აფხაზეთი. ნარკვევები საქართველოს ისტორიიდან

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afxazeTis ganaTlebisa da kulturis saministro

iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

narkvevebi

saqarTvelos istoriidan

afxazeTi

uZvelesi droidan dRemde

Tbilisi

inteleqti

2007

UDC (uak) 94(479.22)+94(479.224)

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saredaqcio kolegia:

profesori jemal gamaxaria

(mTavari redaqtori), profesori Tamaz beraZe,

profesori Teimuraz gvancelaZe

avtorTa koleqtivi:

jemal gamaxaria (proeqtis

xelmZRvaneli), lia axalaZe, malxaz baramiZe, Tamaz

beraZe, lia biTaZe, irakli gelenava, Teimuraz

gvancelaZe, badri gogia, koba okujava, guranda

fxakaZe, rezo xvistani, beJan xorava, dazmir jojua.

recenzentebi:

profesori oTar Jordania

profesori manana sanaZe

profesori tariel futkaraZe

wigni warmoadgens pirvel ganmazogadebel mecnierul naSroms

afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebze uZvelesi droidan dRemde. misi meSveobiT

mkiTxveli gaecnoba qarTveli da afxazi istorikosebis Sexedulebebs

sadavo sakiTxebze, rac, Tavis mxriv, mkiTxvels saSualebas miscems

darwmundes ama Tu im debulebis sisworeSi. naSromi SeiZleba

gamoyenebul iqnes damxmare saxelmZRvanelod umaRles saswavleblebSi

saqarTvelos istoriis, politologiis, geopolitikis, konfliqtologiis

da sxva kursebis Seswavlisas. igi daexmareba pedagogebs kvalifikaciis

amaRlebaSi.

garekanze gamosaxulia gudauTis raionis sofel anuxvis miqael da

gabriel mTavarangelozebis eklesiis svetze amokveTili giorgi basilis

Zis qarTuli warwera (XIs.).

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sarCevi

Sesavali (jemal gamaxaria)... 5 Tavi I. istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva (Tamaz beraZe, beJan xorava)... 6-10

Tavi II. winareantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze (m.alxaz baramiZe, guranda fxakaZe)

1. qvis xana (Zv.w. 1 800 000 – 50 000) ... 11-14 2. eneoliT-Suabrinjaos xana (Zv.w. V-II aTaswleulis Suaxanebi) ... 15-22 3. gvianbrinjao – adrerkinis xana (Zv.w. XVI-VIIss.) ... 22-29 Tavi III. Tanamedrove afxazeTis miwa-wyali - Zveli egrisis (kolxeTis) SemadgenlobaSi Zv.w. I saukunemde (jemal gamaxaria)

1. monacemebi winareantikuri periodis Sesaxeb ... 30-40 2. eTnopolitikuri viTareba Zv. w. VI-I ss. ... 40-57

Tavi IV. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria I saukunidan VIII saukunis Sua xanebamde (jemal gamaxaria)

1. eTnikuri viTareba ... 58-77 2. qristianobis gavrceleba... 77-80 3. afxazeTi egrisis (lazikis) SemadgenlobaSi. ... 80-92 Tavi V. afxazeTi `afxazTa samefos” SemadgenlobaSi. VIIIs. meore naxevari – Xs. (lia axalaZe) ……... 93-112 Tavi VI. afxazeTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba (revaz xvistani) ... 113-118 Tavi VII. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos

SemadgenlobaSi. XI – XVss.

1. afxazeTi XI saukunidan XIII saukunis 40-ian wlebamde (lia axalaZe)... 119-130 2. afxazeTi XIIIs-is 40-iani wlebidan XVs-is 90-ian wlebamde (Tamaz beraZe) ... 130-140 3 genuelTa savaWro faqtoria savastopol-cxomSi//cxumSi (Tamaz beraZe) ... 141-147 Tavi VIII. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVI saukuneSi (Tamaz beraZe) ... 148-152 Tavi IX. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVII saukuneSi (koba okujava)

1. politikuri viTareba ... 153-161 2. eTnikuri procesebi ... 161-171 3. religiuri viTareba... 171-174 Tavi X. anTropologiuri monacemebi afxazTa eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis (lia biTaZe) ... 175-179 Tavi XI. afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis lingvisturi safuZvlebi (Teimuraz gvancelaZe) ... 180-198

Tavi XII. afxazeTi XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan 80-ian wlebamde (beJan xorava)... 199-204 Tavi XIII. afxazeTi XVIIIs. miwurulsa da XIXs. damdegs. afxazeTis Sesvla

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Tavi XIV. afxazeTi 1810-1880 wlebSi (beJan xorava)

1. ruseTis batonobis ganmtkicebis mcdelobani. 1810-1820ww. ... 221-228 2. saxalxo ajanyebebi da ruseTis mier gatarebuli samxedro-diplomatiuri

RonisZiebebi.

