Interacção estruturafundaçãoterreno: influência das vigas de fundação no comportamento de edifícios fundados em estacas

Miguel Ângelo Silva Pires

Licenciado em Engenharia Civil

Interacção estrutura/fundação/terreno: influência das

vigas de fundação no comportamento de edifícios

fundados em estacas

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil - Estruturas e

Geotecnia

Orientador: Doutora Ana Paula Confraria Varatojo

Júri:

Presidente: Prof. Doutor Válter da Guia Lúcio

Arguente: Prof. Doutor Nuno Manuel da Costa Guerra Vogal: Prof. Doutora Ana Paula Confraria Varatojo

✏❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t✑ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ➶♥❣❡❧♦ ❙✐❧✈❛ P✐r❡s✱ ❋❈❚✴❯◆▲ ❊ ❯◆▲

❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

❼ ❖ ♠❡✉ s✐♥❝❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❆♥❛ P❛✉❧❛ ❈♦♥❢r❛r✐❛ ❱❛r❛t♦❥♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐✉ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛❀

❼ ❆♦ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦ ❙ér❣✐♦ ❱✐t♦r✐♥♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣r❡st♦✉ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀

❼ ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ❙❛r❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ❛♠♦r❀

❼ ❆♦ ❣❛❜✐♥❡t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t♦s ✏❚r✐❡❞❡✑ ❡ ❛♦ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦ ❱❛③ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s❀

❼ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ✐r♠ã♦ ❡ ❛✈ós ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛❀

❼ ❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❊♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦s ❋✐❧✐♣❡ ❈♦rr❡✐❛✱ ❘✉✐ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s✱ P❡❞r♦ P✐r❡s✱ ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡ ▲♦✉r❡✐r♦✱ ❏♦ã♦ ❈❛♠õ❡s✱ ◆✉♥♦ P✐r❡s ❡ ❊❞❣❛r ❉♦♠✐♥❣✉❡s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❆ t♦❞♦s ❡❧❡s ♦ ♠❡✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳

❘❡s✉♠♦

❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦s ❞❡ ♣♦rt❡ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ❢✉♥❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡st❛❝❛s ✭❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t❛s✮ ❡♠ ❜❡tã♦ ❛r♠❛❞♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞❛s✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✶✵ ♣✐s♦s ❝♦♥s✲ t✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❡ ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛str❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣❡r❢❡✐t♦s✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♥♦ss♦ ♣❛ís✳

❆s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✜♥✐t♦s ✏❙❛♣ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✑✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛✴❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✴t❡rr❡♥♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❲✐♥❦❧❡r✳ ❖s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s t✐✈❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s s❡✉s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❛s ❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ❡st❛❝❛s✳

P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❝❤❛✈❡✿

r❡❛❝çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦❀ ❡s❢♦rç♦s❀ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s❀ ❝✉st♦s

❆❜str❛❝t

❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛✐♠s t♦ st✉❞② t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❛♠s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ s✐③❡ ✭t❡♥ ✢♦♦rs✮✱ ❢♦✉♥❞❡❞ ♦♥ ♣✐❧❡s ✭❞❡❡♣ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s✮✳ ■t ✇❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛ ✸❉ ❢r❛♠❡ ♦❢ ✶✵ ✢♦♦rs ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❝♦r❡ ❛♥❞ s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✐♠♠♦✈❛❜❧❡ ❜✉✐❧t✲✐♥ s✉♣♣♦rts✳

❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✇❡r❡ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ♦❢ ✜♥✐t❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✧❙❛♣ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ✧✱ ✇✐❝❤ ❛❧❧♦✇s ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❡✴❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥✴❣r♦✉♥❞✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ❲✐♥❦❧❡r✬s ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s♦✐❧ ❛♥❞ ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ st✉❞✐❡s ✇❡r❡ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t ❢♦r ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ❛♥❞ ❤❛❞ t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♥❣ ❡✛♦rts ❛♥❞ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ ♦r ♥♦t ❜❡❛♠s ♦❢ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s✉♣♣♦rts ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❡✛❡❝ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦sts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳

