Universidade Federal de Campina Grande Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural Unidade Acadêmica de Medicina Veterinária

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Universidade Federal de Campina Grande

Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural

Unidade Acadêmica de Medicina Veterinária

EPIDEMIOLOGIA, DIAGNÓSTICO E CONTROLE DAS INFECÇÕES EM CÃES E GATOS

Prof. Dr. Silvano Higino

25/07/2018 EPIDEMIOLOGIA, DIAGNÓSTICO E CONTROLE DAS INFECÇÕES EM CÃES E GATOS 1

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PARVOVIROSE CANINA

É uma doença infecciosa e contagiosa, causada por um vírus de tamanho extremamente pequeno, observado em diversos animais, pertencente a família Parvoviridae.

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O vírus

Proteína VP2 (variação antigênica);

Replica-se bem em células com alto metabolismo e multiplicação;

PVC-2 – nova cepa (cães adultos);

Sobrevive vários anos em fezes caninas ressecadas no ambiente;

Resistente a condições ambientais.

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Hospedeiros

O Parvovírus canino não está limitado somente aos canídeos;

Infecções naturais têm sido descritas em cães domésticos

(Canis familaris), cães-do-mato (Speothos venaticus),

coiotes (Canis latrans) e lobos-guarás (Chrysocyon

brachyurus).

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Epidemiologia

Distribuição cosmopolita;

Não há ≠ na suscetibilidade entre sexo e raça;

90% dos casos são em animais com até 1 ano de idade; Letalidade de 90% se não tratados prontamente;

Em adultos, a morbidade é baixa, porém a taxa de letalidade é semelhante aos jovens;

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Epidemiologia

Eliminação do vírus pelas fezes 3 dias antes dos sinais até 8 meses após a cura;

A infecção é transmitida através do solo, água e alimentos contaminados por fezes;

A via de infecção é a digestiva.

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Cadeia de transmissão

Fontes de infecção: Animais infectados e assintomáticos, insetos e roedores;

Vias de eliminação: fezes, secreções e excretas;

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Cadeia de transmissão

Fatores de Risco: Idade;

Estresse e infecções secundárias; Confinamento;

Ausência de anticorpos maternos.

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Patogenia

Replicação nas tonsilas ↓

Disseminação para corrente sanguínea com viremia no 3º e 4º dia após a infecção

↓

Predileção por células com alto metabolismo e multiplicação

Nas células intestinais: necrose e o descolamento do epitélio Tecidos linfopoiéticos e medula:

linfopenia, leucopenia, atrofia tímica e depleção linfóide dos

linfonodos e baço

Neonatos ou ainda no útero ocorre replicação viral nas céls.

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Sinais Clínicos e Lesões

Necrose das criptas do intestino delgado ocasionando desidratação e diarreia sanguinolenta;

Petéquias hepáticas;

O vírus também pode causar lesões em outros órgãos como linfopenia (medula óssea), miocardite (morte súbita) e sinais respiratórios (faringe);

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Sinais Clínicos e Lesões

Anorexia, Sonolência, Febre (viremia), Tosse, conjuntivite, enterite (hemorrágica em filhotes).

Vômitos de cor amarelada e com bolhas;

Fezes esbranquiçadas, esverdeadas ou cinzentas tornando-se sanguinolentas;

Choque endotóxico e morte.

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25/07/2018 EPIDEMIOLOGIA, DIAGNÓSTICO E CONTROLE DAS INFECÇÕES EM CÃES E GATOS 12 _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________

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Achados de necropsia

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Diagnóstico

Detecção do vírus nas fezes, vômitos ou em tecidos

"post-mortem”;

Hemograma: leucopenia com neutropenia Hemaglutinação;

IFD; ELISA; PCR.

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Tratamento

Terapia de suporte;

Suspender a alimentação enteral, vitaminas A,B,K; Antieméticos e antiácidos;

Antibióticos; Transfusão; Soros hiperimunes.

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Controle e profilaxia

Isolar o animal infectado;

Vacinação (fêmeas em gestação);

Vacinação (filhotes de 45 dias), revacinação anual; Vazios sanitários em locais infectados.

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Hepatite Infecciosa Canina

Doença superaguda ou aguda;

Adenovírus canino tipo 1(acomete cães jovens) Comprometimento hepático com elevada letalidade.

•Doença de Rubarth

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Etiologia

Família Adenoviridae:

Adenovirus canino tipo I (Hepatite Infeciosa)

Adenovirus canino tipo II (Traqueobronquite infecciosa) Forte relação antigênica (vacinas com ACV-1 protegem contra AVC-2)

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Acomete membros da família Canidae, Ursidae, Mustelidae; Alta morbidade em vários países mesmo sem sinais clínicos em animais domésticos e selvagens (reservatórios);

Na forma clínica a mortalidade pode ser de até 80%; Não há relação com clima, época do ano, sexo ou raça.