XIXs. 20-iani wlebi. ... 228-241 3. afxazeTis samTavro XIXs. 30-50-ian wlebSi ... 242-251 4. ruseT-kavkasiis omis dasruleba da afxazeTis samTavros gauqmeba ... 251-260 5. afxazeTis kolonizacia XIX s. 60-70-ian wlebSi... 260-265

Tavi XV. afxazeTi 1881 wlidan 1917 wlis Tebervlamde (irakli gelenava)

1. rusuli kolonialuri politikis gamkacreba afxazeTSi. 1880-1905ww. ... 266-276 2. afxazeTi demokratiuli revoluciis, reaqciisa da pirveli msoflio omis periodSi. 1905 - 1917 wlebi ... 277-286 Tavi XVI. afxazeTi – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

(jemal gamaxaria)

1. afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis periodSi. 1917w. Tebervali – 1918w. maisi ... 287-292 2. afxazeTi – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis avtonomiuri erTeuli. 1918w. ivnisi – 1919w. marti ... 292-301 3. politikuri viTareba avtonomiur afxazeTSi da misi okupacia sabWoTa ruseTis mier. 1919w. marti – 1921w. marti ... 301-311 Tavi XVII. afxazeTis politikuri statusi sabWoTa saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. 1921-1937ww. (jemal gamaxaria) ... 312-324

Tavi XVIII. afxazeTi sabWoTa socializmis epoqaSi. 1938-1990ww. (dazmir jojua) .... 325-344 Tavi XIX. afxazeTi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wlebSi.

1990-1992ww. (dazmir jojua) ... 345-354 Tavi XX. afxazeTi 1992-2007 wlebSi (dazmir jojua)

1. omi afxazeTSi. 1992-1993ww... 355-366 2. afxazeTi omisSemdgom wlebSi. 1993-2007ww. ... 366-369 Tavi XXI. Zveli rukebi saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT sazRvrebis Sesaxeb (badri

gogia) ... 370 - ruk. ##1-16 pirTa saZiebeli ... 371-377

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Sesavali

afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebze ganmazogadebeli mecnieruli naSromis momzadeba da sxvadasxva enebze gamocema metismetad gaWianurda. aseTi naSromis Seqmnis aucilebloba ki mravali garemoebiT aris nakarnaxevi. pirvel rigSi, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ruseTis saxelmwifos mudmivi mcdeloba, CamoaSoros saqarTvelos Tavisi Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili, jer kidev saukuneze meti xnis win gaxda afxazeTisa da masTan erTad mTlianad dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis politizaciis, Sesabamisad, istoriuli warsulis uxeSi falsifikaciis mizezi. swored gayalbebuli istoriis safuZvelze, lozungiT `afxazeTi – saqarTvelo ar aris”, XXs. dasawyisSi aRmocenda Tanamedrove afsuur-afxazuri politikuri separatizmi – rusuli imperializmis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba da misi dasayrdeni saqarTveloSi. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom afxazeTSi dRes arsebuli ukanono reJimi da misi mfarvelebi odiTganve qarTuli regionis `saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis” safuZvlad `xalxis nebasTan” erTad, istorias, `istoriul uflebas” (?!) asaxeleben. am `uflebis” dasacavad separatistulad ganwyobilma avtorebma (s.lakoba, o. bRaJba, v. Cirikba, m. gunba, v. hagba, g. oTirba, n. akaba, e. ajinjali, i. maruxba, T. aCugba, d.dbari, s.Samba, T.ZafSba da sxvebma) rusul da inglisur enebze gamoaqveynes aTobiT tendenciuri naSromi, maT Soris saxelmZRvaneloebi. xsenebul avtorTa gamocemebs mecnieruli Rirebuleba praqtikulad ar gaaCnia. separatistebi TavianTi fantastikuri `daskvnebiT” ufro iluzorul politikur miznebs emsaxurebian, vidre mecnierebas. yalbi istoriografia separatistuli xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli mzrunvelobisa da yuradRebis qveS imyofeba.