❑❡②✲✇♦r❞s✿

❙✐♠❜♦❧♦❣✐❛

α ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐s♠✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ β ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ sís♠✐❝♦

β r♦t❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ β0 ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ sís♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛

∆sdif f ❛ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ η ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦

γgi ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ às ❛❝çõ❡s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s

γq ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ às ❛❝çõ❡s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s

µ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ν ❡s❢♦rç♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦

ψ2j ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ à ❛❝çã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ❥

θ2 r♦t❛çã♦ ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐r❡❝çã♦ ②

Ainf,pilar ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r

Ainf ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡st❛❝❛

Asv ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s

As ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛✐s

b ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r

bm ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦

d ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ❡st❛❝❛

dh ❛❧t✉r❛ út✐❧ ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦

Dmx ❛ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦s ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s

✈✐✐✐

E ❛❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ s✐s♠♦

E ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✈✐❣❛ F ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❛①✐❛❧ ❛❝t✉❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❡st❛❝❛

fcd ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❜❡tã♦ à ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦

Fd ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❛①✐❛❧ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ❛♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦

Fh ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛s ❢♦rç❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦s ❛♣♦✐♦s

Fv ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛s ❢♦rç❛s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦s ❛♣♦✐♦s

Fx ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ♥♦s ❛♣♦✐♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✶ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ①

Fy ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛ ♥♦s ❛♣♦✐♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✶ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ②

Fz ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ♥♦s ❛♣♦✐♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✶ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ③

H ❢♦rç❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛ ❡st❛❝❛ hM ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦

hp ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r

hv ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ✈✐❣❛ ❛ s❡r ♣ré✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❞❛

I ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥ér❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✈✐❣❛ K ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❝çã♦ ❞♦ t❡rr❡♥♦ k ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❝çã♦ ❞♦ t❡rr❡♥♦

k1 ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❝çã♦ ❞♦ t❡rr❡♥♦✱ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛❝❛

kh,f uste r✐❣✐❞❡③ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❞❛s ♠♦❧❛s

kv,f uste r✐❣✐❞❡③ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❞❛s ♠♦❧❛s

L ♠❛✐♦r ✈ã♦ ❞♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦

Lmenor ♠❡♥♦r ✈ã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛✐♥❡✐s ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡

linf ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥ó

M ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛ ❡st❛❝❛

Mf ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛ ❡st❛❝❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✈❡❝t♦r✐❛❧

Mx ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r ♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝çã♦ ① ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧

✐①

My ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r ♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝çã♦ ② ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧

My ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r ♥♦s ❛♣♦✐♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✶ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ②

M2 ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r ♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝çã♦ ①

M3 ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r ♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝çã♦ ②

n ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❝❛s

Ned ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❛❝t✉❛♥t❡✭tr❛❝çã♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦✮

nh t❛①❛ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❝çã♦ ❞♦ t❡rr❡♥♦

P ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❛①✐❛❧

p ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ❡st❛❝❛

pedlaje ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❛❝t✉❛♥t❡ ♥♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❧❛❥❡

Q ❛❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛

q ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ❞✐r❡❝t❛s ❡ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t❛s SEk ❛❝çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛

SGik ❡s❢♦rç♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❝çã♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡

SQk ❡s❢♦rç♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❝çã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞✐st✐♥t❛ ❞❛ ❛❝çã♦ ❜❛s❡

Vana ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛s ♠❛ss❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❛♥❛❧✐t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡

Vf ❡s❢♦rç♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛ ❡st❛❝❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✈❡❝t♦r✐❛❧

Vi ❢♦rç❛ ❛①✐❛❧ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st❛❝❛

VSap ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛s ♠❛ss❛s r❡t✐r❛❞❛❞❛s ❞♦ ❙❛♣ ✷✵✵✵

