❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧
❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❢❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦ ♥♦
❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çõ❡s ✢❡①í✈❡✐s
❊❞❣❛r ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ❉♦♠✐♥❣✉❡s ✭▲✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧✮
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ◆♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▲✐s❜♦❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❡ ●❡♦t❡❝♥✐❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ◆✉♥♦ ▼❛♥✉❡❧ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ●✉❡rr❛
❏úr✐
Pr❡s✐❞❡♥t❡✿ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉♦✉t♦r❛ ■❧❞✐ ❈✐s♠❛s✐✉
❱♦❣❛✐s✿ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r P❡❞r♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❡ ▼♦t❛ ●✉❡❞❡s ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦
Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ◆✉♥♦ ▼❛♥✉❡❧ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ●✉❡rr❛
▲✐s❜♦❛
✏❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t✑ ❊❞❣❛r ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ❉♦♠✐♥❣✉❡s✱ ❋❈❚✴❯◆▲ ❊ ❯◆▲
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❉❡s❡❥❛ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ♦s s❡✉s s✐♥❝❡r♦s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✿
❼ ❛♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉♦✉t♦r ◆✉♥♦ ▼❛♥✉❡❧ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ●✉❡rr❛✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀
❼ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❊♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦s ❋✐❧✐♣❡ ❈♦rr❡✐❛✱ P❡❞r♦ P✐r❡s✱ ●✉✐✲ ❧❤❡r♠❡ ▲♦✉r❡✐r♦✱ ❏♦ã♦ ❈❛♠õ❡s✱ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ P✐r❡s✱ ◆✉♥♦ P✐r❡s ❡ ❘✉✐ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❜♦❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ❢❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦ tê♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❡s✲ ❝❛✈❛çõ❡s s✉♣♦rt❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝♦rt✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ✢❡①í✈❡✐s ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛s ♦✉ ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛s✳ ◆♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛✲s❡ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞♦ ❢❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ tê♠ ♥♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❡s❝♦r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rt✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ❡ t❡rr❡♥♦ s✉♣♦rt❛❞♦✳ ❉á✲s❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡st❛q✉❡ à ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠é✲ t♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✱ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦✱ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❡ ❞❛ s♦❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡
❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦❀ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦❀ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦❀ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦❀ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛❀
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ st❛❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ r❡t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✇❛❧❧s ❤❛✈❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ✐ts ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①❝❛✈❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ♣r❡✲str❡ss ❧❡✈❡❧✱ ❛♥❝❤♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡r❡s❝❛✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♣r♦♣♣❡❞ r❡t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✇❛❧❧s ✐s st✉❞✐❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✇♦r❦✳ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❛t❡♥t✐♦♥ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ t♦ ❞✐s♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ✇❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ s♦✐❧✱ t♦ ❜❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♠♦♠❡♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥❝❤♦r ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣ ❢♦r❝❡s✳
❑❡②✲✇♦r❞s
r❡t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✇❛❧❧s❀ ❡①❝❛✈❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞❀ ♣r❡✲str❡ss ❧❡✈❡❧❀
❙✐♠❜♦❧♦❣✐❛
A ár❡❛ ❞❛ s❡❝çã♦ ❬L2 ❪
Alivre ár❡❛ ❞❛ s❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ❞❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ [L2
L−1
]
Aselagem ár❡❛ ❞❛ s❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞♦ ❜♦❧❜♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✲
♣r✐♠❡♥t♦[L2
L−1
]
B ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❬L❪
b ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛ ❜❡r♠❛ ❬L❪
bq ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞♦ t♦♣♦ ❞❛ ❜❡r♠❛ ❬L❪
Bs ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ r❡♠♦✈✐❞❛ ❬L❪
B′
s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛s s❡❝çõ❡s ♥ã♦ s✉♣♦rt❛❞❛s ❬L❪
c′ ❝♦❡sã♦ ❡❢❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦[F L−2
]
ci ❝♦❡sã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❬F L−2❪
cu r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❝♦rt❡ ♥ã♦ ❞r❡♥❛❞♦ ❬F L−2❪
D ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ s❡❝çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦r❛ ❬L❪
E ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ [F L−2
]
e ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ♠♦❧❞❛❞❛ ❬L❪
E50 ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛①✐❛❧✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛50%❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ ❬F L−2❪ E50ref ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡❝❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ❡st❛❞♦ tr✐❛①✐❛❧✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛50%❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭pref✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛100kP a✭♣❛râ♠❡tr♦
❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦Hardening Soil✮[F L−2
]
Elivre ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ❞❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♠[F L−2]
①✐✐
Eoedref ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❞♦♠étr✐❝♦ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ t❡♥sã♦ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ à t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭pref✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛100kP a✭♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦Hardening Soil✮ [F L−2
]
Eselagem ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❜♦❧❜♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♠ [F L−2]
Eur ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ tr✐❛①✐❛❧ ♥❛ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❬F L−2❪
Eref
ur ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛✱ ❡♠ ❡st❛❞♦ tr✐❛①✐❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ t❡♥sã♦ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ à
t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭pref✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛100kP a✭♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦Hardening
Soil✮ [F L−2
]
fp0,1k ✈❛❧♦r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛0✱1%à tr❛❝çã♦ ❞♦ ❛ç♦ ❞❛s ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ❬F L−2
❪
fpk ✈❛❧♦r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛ à tr❛❝çã♦ ❞♦ ❛ç♦ ❞❛s ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦
❬F L−2 ❪
fy t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛ç♦ ❬F L−
2 ❪
H ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛❞❛ ❬L❪
h ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡ ❬L❪
hb ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❜❡r♠❛ ❬L❪
He ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛ ❬L❪
i r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❣✐r❛çã♦ ❬L❪
K0 ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦ ❞❡ t❡rr❛s ❡♠ r❡♣♦✉s♦
Ka ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦ ❞❡ t❡rr❛s ❛❝t✐✈♦
L ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❬L❪
Lcr ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝✉r✈❛❞✉r❛ ❬L❪
Llivre ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ❞❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♠ [L]
Lselagem ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♠ [L]
m ❡①♣♦❡♥t❡ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ✭♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ Hardening Soil✮
Nb,Rd ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ à ❡♥❝✉r✈❛❞✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❬F L−
1 ❪
Ncr ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❡♥❝✉r✈❛❞✉r❛ ❬F L−1❪
Nc ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ✭❝rít✐❝♦✮
①✐✐✐
NE ❡s❢♦rç♦ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦r❛ ❬F L−
1 ❪
NRd ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❬F L−1❪
NR ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❛①✐❛❧ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ❬F L−1❪
P ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛♥t❡ ❬L❪
p′ t❡♥sã♦ ❡❢❡❝t✐✈❛ ❬F L−2❪
p′ref t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ 100kP a [F L−2
]
p′
p t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❬F L−
2❪
Pmax ❢♦rç❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧ à ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ❬F L−1❪
q t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ [F L−2
]
qa ❛ssí♠♣t♦t❛ ❞❛ ❤✐♣ér❜♦❧❡ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ Hardening Soil [F L−2]
qf ✈❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ [F L−2]
Rf ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ r♦t✉r❛✱ q✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡✈✐❛tór✐❝❛ ♥❛ r♦t✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛ssí♠♣t♦t❛ ❞❛
❤✐♣ér❜♦❧❡ q✉❡ tr❛❞✉③ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ t❡♥sã♦✲❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ Hardening
Soil✮
Rinter ❢❛❝t♦r ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡
te ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❛ s❡❝çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦r❛ ❬L❪
v ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡ ❬L❪
w ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❡ s✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❬L❪
α ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡r❢❡✐çã♦
χ ❢❛❝t♦r ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❝✉r✈❛❞✉r❛
δ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❬L❪
δauto−portante ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❛✉t♦✲♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❬L❪
δescora ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛ ❬L❪
ǫ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛ç♦
ε1 ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛①✐❛❧
γ ♣❡s♦ ✈♦❧ú♠✐❝♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❬F L−3❪
γM1 ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ à ❡♥❝✉r✈❛❞✉r❛
①✐✈
ν ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ P♦✐ss♦♥
νur ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ P♦✐ss♦♥ ❡♠ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❡ r❡❝❛r❣❛
φ′ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❝♦rt❡ ❡❢❡❝t✐✈♦
φi â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡
ψ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❧❛tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦
σp,max t❡♥sã♦ ♥❛ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❛♣ós ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ❬F L−2❪
❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✸
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✷✳✷ ❊s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡♠ t❛❧✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✷✳✸ Pré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❊s❝♦r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❆♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✹ ❆❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✺ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✻ ▼❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✻✳✶ ❏❡t✲❣r♦✉t✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✻✳✷ ❉❡❡♣ ♠✐①✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✼ ❙♦❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ✷✶
①✈✐ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦
✸✳✹✳✷✳✷ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥♦s ❛♣♦✐♦s ❞❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✸✳✹✳✷✳✸ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡❝t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✸✳✹✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✹ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ✹✸
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✹✳✷ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❡♠ t❛❧✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✹✳✷✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✹✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✷✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✹✳✸ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ t❛❧✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✸✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✸✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✹✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✿ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ✺✾
✺✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✺✳✷ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ❡♠ ♣❛✐♥é✐s ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ t❛❧✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✺✳✷✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✺✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺✳✷✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✺✳✸ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✺✳✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✺✳✸✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺✳✸✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺✳✸✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ①✈✐✐
✻ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛ ✼✸ ✻✳✶ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✻✳✶✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✻✳✶✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✻✳✶✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✻✳✷ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✻✳✷✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✻✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✻✳✷✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✻✳✸ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✻✳✸✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✻✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✻✳✸✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✻✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
✼ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ s♦❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦rt✐♥❛s ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛s ✾✸
✼✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✼✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✼✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✼✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❢✉t✉r♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ✶✵✸