qarTuli istoriografia ki, samwuxarod, Zlier CamorCa movlenebs. miuxedavad didi potencialisa, damoukidebel saqarTveloSi man jer ver daimkvidra Rirseuli adgili. saTanadod ar aris gacnobierebuli istoriografiis mniSvneloba erovnuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis, politikuri da ideologiuri safrTxeebisagan qveynis dacvis, awmyosa da momavlis ukeTesad gaazrebis saqmeSi. am pirobebSic afxazeTis istoriisadmi miZRvnilma araerTma sayuradRebo naSromma ixila mzis sinaTle. Tumca aSkaraa, rom qarTulma istoriografiam dRemde ver SeimuSava erTiani midgoma calkeuli sakvanZo problemebisadmi; bolomde ar aris daZleuli sabWoTa istoriografiis negatiuri gavlena iseT problemaTa kvlevisas, rogorebicaa antikuri xanis kolxeTis//egrisis samefos eTnopolitikuri istoria, qarTveli da afxazi xalxebis eTnogenezisi da a.S. es ki, Tavis mxriv, garkveul zemoqmedebas axdens sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebisa da Semdgomi periodis istoriis gaSuqebazec.

avtorTa koleqtivis amocanas warmoadgenda afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriis (da ara mxolod sakuTriv afxazeTis, romlis sazRvrebi yovelTvis ar emTxveoda mis amJamindel farglebs) upiratesad eTnopolitikuri istoriis gaSuqeba, argumentirebuli pasuxis gacema separatist-falsifikatorebisaTvis. mTavari argumenti ki qarTuli da ucxouri istoriuli wyaroebia, romelTa cnobebiTac gajerebulia warmodgenili naSromi. gamokvlevis erT-erTi Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi gamoyenebulia rogorc istorikosebisa da arqeologebis, ise anTropologebis, istoriuli geografiis specialistebisa da lingvistebis ukanaskneli mecnieruli miRwevebi.

winamdebare naSroms aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs da arc SeiZleba hqondes mimdinare politikasTan, afxazeTis momavali statusis gansazRvrasTan. narkvevis mizans warmoadgens ara qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaze zemoqmedeba misi gaumjobesebis, miT umetes gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed istoriuli sinamdvilis aRdgena. vinaidan qarTvel da afxaz istorikosTa mosazrebebi am etapze sruliad SeuTavsebelia, TanamSromloba maT Soris ver xerxdeba. miuxedavad amisa, avtorebi gamoTqvamen mzadyofnas, momavalSi iTanamSromlon meore mxaresTan.

wignis momzadebaSi gaweuli sxvadasxva saxis kvalificiuri daxmarebisaTvis avtorebi madlobas moaxseneben simon gogiZes, nana kvaracxelias, dinara darsalias, lika (Teona) nucubiZes, xviCa qardavas, daviT Jvanias.

naSromi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes damxmare saxelZvanelod umaRles saswavleblebSi saqarTvelos istoriis, politologiis, geopolitikis, konfliqtologiis da sxva kursebis Seswavlisas. igi daexmareba pedagogebs kvalifikaciis amaRlebaSi.

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Tavi I. istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva

saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, Savi zRvis sanapiroze, mdinareebs _ engursa da fsous Soris mdebareobs qveynis erT-erTi mxare afxazeTi, romelic aris avtonomiuri respublika saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi.

afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikas md. fsou da kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi ruseTis federaciisagan gamoyofs, xolo md.enguri da kavkasionis gverdiTi kodorisa da afxazeT-svaneTis qedebi - mezobeli svaneTisa da samegrelos mxareebisagan. afxazeTis farTobia 7600kv.km, rac saqarTvelos farTobis 12,3% Seadgens; dedaqalaqia _ q.soxumi, saqarTvelos erT-erTi uZvelesi da saxelganTqmuli qalaqi.

