳✹ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s✿ ❛✮ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❏❛②❛✇✐❝❦r❛♠❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮❀ ❜✮ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ●❲❘✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✺✳✺ Pr❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦✿ ❛✮ Prát✐❝❛
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❱❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✹✳✶ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ P❡❞❧❡②✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✷ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✱ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛ ♦✉ ❣✉✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r
❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛ s❡❝çã♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❡st❡ é ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✸ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ú❧t✐♠❛ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠✱ qs,ult✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s s❡❧❛❞❛s ❡♠
s♦❧♦s ❡ r♦❝❤❛s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❊❧✐❛s ❡ ❏✉r❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✶✱ ❇②r♥❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✱ ▲❛③❛rt❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸ ❡ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✹ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ r♦❝❤❛✱ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❡ ❛s ✜❣✉r❛s q✉❡
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s á❜❛❝♦s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇✉st❛♠❛♥t❡ ❡ ❉♦✐①✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✺ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♠❛❥♦r❛çã♦✱ αm ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇✉st❛♠❛♥t❡ ❡ ❉♦✐①✱
✶✾✽✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✻ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ú❧t✐♠❛ s♦❧♦✲❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠
s❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❣r❛✈ít✐❝❛ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❙❛❜❛t✐♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ▲❛③❛rt❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✼ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❞❛ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❛♥á❧♦❣❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ á❜❛❝♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛
❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✽ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ♦✉ r♦❝❤❛✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛s ✜❣✉r❛s
q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s á❜❛❝♦s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✾ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦✱ ξ✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❝❛r❛t❡ríst✐❝♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦
❛rr❛♥❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r❊◆ ✶✹✹✾✵✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✶✵ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧✱ γp✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛
r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❛rr❛♥❝❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✹✳✶✶ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❛❞❡sã♦✱ α✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✶✷ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❞♦ t❡rr❡♥♦✱ KL✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✶✸ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❛tr✐t♦✱ fb✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✹✳✶✹ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✱ L/H✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❢✉r❛❞❛s ❡ s❡❧❛❞❛s
✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✹✳✶✺ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✱L/H✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❝r❛✈❛❞❛s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛
❞❡ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✹✳✶✻ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡
❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ♣r❡❣❛❞♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ P❤❡❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳✶✶✼
✺✳✶ ◆ú♠❡r♦ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ♣ré✈✐♦s ❡♠ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
①① ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✺✳✷ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❛rr❛♥❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❧♦✉t❡rr❡✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✺✳✸ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❛rr❛♥❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛
❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❣❡♦té❝♥✐❝❛ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❊◆ ✶✹✹✾✵✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✺✳✹ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ r❡❝❡çã♦ ❡♠ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡
s♦❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✺✳✺ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ r❡❝❡çã♦ ❡♠ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s✱ s✐❣❧❛s ❡
sí♠❜♦❧♦s
❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
■♥t❧✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▲t❞✳ ▲✐♠✐t❡❞
❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❈ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦
❆❙❈❊ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡rs ❆❙❉ ❆❧❧♦✇❛❜❧❡ ❙tr❡ss ❉❡s✐❣♥
❆❙❚▼ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❢♦r ❚❡st✐♥❣ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧s ❇❙ ❇r✐t✐s❤ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞
❈❈ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❈● ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ●❡♦té❝♥✐❝❛
❈■❘■❆ ❈♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ■♥❞✉str② ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❊❈ ❊✉r♦❝ó❞✐❣♦
❊◆ ◆♦r♠❛ ❊✉r♦♣❡✐❛
❊◆P❈ ➱❝♦❧❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧❡ ❞❡s P♦♥ts ❡t ❈❤❛✉ssé❡s ❊P ❊str❛❞❛s ❞❡ P♦rt✉❣❛❧
❊P●❊ ❊s❝♦❧❛ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ●✉st❛✈❡ ❊✐✛❡❧ ❊❯❆ ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛
❋❈❚ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛
❋❊❯P ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ P♦rt♦
①①✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s✱ s✐❣❧❛s ❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s
❋❍❲❆ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❍✐❣❤✇❛② ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ●❊❖ ●❡♦t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❖✣❝❡ ❍❆ ❍✐❣❤✇❛②s ❆❣❡♥❝②
❍❉P❊ ❍✐❣❤✲❞❡♥s✐t② P♦❧②❡t❤②❧❡♥❡ ■❈❊ ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡rs ■●❯ ■♥❥❡çã♦ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❯♥✐tár✐❛ ■❘❙ ■♥❥❡çã♦ ❘❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ❡ ❙❡❧❡t✐✈❛
▲❈P❈ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦✐r❡ ❈❡♥tr❛❧❡ ❞❡s P♦♥ts ❡t ❈❤❛✉ssé❡s ▲◆❊❈ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ▲❘❋❉ ▲♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❘❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ❉❡s✐❣♥ ▲❙❉ ▲✐♠✐t❡ ❙t❛t❡ ❉❡s✐❣♥
▼❊❋ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞♦s ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❋✐♥✐t♦s ◆❆❚▼ ◆❡✇ ❆✉str✐❛♥ ❚✉♥♥❡❧❧✐♥❣ ▼❡t❤♦❞
◆❈❍❘P ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❍✐❣❤✇❛② ❈♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❡ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ◆P ◆♦r♠❛ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛
P▼❚ ❊♥s❛✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r❡ss✐ó♠❡tr♦ ▼é♥❛r❞ P❱❈ P♦❧②✈✐♥②❧ ❈❤❧♦r✐❞❡
❙P❚ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ♣❡♥❡tr❛t✐♦♥ t❡st ♦✉ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❚●❱ ❚r❛✐♥ à ●r❛♥❞❡ ❱✐t❡ss❡
❚❘▲ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r② ❯◆▲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ◆♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▲✐s❜♦❛ ❱❙❚ ❊♥s❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ r♦t❛t✐✈♦ ✭✈❛♥❡ t❡st✮
❙í♠❜♦❧♦s ✲ ❆❧❢❛❜❡t♦ ❧❛t✐♥♦
A ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠
Aplaca ➪r❡❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ As ➪r❡❛ ❞❛ s❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ a ▲❛r❣✉r❛ ♦✉ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ A/C ❘❡❧❛çã♦ á❣✉❛✲❝✐♠❡♥t♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s✱ s✐❣❧❛s ❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ①①✐✐✐
d ❉✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞♦ ❢✉r♦ s❡❧❛❞♦ ✭♦✉✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s ❝r❛✈❛❞❛s s❡♠ s❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛✮
de ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♥s
dh ❉✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ F ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❋♦rç❛ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ c′ ❈♦❡sã♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛
c′
cont ❈♦❡sã♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❛❝t♦ s♦❧♦✲♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ c′
d ❱❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❡sã♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ c′
k ❱❛❧♦r ❝❛r❛t❡ríst✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❡sã♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ cu ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥ã♦ ❞r❡♥❛❞❛
F1 ❋♦rç❛ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ✶ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡①í✈❡❧
F2 ❋♦rç❛ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ✷ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡①í✈❡❧
F12 ❋♦rç❛ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❜❧♦❝♦s ✶ ❡ ✷
Fa ❋♦rç❛ ❞❡ ❛rr❛♥❝❛♠❡♥t♦ Fs ❋♦rç❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡
Ftot ❋♦rç❛ t♦t❛❧ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡①í✈❡❧
fck ❱❛❧♦r ❝❛r❛t❡ríst✐❝♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ à ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❛ ❝❛❧❞❛ ❞❡ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ fyk ❱❛❧♦r ❝❛r❛t❡ríst✐❝♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠
fyk,placa ❱❛❧♦r ❝❛r❛t❡ríst✐❝♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠
g ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❞❡s❧✐③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡
H ❆❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ✭t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡ ♦✉ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡✮
Pr♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠ h ❈❛r❣❛ ❤✐❞rá✉❧✐❝❛
❆❧t✉r❛ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ IP ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡
K0 ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦ ❡♠ r❡♣♦✉s♦
Ka ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦ ❛t✐✈♦ KL ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ L ❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❣❛❣❡♠