Vx ❡s❢♦rç♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ①

Vy ❡s❢♦rç♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ②

V2 ❡s❢♦rç♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r ♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝çã♦ ①

V3 ❡s❢♦rç♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ♣✐❧❛r ♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝çã♦ ②

x ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ t❡rr❡♥♦ y ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❞❛ ✈✐❣❛

❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❚❡①t♦

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶

✶✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶

✶✳✷ ❊♥q✉❛❞r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷

✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸

✶✳✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸

✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸

✶✳✻ ❇r❡✈❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺

✷ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛✴❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✴t❡rr❡♥♦ ✾

✷✳✶ ▼❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❲✐♥❦❧❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾

✷✳✷ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❝çã♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❞♦ t❡rr❡♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶

✷✳✷✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝çã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✲t❡rr❡♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸

✷✳✸ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻

✷✳✸✳✶ ❊✉r♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ✷✶

✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✸✳✷ ❘❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✸✳✸ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✸✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

①✐✐ ❮◆❉■❈❊ ❉❊ ❚❊❳❚❖

✸✳✸✳✷ ❊st❛❝❛s ❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✸✳✸✳✷✳✶ ❉✐s♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❣❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✸✳✸✳✷✳✷ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✸✳✹ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✏❙❛♣ ✷✵✵✵✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✸✳✹✳✶ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✸✳✹✳✷ ❆❝çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✸✳✹✳✸ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✸✳✹✳✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷

✸✳✹✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

✸✳✹✳✺ ❊❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✶✵ ♣✐s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✸✳✹✳✺✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✹ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✭❊s❢♦rç♦s✮ ✸✾

✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

✹✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✺ ❡ ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

✹✳✸✳✶ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

✹✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

✹✳✸✳✷ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

✹✳✸✳✷✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

✹✳✸✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✶✱ ✺ ❡ ✻ ✳ ✹✼

✹✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✶✱ ✷✱ ✸ ❡ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

✹✳✹✳✶ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

✹✳✹✳✶✳✶ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

❮◆❉■❈❊ ❉❊ ❚❊❳❚❖ ①✐✐✐

✹✳✹✳✶✳✸ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

✹✳✹✳✶✳✹ ❱✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹

✹✳✹✳✷ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽

✹✳✹✳✷✳✶ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽

✹✳✹✳✷✳✷ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶

✹✳✹✳✷✳✸ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸

✹✳✹✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✶✱ ✷✱ ✸ ❡ ✹ ❡ ❛s ❍✐♣ót❡s❡s ✶ ❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹

✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✭❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s✮ ✼✼

✺✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼

✺✳✷ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽

✺✳✷✳✶ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷✱ ✸ ❡ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽

✺✳✷✳✷ ❘♦t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷✱ ✸ ❡ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵

✺✳✸ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

✺✳✸✳✶ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷✱ ✸ ❡ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

✺✳✸✳✷ ❘♦t❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷✱ ✸ ❡ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾

✺✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷✱ ✸ ❡ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹

✺✳✺ ❘♦t❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✺ ❡ ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹

✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s ✾✼

✻✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼

✻✳✶✳✶ P❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s ♥❛s ✈✐❣❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽

✻✳✶✳✷ P❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s ♥❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶

①✐✈ ❮◆❉■❈❊ ❉❊ ❚❊❳❚❖

✼ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❡ ❢✉t✉r♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ✶✶✸

✼✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸

✼✳✷ ❋✉t✉r♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺

❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ✶✶✼

❆ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✶✷✶

❆✳✶ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸

❇ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❡♠ ❡st❛❝❛s ✶✷✺

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✶✵ ♣✐s♦s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦✱ ❘✉❡✛ ❡ ❱❛r❛t♦❥♦✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✺

✶✳✷ ❆❧❣✉♥s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦✱ ❘✉❡✛ ❡ ❱❛r❛t♦❥♦✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ✳ ✻