saxelwodeba `soxumi“ qarTuli cxomi//cxumisagan modis, rac rcxilas niSnavs. Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi (fsevdo skilaqs kariandeli - Zv.w. IVs. da sxv.) mas dioskuria ewodeba. antikuri tradiciiT, es saxelwodeba miTiuri dioskurebidan momdinareobs. dioskurebi (berZn. Dioskuroi, zedmiwevniT _ zevsis vaJiSvilebi) iyvnen tyupi Zmebi kastori da polidevke. TiTqos, dioskurTa meetleebma, argonavtebma telxisma da amfistma daaarses q.dioskuria. Tumca, qalaqis saxeli dioskuria Zveli qarTuli saxelwodebis berZnul gaazrebas unda warmoadgendes. aRsaniSnavia, rom `dia~ qarTuli enis ramdenime dialeqtze, maT Soris megrulad dedas niSnavs, xolo `skuri~ _ wyals. romaelebma Zv.w I saukuneSi mas sebastopolisi uwodes romis imperatoris gaius oqtaviane avgustusis (Zv.w. 43 _ ax.w. 14ww.) pativsacemad, romelic avgustusTan erTad sebastosis (,,didi~) titulsac atarebda. mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze qarTul wyaroebSi qalaqis saxelwodeba ori formiT _ cxomi da cxumi - gvxvdeba. XIVs. dasawyisSi arabi avtori abu-al-feda pirvelad ixseniebs qalaqs saxelwodebiT `suxum“, rac misi qarTuli saxelisagan `cxumi“ momdinareobs. suxum//soxums eZaxdnen mas Turq-osmalebic, romlebic SavizRvispireTSi XVs. II naxevridan gamoCndnen. aRmosavlur enebSi (arabuli, Turquli) c bgera ar aris, amasTan ori Tanxmovnis erTad gamoTqmac Wirs. ase miviReT qarTuli cxomi//cxumidan suxum//soxumi. es saxelwodeba qarTulSi soxumis, xolo rusulSi suxumis formiT damkvidrda. sakuTriv afxazebi am qalaqs `ayvas“ uwodeben. es afxazuri geografiuli saxeli pirvelad italieli kartografis j.gastaldis 1561 wlis rukazea dafiqsirebuli ,,ayva~ formiT md.yubanis Sua welze, xolo Semdeg, 1737w. qarTulad Sedgenil dasavleT saqarTvelos rukaze dRevandel qalaq soxumis adgilas dafiqsirebulia `ayu“ formiT, Tumca iqve maxloblad aRniSnulia `cxumis cixec”.

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afxazeTs CrdiloeTiT kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi sazRvravs, romelic Crdilo-dasavleTidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiskenaa gadaWimuli. afxazeTis farglebSi kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis, afxazeTis kavkasionis, mwvervalebia: dombaiulgeni (4046 m), gvandra (3985 m), ercaxu (3910 m), fSiSi (3790 m), aRefsTa (3257 m). sanCaros (2292 m), aZafSis (2497 m), alaSTraxus (2723 m), xidas (2632 m), naharis (2931 m), maruxis (2746 m) da qluxoris (2781 m) uReltexilebze gadadis sacalfexo gzebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi cicabod eSveba mdinareebis bzifis, CxalTis, sakenis xeobebisaken. afxazeTis mTiani Sua nawili uWiravs kavkasionis gverdiT _ gagris, bzifis, CxalTis anu afxazeTis, kodoris anu fanavis qedebs, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, mravali ganStoeba aqvT.

afxazeTi mTagoriani mxarea. misi teritoriis 74% mTasa da mTiswineTs uWiravs, danarCeni _ vake-dablobebs. zogan mTa uSualod adgeba zRvas, zogan maT Soris SedarebiT didi manZilia. Crdilo-dasavleTiT, md.fsous marcxena

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napirze, 10-15km. manZilze, zRvasa da kavkasions Soris zRvis piras mozrdili vakea. samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, gagris qedi uSualod adgeba zRvas. gagris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mTis masivi TandaTan ukan ixevs da zRvispira viwro vake zoli biWvinTis dablobSi gadadis. biWvinTis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mTa kvlav zRvisken miiwevs da axali aTonis midamoebSi uSualod zRvas adgeba. soxumis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT zRvispira vake zoli TandaTan farTovdeba da md.kodoris marcxena napiridan kolxeTis dablobSi gadadis. sanapiro zoli sworxazovania; aRsaniSnavia soxumisa da gagris ubeebi, biWvinTisa da soxumis koncxebi.

kodoris qedis CrdiloeTiT, md.kodoris Sua welSi mdebareobs mTiani mxare webeli, xolo mis zemo welSi _ mTiani mxare dali (afxazeTis svaneTi); md.bzifis zemo welSi, kavkasionis qedsa da bzifis qeds Soris qvabulSi _ mTiani mxare fsxu.

afxazeTSi bevri tbaa: riwa, adueda aZiJi, derikvara aZiSi, yvaraSi, patara riwa, amtyeli, cisferi tba, inkiTi, bebesiri, papanwyvili da sxv.