Epidemiologia

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Epidemiologia

1 mês a 2 anos de idade;

Transmissão – contato com fômites, ectoparasitas, fezes e urina de animais convalescentes (6 a 12 meses);

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Patogenia

25/07/2018 EPIDEMIOLOGIA, DIAGNÓSTICO E CONTROLE DAS INFECÇÕES EM CÃES E GATOS 21 Exposição

oronasal

Multiplicação primaria nas tonsilas

e linfonodos regionais Células endoteliais vasculares e parênquima hepático Afeta o parênquima renal e corneal (lesões endoteliais) Tonsilas heperêmicas e aumentadas Viremia após 4 a 8 dias _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________

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Ação do vírus no fígado

Baixos título de anticorpos – necrose hepática centrolobular e panlobular;

Icterícia não é um achado frequente;

Convalescentes desenvolvem hepatite crônica ou cirrose;

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Ação do vírus em outros locais

Lesões nas células endoteliais do vasos glomerulares, nefrite e eliminação viral pela urina (12 meses), imunocomplexos;

Uveíte e fotofobia (aos 7 dias), chegada ao humor aquoso e replicação nas células endoteliais corneanas, imunocomplexos;

Lesões no epitélio corneano causam acúmulo de fluído (olho azul).

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Ação do vírus em outros locais

CID – lesão endotelial vascular e incapacidade de remoção dos fatores de coagulação pelo fígado;

Liberação de fatores pró-coagulantes do tecido necrótico.

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Sinais Clínicos

Apatia, Anorexia, febre, vômitos, diarreia sanguinolenta, dor abdominal, linfoadenomegalia, petéquias, tonsilite, edema submandibular, vocalização;

Ataxia, incoordenação, paralisia, convulsões; Uveíte e ceratite;

Glomerulonefrite / Óbito em 10 a 30% dos casos;

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Diagnóstico

Leucopenia grave (em alguns casos); Aumento na ALT;

Exsudato abdominal amarelado a avermelhado;

Exame citológico de medula – diminuição de células mieloides;

Isolamento viral (5° dia pós-infecção); ELISA;

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Tratamento

Terapia de suporte –Hídrico eletrolítico e sintomático; Antibioticoterapia;

Antioxidantes; Hepatoprotetores; Transfusão de sangue; Terapia oftálmica;

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Prevenção

Medidas gerais (ambiente limpo, evitar comedouros coletivos) Vacinação (1° aos 45 dias, seguidas de duas doses de 30 em 30 dias);

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Prevenção

Imunidade pós-enfermidade é vitalícia;

O vírus vacinal é eliminado pelo trato respiratório (podendo imunizar outros cães);

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CINOMOSE

A Cinomose canina, enfermidade viral altamente

contagiosa, é mundialmente importante para os cães domésticos;

No Brasil, milhares de cães morrem todo o ano, e em outros países a doença é considerada uma ameaça constante.

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Agente etiológico

Morbilivirus, da família Paramyxoviridae.

Apresenta alta morbidade - Canis familiaris;

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agente

Hemaglutinina (HA) e proteína de fusão (F);

Somente um sorotipo (diferenças antigênicas na HA); América I e II

Ásia I e II Europa silvestre Ártica África do sul

América do sul /Europa América do sul II

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Histórico

Há relatos bem descritos sobre a Cinomose canina que datam de 1746 na América do Sul;

Anos mais tarde, em meados de 1760 a doença foi descrita na Espanha, Inglaterra, Itália e Rússia;

Em 1763, cerca de 900 cães morreram em um único dia em Madri.

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Histórico

1853 surgiu a teoria de que poderia ter sido importada do Peru para a Europa (colonizadores espanhóis);

O agente foi isolado pela primeira vez no início do século XX;

Logo depois, também foi relatado em outros animais e atualmente, continua sendo descoberto em novas espécies.

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Susceptíveis

25/07/2018 EPIDEMIOLOGIA, DIAGNÓSTICO E CONTROLE DAS INFECÇÕES EM CÃES E GATOS 36 Cão Coiote Raposa Lobo Furão Leão Jaguar Urso panda Porco do mato macacos _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________

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Susceptíveis

Em cães o grau de mortalidade só fica atrás da raiva; Elevação da taxa no inverno;

50% das infecções subclínicas.

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Fontes de infecção

Os animais acometidos expelem o agente nas excreções corporais, podendo ou não apresentar sinais clínicos;

PI – 1 a 4 semanas;

Eliminação por até 90 dias.