✶✳✸ ▼❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✜♥✐t♦s ❞♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦✱ ❇❛rr♦s ✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼

✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡❝t❛ ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❲✐♥❦❧❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❝❛ ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❲✐♥❦❧❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

✷✳✸ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡st❛❝❛ t✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹

✷✳✹ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❊❈✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

✸✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❝❛s ✷✻

✸✳✷ ❙❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✸✳✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❢✉♥❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷

✸✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✸✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✸✳✻ ■♠❛❣❡♠ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❙❛♣ ✷✵✵✵ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✶✵ ♣✐s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻

✹✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵

✹✳✷ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸

✹✳✸ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s✱ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹

✹✳✹ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s✱ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

✹✳✺ ❊s❢♦rç♦ ❛①✐❛❧ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾

①✈✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙

✹✳✻ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ② ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

✹✳✼ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ① ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶

✹✳✽ ❊s❢♦rç♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ① ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷

✹✳✾ ❊s❢♦rç♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ② ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

✹✳✶✵ ❊s❢♦rç♦ ❛①✐❛❧ ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

✹✳✶✶ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻

✹✳✶✷ ❊s❢♦rç♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs♦ ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

✹✳✶✸ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ♥♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

✹✳✶✹ ❊s❢♦rç♦ ❛①✐❛❧ ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✹✳✶✺ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵

✹✳✶✻ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶

✹✳✶✼ ❊s❢♦rç♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs♦ ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

✹✳✶✽ ❊s❢♦rç♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs♦ ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸

✹✳✶✾ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹

✹✳✷✵ ❊s❢♦rç♦ ❛①✐❛❧ ♥❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺

✹✳✷✶ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ ✢❡❝t♦r ♥❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻

✹✳✷✷ ❊s❢♦rç♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs♦ ♥❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼

✺✳✶ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽

✺✳✷ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦s ♥♦s ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❍✐✲ ♣ót❡s❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾

✺✳✸ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦s ♥♦s ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❍✐✲ ♣ót❡s❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻

✺✳✹ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ♥♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✷ ✽✼

✺✳✺ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ♥♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❇ ✽✼

✺✳✻ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ♥♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✾ ✽✽

✺✳✼ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ♥♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆ ✽✽

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s

✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✭❘✉❡✛ ❡ ❱❛r❛t♦❥♦✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻

✷✳✶ ▲❡✐s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❝çã♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷

✷✳✷ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❝çã♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❡♠ ❛r❡✐❛s ✭❚❡r③❛❣❤✐✱✶✾✺✺✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷

✷✳✸ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❝çã♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❡♠ ❛r❣✐❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸

✷✳✹ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s ♠á①✐♠❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇❥❡rr✉♠ ✭✶✾✻✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

✸✳✶ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s sís♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡t✐r❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❘❙❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

✸✳✷ ❆❝çõ❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵

✸✳✸ ▼❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵

✸✳✹ ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

✸✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s t✐♣♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✸✳✻ ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❛s s❡❝çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

✹✳✶ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥♦s ❛♣♦✐♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

✹✳✷ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

✹✳✸ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸

✹✳✹ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹

✹✳✺ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✺ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

✹✳✻ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✻ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

①✈✐✐✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙

✹✳✼ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ❞♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✻✱ t♦♠❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

✹✳✽ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✷✱ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ♣✐s♦ ✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽

✹✳✾ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✸✱ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ♣✐s♦ ✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽

✹✳✶✵ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✹✱ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ♣✐s♦ ✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

✹✳✶✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷ ❡ ✸ ❞❛ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✶✱ ♣❛r❛ nh = 5M N/m3 _{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵}

✹✳✶✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷ ❡ ✸ ❞❛ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✷✱ ♣❛r❛ nh = 5M N/m3 _{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵}

✹✳✶✸ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶

✹✳✶✹ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶

✹✳✶✺ ❊s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷

✹✳✶✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷ ❡ ✸ ❞❛ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✶✱ ♣❛r❛ nh = 5M N/m3 _{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷}