✽✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✽✳✷ ❋✉t✉r♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❡r♠❛✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✷✳✷ ❘♦t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❜❡r♠❛ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛✲
❧❡♥t❡ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼♦rs✐ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✹ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❜❡r♠❛s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ●♦✉r✈❡♥❡❝ ❡ P♦✇r✐❡
✭✷✵✵✵✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✺ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡❝çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ▼❛t♦s ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s
❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✻ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❡ ❛ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ♥❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✲
tr✉çã♦ ✭▼❛t♦s ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s✱ ✶✾✽✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✭▼❛t♦s ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s✱ ✶✾✽✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✽ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛❧t✉r❛s ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛s ✭▼❛t♦s ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s✱
✶✾✽✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✾ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❛ ✉♠❛
♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✶✵ ❊s❝❛✈❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❨❛♦❞♦♥❣
✭✷✵✵✹✮✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✶✶ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡
❙❦❛♥s❦❛ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✶✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s tí♣✐❝♦s ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❧♦✱ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠
❝❛❧❞❛ ❞❡ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❜❡tã♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❘✉t❤❡r❢♦r❞ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✶✸ P❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ✭✈✐st❛ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛✮✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✶✹ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❍s✐❡❤ ❡t ❛❧✳
✭✷✵✵✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✶✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❑♦♥❣s♦♠❜♦♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✶✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❚❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮
①① ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❥❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❚❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✶✽ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ s♦❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦
✭❈❧♦✉❣❤ ❡ ❉❛✈✐❞s♦♥ ✭✶✾✼✼✮ ❝✐t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ▼❛t♦s ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ✭✶✾✽✸✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡❧ást✐❝♦ ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❧ást✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷ ❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▼♦❤r✲❈♦✉❧♦♠❜ ✭❇r✐♥❦❣r❡✈❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✸ ❙✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼♦❤r✲❈♦✉❧♦♠❜✱ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❛s t❡♥sõ❡s ♣r✐♥✲
❝✐♣❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ❝♦❡sã♦ ♥✉❧❛ ✭❇r✐♥❦❣r❡✈❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✹ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ♥✉♠ ❡♥s❛✐♦ tr✐❛①✐❛❧ ❞r❡♥❛❞♦ ✭❙❝❤❛♥③✱
✶✾✾✾✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✺ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡Eoedref ❡♠ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❡❞♦♠étr✐❝♦s ✭❇r✐♥❦❣r❡✈❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✻ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❞✉r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❇r✐♥❦✲
❣r❡✈❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✼ ❙✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❍❛r❞❡♥✐♥❣ ❙♦✐❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ♣ ✬❂ q ✭❇r✐♥❦✲
❣r❡✈❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✽ ❙✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❍❛r❞❡♥✐♥❣ ❙♦✐❧✱ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❛s t❡♥sõ❡s ♣r✐♥✲
❝✐♣❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ❝♦❡sã♦ ♥✉❧❛ ✭❇r✐♥❦❣r❡✈❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✾ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✶✵ ▼❛❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✜♥✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✶✶ ❊s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛ ❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✶✷ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ❝♦♥s✐✲
❞❡r❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✶✸ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s✱ ▼❛t♦s ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ✭✶✾✽✸✮ ❡ ❋❍❲❆ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✶✹ ▼❛❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✜♥✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶✺ ❊s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛ ❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦ ❞❡ t❡rr❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s s♦❧♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✶✼ ❋❛s❡s ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✶✽ ❋❛s❡s ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✶✾ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦✿ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✷✵ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦✿ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷✶ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ✭♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐
✸✳✷✷ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ✭♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦r❛s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✷✸ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡❝t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛✿ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✷✹ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡❝t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛✿ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✹✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷ ❋❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ▼✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✸ ❋❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ▼✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✹ ❋❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ▼✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✺ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✶ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✻ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✼ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✽ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡❝t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✾ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s à ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛
❡♠ t❛❧✉❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶✷ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❇
♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✶✵ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✶✶ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✶✸ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ς
♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✶✹ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡❝t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛✲
❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✶✺ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡❝t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦
❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✶ ❋❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ▼✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ▼✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✸ ❋❛s❡s ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ▼✶✱ ▼✹ ❡ ▼✺✳ ❆s
❢❛s❡s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ▼✹ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛rê♥t❡s✐s✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✹ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
①①✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✺✳✺ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲ ♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ▼✹ ❡ ▼✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✻ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s
▼✹ ❡ ▼✺ ✭❛s ❢❛s❡s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❢❛s❡s ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐❛s ✲ ✈❡r ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✺✳✶ ❡ ✺✳✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✼ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡❝t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ▼✹ ❡ ▼✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✽ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✾ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s às ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s ❈✶✱ ❈✷ ❡ ❈✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✶✵ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s às ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s ❈✹✱ ❈✺ ❡ ❈✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✻✳✶ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲ ♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✶ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✻✳✷ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✻✳✸ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣ré✲
❡s❢♦rç♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✻✳✹ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡❝t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✻✳✺ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✻✳✻ Pré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ❛❞♠✐t✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✳ ✽✵ ✻✳✼ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✶ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✻✳✽ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✻✳✾ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛♥✲
❝♦r❛❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✻✳✶✵ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡❝t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s
❞❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✻✳✶✶ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✶ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✻✳✶✷ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✻✳✶✸ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✻✳✶✹ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡❝t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
✼✳✶ ❙♦❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✼✳✷ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐✐✐
✼✳✸ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲ ♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✼✳✹ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✶ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳ ✾✼ ✼✳✺ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ♠❛❝✐ç♦ s✉✲
♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳ ✾✽ ✼✳✻ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦r❛s✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✼✳✼ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✼✳✽ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡❝t♦r❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s à ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦✲
❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✼✳✾ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ✢❡❝t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❍❛r❞❡♥✐♥❣ ❙♦✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s s♦❧♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✭❙❛♥t♦s ❏♦s❡✜♥♦✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛❞♦♣t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✹ ❈❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s✱ ♥♦s s♦❧♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s✱ ♣❛r❛
❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✺ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ✲ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦✱ ❊✉r♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✸ ✭❊◆ ✶✾✾✸✲✶✳✶✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✻ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✼ ❋❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦ ❛❞♦♣t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✽ ❋❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦ ❛❞♦♣t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✾ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✶✵ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✹✳✶ ❋❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦ ❛❞♦♣t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡s❝❛✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❚✐♣♦ ▼✶✱ ▼✷ ❡ ▼✸ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✷ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛
✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛
✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✺✳✶ ❋❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦ ❛❞♦♣t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡s❝❛✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❚✐♣♦ ▼✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✷ ❋❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦ ❛❞♦♣t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡s❝❛✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❚✐♣♦ ▼✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✹ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✻✳✶ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✈ár✐♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✶ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✻✳✷ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛
♦s ✈ár✐♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✻✳✸ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛
①①✈✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✻✳✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✻✳✺ ❆❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✻✳✻ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛
❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✷ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛✳ ✽✾ ✻✳✼ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠á①✐♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛
❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❆✶ ✿ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛✳ ✽✾
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s ✉r❜❛♥♦s ❢❡③ s✉r❣✐r ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛r ♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✳ ❊ss❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ é ❝♦❧♠❛t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çõ❡s ♣r♦✲ ❢✉♥❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✈❡s✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rq✉❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛✉t♦♠ó✈❡❧✳ ❊st❛s ❡s❝❛✲ ✈❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ✢❡①í✈❡✐s✳ ❊st❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦rt✐♥❛s t✐♣♦ ❇❡r❧✐♠✱ ❝♦rt✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛❝❛s✲♣r❛♥❝❤❛s ♠❡tá❧✐❝❛s✱ ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❝❛s ❡ ♣❛r❡❞❡s ♠♦❧❞❛❞❛s ♥♦ t❡rr❡♥♦✳ ❆ s✉❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡s❝♦r❛s ♦✉ ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s✳