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Sinais Clínicos

Diarreia, febre, emese, anorexia, tenesmo, tosse, dispneia, apatia e ceratoconjuntivite;

Dentre os sinais neurológicos, incluem-se andar em círculos, mioclonia, convulsão, rigidez cervical, hiperestesia, paresia, paralisia, ataxia, mudanças comportamentais, depressão e desorientação.

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Sinais Clínicos

Cegueira com pupilas dilatadas sem reações a estímulos;

Conjuntivite, rinite, faringites catarrais ou catarro purulentas, broncopneumonia catarropurulenta;

Enterite catarral ou catarropurulenta; Congestão hepática/esplênica; Atrofia do timo.

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Epidemiologia

Não há predileção sexual nem racial pelo vírus;

Os cães sem raça definida (SRD) parecem liderar as estatísticas da doença quando comparado às diferentes raças caninas;

Cães de rua parecem ser mais susceptíveis que cães domiciliados;

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Patogenia

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Patogenia

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Diagnóstico Clínico

Congestão conjuntival discreta com corrimento seroso ocular e nasal, pústulas abdominais, tosse curta e repetitiva;

Com a progressão:

Febre (40,5 a 42ºC);

Conjuntivite e rinite purulentas; Vômito;

Diarréia;

Broncopneumonia catarropurulenta.

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Diagnóstico Clínico

Fase Nervosa:

Mioclonias em grupos musculares determinados ou em numerosos grupos;

Apatia, marcha cambaleante, paresia e paraplegia flácida dos membros posteriores.

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Diagnóstico

Cromatografia; Hematologia – linfopenia/trombocitopenia; Soroneutralização; Imunohistoquímica; PCR; ELISA; Imunofluorescência; Isolamento viral;

Pesquisa dos corpúsculos de Lentz.

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Tratamento

Terapia de suporte Vitaminas;

Antiviral – Ribavirina + DMSO + Vitaminas;

Corticóide – Apenas em quadros neurológicos combinado ao antiviral;

Soro Hiperimune – Cino-globulin ???

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Tratamento

Oftálmico

◦Terapia para ulcera de córnea e conjuntivite; Nervoso

◦Anticonvulsivantes e Vitamina B1, B6 e B12; e C; Respiratório

◦Antibióticos, broncoditadores, mucolíticos, expectorantes e

nebulizações;

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Tratamento

Vacinoterapia Venosa

◦Sucesso antes dos sinais clínicos (Ettinger & Feldman, 2005)

◦Via IV - proteção após 48 horas (Chapuis, G. Vet. Microb., 1995; Greene & Appel, 2006) ◦Via SC - proteção em cinco dias (Greene & Appel, 2006)

◦– Resultados promissores em fase pré-neurológica

◦ 3 aplicações em intervalos de sete dias

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Profilaxia

Vacinação sistemática 6-8; 10-12 e 14-16 semanas Repetição anual

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Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina - FIV

É um membro da família Retroviriae, gênero Lentivírus ao qual também pertence o HIV;

Ambos são estruturalmente semelhantes e possuem ciclo de vida e patogenicidade também similares.

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Hospedeiros

Os diferentes FIV´s constituem um grupo de vírus específicos de felídeos como pumas, leões, leopardos além dos gatos domésticos.

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Epidemiologia

Distribuição cosmopolita;

As feridas por mordeduras são a principal forma de transmissão; A transmissão vertical pode ocorrer “In Utero”, durante o parto ou aleitamento;

A transmissão oronasal e venérea não foram documentadas naturalmente.

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Patogenia

Penetração _{receptores CD134}interação com _{célula hospedeira}Penetração na

Replicação com mutação viral gradual declínio nos

linfócitos T periféricos CD4+ provírus integra-se

ao DNA celular

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Sinais Clínicos

Na fase aguda observa-se uma síndrome similar a AIDS; Febre, linfoadenopatia generalizada;

A diminuição na carga viral marca o início da fase assintomática; Neste período, observa-se uma progressiva deficiência do sistema imune;

A maioria das manifestações não são específicas da infecção viral.

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Sinais Clínicos

A imunodeficiência e/ou a resposta exacerbada pode

manifestar-se sob a forma de gengivite e estomatite crônica, linfoadenopatia e perda de peso.

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Diagnóstico

Isolamento Viral; Elisa;

PCR;

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Tratamento

Suporte terapêutico;

Antinflamatórios esteroides; Antivirais???

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Tratamento

Terapia antiviral

◦Zidovudina (AZT);

◦Confere proteção contra viremia persistente imediatamente após infecção;

Medicação imunomoduladora

◦Interferon [altas doses= antiviral; baixas= imunomodulador]; Tratamento das infecções secundárias e oportunistas; Tratamento de suporte

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