✹✳✶✼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷ ❡ ✸ ❞❛ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✷✱ ♣❛r❛ nh = 5M N/m3 _{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸}

✹✳✶✽ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹

✹✳✶✾ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧♦ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹

✺✳✶ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ♥♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶

✺✳✷ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ♥♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷

✺✳✸ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ♥♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸

✺✳✹ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ♥♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹

▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙ ①✐①

✺✳✻ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ♣❛r❛ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✷ ♥♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶

✺✳✼ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ♣❛r❛ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✷ ♥♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷

✺✳✽ ❆ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ♣❛r❛ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✷ ♥♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸

✺✳✾ ❘♦t❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✺ ❡ ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺

✻✳✶ ❆r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛✐s ❛ ♠❡✐♦ ✈ã♦ ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❛r✲ ♠❛❞✉r❛s ❞♦s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾

✻✳✷ ❆r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛✐s ♥♦s ❛♣♦✐♦s ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❛r✲ ♠❛❞✉r❛s ❞♦s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾

✻✳✸ ❆r♠❛❞✉r❛s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❞♦s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵

✻✳✹ ❆r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛✐s ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷ ❡ ✸✱ ✷ ❡ ✹ ❡ ✸ ❡ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷

✻✳✺ ❆r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛✐s ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷ ❡ ✺✱ ✹ ❡ ✻ ❡ ✺ ❡ ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷

✻✳✻ ❆r♠❛❞✉r❛s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷ ❡ ✸✱ ✷ ❡ ✹ ❡ ✸ ❡ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸

✻✳✼ ❆r♠❛❞✉r❛s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷ ❡ ✺✱ ✹ ❡ ✻ ❡ ✺ ❡ ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸

✻✳✽ ❆r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛✐s ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺

✻✳✾ ❆r♠❛❞✉r❛s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻

✻✳✶✵ ❆r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛✐s ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻

✻✳✶✶ ❆r♠❛❞✉r❛s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼

✻✳✶✷ Pr❡ç♦s ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼

✻✳✶✸ ▼❛♣❛ ❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❡st❛❝❛s ❞❡ φ800 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾

①① ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙

❆✳✷ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ sís♠✐❝♦β ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸

❇✳✶ P❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦s ❡ ✈❛rõ❡s ✶✷✼

❇✳✷ ❉✐â♠❡tr♦s ❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❡♠ ❡st❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

✶✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s

❆ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ é ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛♣ós ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ q✉❡ s❛t✐s❢❛ç❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛s ❞❛ ♦❜r❛✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❛✲ râ♠❡tr♦s ❛ t❡r ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡rr❡♥♦s✱ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ t❡rr❡♥♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛s✱ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡✐s ❢r❡át✐❝♦s✱ ✐♥t❡♥✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❛❝çõ❡s ❡ ❛té ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜t❡♥❤❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❛ s❡r ❛❞♦♣t❛❞❛✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❞♦ t❡rr❡♥♦ s❡r❡♠ ✐♥❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❛r ❛s ❛❝çõ❡s ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡❝♦rr❡r ❛ ❡str❛t♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦s ❞♦ t❡rr❡♥♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❝❛s ❞❡ ❜❡tã♦ ❛r♠❛❞♦ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡❝t♦ ❣❡♦té❝♥✐❝♦✳

❖s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s✱ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞♦s ❡s✲ ❢♦rç♦s ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❡str✉t✉r❛ ❛♦s t❡rr❡♥♦s✳ ❆ ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❡❢❡❝t✉❛♠ ❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣✐❧❛r❡s ❡ ♣❛r❡❞❡s✱ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♦ tr❛✈❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❛s ❢♦rç❛s ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❛♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛r ✉♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ❡ ♦ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❜❡♥é✜❝♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ ♥❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❛ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t❛✳