afxazeTis mdinareTa qseli xSiria. mTavari mdinareebia: fsou, bzifi, kodori, gumisTa, kelasuri, RaliZga, moqvi, enguri, romlebic Savi zRvis auzs miekuTvnebian.

saqarTvelos, da Sesabamisad afxazeTis, sasazRvro mdinare fsou saTaves aibgis qedze iRebs da Sav zRvas sof.leseliZesTan erTvis. mis aRmosavleTiT md.mehadiri moedineba, romelsac saTave gagris qedis samxreT-dasavleT kalTaze aqvs da Sav zRvaSi daba ganTiadTan Caedineba. daba ganTiadis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT Sav zRvas patara mdinare beRerefsTa, igive xolodnaia reCka erTvis. afxazeTis yvelaze grZeli mdinarea bzifi. igi saTaves kavkasionis qedis samxreT kalTaze, uReltexil adangesTan iRebs. misi sigrZea 110km. Tavisi dinebis umetes nawilSi, md.iufSaras SesarTavamde, zogadad dasavleTis mimarTuleba aqvs, Semdeg gezs icvlis da samxreTisaken uxvevs. zemo dinebaSi xeoba viwro da Rrmaa; sof.fsxusTan xeoba ganierdeba da mdinare itoteba; qvemoT xeoba viwro, zogan kanionisebria, daba bzifTan dablobze gamodis da biWvinTis koncxTan Sav zRvas erTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom `bzifi“ am mdinaris SedarebiT axali saxelwodebaa. XIXs. 20-ian wlebamde mas kapoetis wyali (kapoetis mdinare) erqva. saxelwodeba qarTulia da momdinareobs Tevzis saxelidan kapoeti. Tevzi kapoeti kalmax-oragulis jiSs ekuTvnis; igi mozrdili saxis kalmaxia da swored am mdinareSi gvxvdeba. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom qarTulia saxelwodeba bzific (bzibi), rac dakavSirebulia mcenaris saxelTan _ bza. afxazeTis mTavar mdinares, romelic bzebis xeobaze moedineba bzifis (bzebis) wyali ewodeba.

bzifis marjvena Senakadis iufSaras xeobaSi, zRvis donidan 884 m-ze umSvenieresi riwis tba mdebareobs. igi mTa fSegiSxis Camoqcevisa da md.laSifsas dagubebis Sedegad gaCnda. riwis sanapiroebi garSemortymulia wiwviani da Sereuli tyeebiT dafaruli mTis ferdobebiT, ris gamoc is kavkasiaSi erT-erT ulamazes tbad iTvleba.

sakuTriv bzifis marjvena napirze, zRvasTan axlos, patara, magram uaRresad lamazi cisferi tba mdebareobs.

bzifis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT moedineba md.mWiSTa anu Savwyala, romelic saTaves bzifis qedis samxreT kalTaze iRebs da Sav zRvas gudauTis dasavleTiT erTvis. is karstuli mdinarea. Sua saukuneebSi `muwis wyali“ anu miwis wyali ewodeboda, radgan did manZilze miwis qveS moedineba. misi afxazuri (mWiSTa) da rusuli (Cornaia reCka) saxelebi Savwyalas irib Targmans warmoadgens.

mWiSTas samxreT-aRmosavleTiT moedineba md. xifsTa, romelic saTaves bzifis qedis samxreT kalTaze iRebs da Sav zRvas gudauTasTan erTvis. misi rusuli saxeli _ belaia reCka, qarTuli TeTrwyalas pirdapiri Targmania. Sua

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saukuneebSi am mdinares zufu (zufus mdinare) erqva, mis napirze iyo sof. zufu (amJ. lixni), saidanac man saxelwodeba miiRo.

xifsTas samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md. aafsTa moedineba, romelic saTaves bzifis qedis aRmosavleT nawilSi iRebs, samxreT kalTas miuyveba da gudauTasa da axal aTons Soris Sav zRvaSi Caedineba. mas baklanovkasac eZaxian, Tumca misi istoriuli saxelia aRacos wyali, romelic soflis saxelidan `aRaco~ momdinareobs. XIX saukuneSi am mdinares aacs eZaxdnen, rac qarTuli aRacos wylis afxazuri formaa; sofel aRacos ki dResac aaci ewodeba. md.xifsTas marjvena Senakadia patara mdinare egri.

axali aTonis Crdilo-dasavleTiT Sav zRvaSi patara mdinare fsircxa Caedineba. Sua saukuneebSi mas anakofiis mdinare ewodeboda Zveli cixe-qalaqis, anakofiis (amJ. axali aToni) saxelis mixedviT.