◆♦ ♣r♦❥❡❝t♦ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s t❡♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❢❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❝✐✈✐❧ ♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❣❡♦té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ♦ ❢❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦ é ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s✳
❆ ✐❞❡✐❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❛♦ ❢❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦ t❡r✐❛♠ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ✢❡①í✈❡✐s✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❝✉❥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✱ ♠♦str♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ss❡s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❛♦ ❢❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s q✉❡✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦✱ ♥✉♠❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❡str✐t❛✱ ✐♥s❡r✐r✲s❡ ♥♦ ❢❛s❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛✳
❖s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❢♦r❛♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r✲ t❛♥t♦✱ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❘❡❢❡r❡✲s❡✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ✭❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✹ ❡ ✺✮✱ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❛♥❝♦r❛❣❡♥s ♥❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ❛ s♦❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦rt✐♥❛s ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛s ✭❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✮✳
❱❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡✱ ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ r❡s♣❡✐t❛ ❛♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ s❡♥❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❥✉st✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ q✉❡stã♦ q✉❡ ❛❝❛❜♦✉ ♣♦r s❡r ❛♥❛✲ ❧✐s❛❞❛ s♦❜ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ t✐♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦s ❡ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛r❛♠ ♥♦s ❞♦✐s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s r❡❢❡r✐❞♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çõ❡s s✉♣♦rt❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝♦rt✐♥❛s ✢❡①í✈❡✐s é ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✳ ◆♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛✲s❡ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ss❡s ❡st✉❞♦s✿ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡♠ t❛❧✉❞❡✱ ♣ré✲❡s❢♦rç♦✱ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛✱ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛♥t❡✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s ❡ s♦❜r❡❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✳
✷✳✷ ❊s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡♠ t❛❧✉❞❡
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ s♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ❜❡r♠❛s✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ✢❡①í✈❡❧✱ é ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ ✉s✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛✳
❆s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ❛ ❞✉❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s sã♦ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s ♥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡♠ t❛❧✉❞❡ ✭❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ❜❡r♠❛ ❥✉♥t♦ à ♣❛r❡❞❡✮ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱
b ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛ ❜❡r♠❛❀
bq ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞♦ t♦♣♦ ❞❛ ❜❡r♠❛❀
v:h ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❛❧✉❞❡❀
hb ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❜❡r♠❛❀
w ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛ ❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❡ s✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦❀
H ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛❞❛❀
He ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♥t❡rr❛❞❛❀
✹ ✷✳ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡r♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s é ❝♦♥s❡♥s✉❛❧✳ ❖ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✱ ♦ ♣❡s♦ ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❛ ❜❡r♠❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ sã♦ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♠❛✐s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✳
bq
h
L hb
H
He
b
W v
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❡r♠❛✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❈❧♦✉❣❤ ❡ ❉❡♥❜② ✭✶✾✼✼✮ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r❛♠ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s à ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡r♠❛s ❛✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦s s❡✉s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡♠ ❡s❝❛✈❛çõ❡s ❡s❝♦r❛❞❛s✱ r❡❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t❛❧ ❛♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✜♥✐t♦s✳ ❚♦♠❛r❛♠ ✉♠ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ❞r❡♥❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❝♦rt❡ ♥ã♦ ❞r❡♥❛❞♦ ❡ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ à s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❊st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r❛♠ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ t❛r❞♦③ ❞❛ ❝♦rt✐♥❛✱ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❛ ❜❡r♠❛ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ✭❝rít✐❝♦✮ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦
Nc =
γH
cu ✭✷✳✶✮
❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❞♦ ❝✉❥♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳
❈♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❛s ❜❡r♠❛s r❡❞✉③ ♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ♦s ❛ss❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ t❡rr❡♥♦ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❜❡r♠❛ ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❛ s✉❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦✱ é t❛♠❜é♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡✱ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ à s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛✈❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❝♦rt❡ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ Nc < 3✱ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❛ ❜❡r♠❛ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♠ ✉♠❛
r❡❞✉çã♦ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ♥♦s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡Nc >4✱5 ♣♦❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r ✉♠❛
r❡❞✉çã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♥♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳
❯♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✜♥✐t♦s✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r P♦tts ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❜❡r♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ t❡♠♣♦rár✐♦✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s♦✉ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛✱ hb✱ ❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛✱ bq ❡ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❛ ❜❡r♠❛✳ ❋♦r❛♠