❆tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s s♦❧♦s ❡ ❞❛s ❛❝çõ❡s ❛❝t✉❛♥t❡s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✐st❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛r ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❛ ✉s❛r✳ ◆❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t❛s ✭❡st❛❝❛s✮ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♣♦✐♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛s✲ tr❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡r❢❡✐t♦ ❡✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ é ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡st❡s q✉❡ é ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❛✉tó♥♦♠♦ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s✳ ❊st❡s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ t✐r❛r ♣❛rt✐❞♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝çã♦

✷ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖

❡str✉t✉r❛✴❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✴t❡rr❡♥♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ tr❛❞✉③❡♠ ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s r❡❛✐s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♥ã♦ é ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♣♦r ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳

❖ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡st❡s três ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ✭❡str✉t✉r❛✴❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✴t❡rr❡♥♦✮✳ ❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ♦❜t❡r ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s r❡❛❧✐st❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♥ã♦ só ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐✲ ❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s✳

✶✳✷ ❊♥q✉❛❞r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦

❖s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❡ ♣♦t❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛ss✉♠✐r❛♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✐♥❝♦♥t❡stá✈❡❧ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ q✉❛✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛ à r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✴♣r❡ç♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛✐s s✐♠♣❧✐st❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡❝t♦ ❣❡♦té❝♥✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛❧✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ t❡♥t❛r ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛✲ çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t❛s✱ é ♣rát✐❝❛ ❤❛❜✐t✉❛❧ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ♣♦r r❡❝✉rs♦ à ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✳

❖ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ é ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s às ❡st❛❝❛s✱ ❢♦rç❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣❡❧❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛s ❡st❛❝❛s✳ ◆♦t❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❝♦♥❞✉③ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❝✉st♦s ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❡♠♣r❡✐t❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♠♣r❡✐t❡✐r♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✳

➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❡❢❡r✐r q✉❡✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ s❡q✉❡r ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦s t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ tr❛✈❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛s ❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s✱ s❡r✈✐♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ♣❛r❛♠❡♥t♦s✳

✶✳✸✳ ❖❇❏❊❈❚■❱❖❙ ✸

✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦s

❖s ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦✿

✶✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✱ ❢✉♥❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡st❛❝❛s❀

✷✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛r ❡s❢♦rç♦s✱ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s s❡❝çõ❡s❀

✸✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛❞♠✐ssí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❊❈✼❀

✹✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ❝✉st♦s✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s✳

✶✳✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛

◆♦ ❡st✉❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❛✉t♦♠á✲ t✐❝♦ ✏❙❛♣ ✷✵✵✵✑✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✜♥✐t♦s✱ ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ❞❡

1❛♦r❞❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧✳ ◆✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ s✉❥❡✐t♦

❛ ✉♠ ♣ré✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛s s❡❝çõ❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ✈✐❣❛s✱ ♣✐❧❛r❡s✱ ❧❛❥❡s✱ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❡ ❡st❛❝❛s✱ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ r❡❢❡r✐❞♦✳

❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡rr❡♥♦ ❢♦✐ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✏❙❛♣ ✷✵✵✵✑✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❲✐♥❦❧❡r ✭✶✽✻✼✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛s ❡st❛❝❛s ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♥ós ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❢✉st❡✳ ◆❡ss❡s ♥ós✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ❛♣♦✐♦s ❡❧ást✐❝♦s ✭♠♦❧❛s✮ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ r❡❛❝çã♦ ❞♦ t❡rr❡♥♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ❞❛s ♠♦❧❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝çã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✴t❡rr❡♥♦✳

◆♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ✉s❛r❛♠✲s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❍✐♣ót❡s❡s ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ❡st❛❝❛s✳

✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦

❆ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ s❡✐s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳

❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛♦ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛✱ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝✉rt❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s t❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✳

✹ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖

✐♥t❡r❛❝çã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✲t❡rr❡♥♦ ♥❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❘❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥❛s ❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s✱ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛❞♠✐ssí✈❡✐s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❊❈✼✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡r✲s❡ à ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s✳

❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ♠♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧✱ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ s✉❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧✳ ❆❜♦r❞❛✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✜♥✐t♦s ✏❙❛♣ ✷✵✵✵✑✱ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❛❝çõ❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳ P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ❛s s❡❝çõ❡s ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s q✉❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ ♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦✳

◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✶ ✭❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♣♦✐♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛str❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡r❢❡✐t♦✮ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷✱ ✸ ❡ ✹ ✭♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❡st❛❝❛s✮ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s✱ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s✳ ❙ã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛✉tó♥♦♠♦s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✺ ❡ ✻✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♠ ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s✱ t❡♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❜❛s❡ ♦s ♣❧❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✶✳ ◆❡st❡ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ sã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✉❛s ❍✐♣ót❡s❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ◆❛ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✶ ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s sã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ r❡❛❧ ❞♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆❛ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✷ ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s sã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ❞♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛❥♦r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❢❛❝t♦r ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✶✵✵✱ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ t❛❧ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♥ér❝✐❛✳

◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s às ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡✲ ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✷✱ ✸✱ ✹✱ ✺ ❡ ✻ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ t❛❧✱ q✉❛tr♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ♥♦ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ t✐♣♦✳ ➚ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✱ ♥❡st❡ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛s ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✶ ❡ ✷✳

❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❛s ❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ❡st❛❝❛s ❡ ❞❛s ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ t❛❧✱ ❢♦✐ ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡✐t❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ❡st❛❝❛s ❡ ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ♥♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✳

✶✳✻✳ ❇❘❊❱❊ ❘❊❱■❙➹❖ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆ ✺

✶✳✻ ❇r❡✈❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛

❆❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çõ❡s ❛❧✉s✐✈♦s à ✐♥t❡r❛❝çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛✴❢✉♥❞❛çã♦✱ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦s s♦❜r❡ ❡st❛❝❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✜♥✐t♦s✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ✏❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦s✑ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳

❘✉❡✛ ❡ ❱❛r❛t♦❥♦ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❛♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ t❡♥❞♦ s✐❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛✲❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❡st❛❝❛s✱ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♣órt✐❝♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✵ ♣✐s♦s✱ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ♣♦rt❡ ♠é❞✐♦✳

3,

00

5,00

3,

00

3,0

0

3,

00

3,

00

3,

0

0

3,

00

3,0

0

3,0

0

3,

00

5,00 5,00 5,00 5,00

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✶✵ ♣✐s♦s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦✱ ❘✉❡✛ ❡ ❱❛r❛t♦❥♦✱ ✷✵✵✻✮

✻ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖

VF1 VF2 VF3 VF4 VF5 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

E1 E2

E3 E4

E5 E6

E7 E8

E9

E10

✭❛✮ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ t✐♣♦ ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥❞❛✲ çõ❡s ♣♦r ❡st❛❝❛s

N M

H

P6

✭❜✮ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ ❛❧ç❛❞♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦

(b)

N M H )

✭❝✮ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✿ ❆❧❣✉♥s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦✱ ❘✉❡✛ ❡ ❱❛r❛t♦❥♦✱ ✷✵✵✻✮

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ✭❘✉❡✛ ❡ ❱❛r❛t♦❥♦✱ ✷✵✵✻✮

▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s

✶ Pórt✐❝♦ t✐♣♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♣♦✐♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛str❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡r❢❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛✴❢✉♥❞❛çã♦

✷ Pórt✐❝♦ t✐♣♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ❡st❛❝❛s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❛ ♥❛s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r❛♠ ♠♦❧❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝çã♦ ❡st❛❝❛✴t❡rr❡♥♦

✸ Pórt✐❝♦ t✐♣♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ❡st❛❝❛s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❛ ♥❛s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r❛♠ ♠♦❧❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝çã♦ ❡st❛❝❛✴t❡rr❡♥♦ ❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r❛♠ ✈✐❣❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❝çã♦ ✵✳✸✺×✵✳✻✵ ♠➨ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡st❛❝❛s