fsircxas samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md.gumisTa moedineba. igi mdinareebis aRmosavleT gumisTis da dasavleT gumisTis SeerTebiT warmoiqmneba. es mdinare Sav zRvas soxumis dasavleTiT erTvis. dRevandeli q.soxumis farglebSi Sav zRvaSi md.besleTi (basla) Caedineba. igi karstuli mdinarea, saTaves karstuli wyaroebidan iRebs. Sua saukuneebSi mas cxomis, igive cxumis mdinare ewodeboda q.cxomis (amJ. soxumi) saxelis mixedviT. besleTi 4km-iani karstuli gvirabiT dakavSirebulia md.kelasurTan, romelic soxumis aRmosavleTiT, sof.kelasurTan erTvis Sav zRvas. igi saTaves bzifis qedis samxreT kalTaze, ximsis myinvarze iRebs. saxelwodeba `kelasuri“ berZnuli `klisuradan“ momdinareobs, rac gasasvlel adgils, viwrobs niSnavs.

kelasuris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT yvelaze didi mdinarea kodori, romelic sigrZiT afxazeTis meore mdinarea. igi dalis xeobaSi iRebs saTaves, iqmneba mdinareebis gvandrisa da sakenis SeerTebis Sedegad. kodori jer dasavleTiT, Semdeg ki samxreT-dasavleTiT miedineba da sof.aZiubJas (istoriuli sof. Sqawyari, igive Suawyali, romlis Targmania afxazuri aZiubJa) samxreTiT Sav zRvas erTvis. misi sigrZea 84km. md.kodoris marjvena napirze mdebareobs drandis taZari, X-XVIIss. dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi saeklesio centri. didi qarTveli istorikosisa da geografis vaxuSti bagrationis (1696-1758ww.) cnobiT, kodori Tavdapirvelad dabis saxelwodeba yofila da aqedan darqmevia Semdeg es saxeli mdinares. sof. kodori skotoris formiT jer kidev VII saukuneSi bizantiel avtorTan Teodosi gangrelTan ixsenieba. saxelwodeba `kodori“ qarTulia, rogorc fuZe sityviT, ise gramatikuli gaformebiT. kodoris umTavresi Senakadebia: CxalTa (afxazurad awgara), mramba, jampali amtyeliT. md. amtyelis xeobaSi amtyelis anu azanTis tba mdebareobs, romelic 1891w. warmoiSva miwis uzarmazari masis mier md. amtyelis dagubebis Sedegad.

kodoris aRmosavleTiT, erT patara mdinares cxeniswyali ewodeba. am mdinaris berZnulad Targmnili saxelwodeba jer kidev II saukunis berZeni istorikosisa da romis imperiis didmoxelis flavius arianes TxzulebaSi gvxvdeba.

afxazeTis mniSvnelovani mdinarea agreTve moqvi, romelic saTaves kodoris qedis samxreT kalTaze iRebs da Sav zRvas oCamCiris maxloblad erTvis. md. moqvTan misi marjvena Senakadis md.dvabis SeerTebis adgilas mdebareobs moqvis taZari, X-XVIIss. dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi saeklesio centri; q.oCamCiris aRmosavleTiT Sav zRvas erTvis md.RaliZga (saxeli RaliZga - `Relis napiri~ Tavidan am mdinarispiras mdebare sofels erqva), romelic saTaves kodoris qedis samxreT kalTaze, mwverval xojalis maxloblad iRebs. Sua saukuneebSi mas egriswyali ewodeboda; kodoris qedis samxreT kalTaze iRebs saTaves md.oqumic, romelic Sav zRvas sof.gudavasTan erTvis. mis marjvena napirzea istoriuli sofeli oqumi, saidanac mdinarem es saxeli miiRo. oqumis marjvena Senakadebia: md.warCe _ istoriuli wyaroebis dadiswyali _ da md.oxoje, romlis napirzec mdebareobs dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi saeklesio

9

centri X-XVIIIss. bediis taZari; marcxena Senakadia md.didi eriswyali, istoriuli wyaroebis erTiswyali. md.oqumis aRmosavleTiT swrafi da wyaluxvi md.enguri moedineba. igi saTaves svaneTSi, zRvis donidan 2614m-ze, myinvar engurze iRebs da Sav zRvas sof.anakliasTan erTvis. misi qvemo dineba afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikas samegrelosgan gamoyofs.

afxazeTi subtropikuli sartylis yvelaze CrdiloeT sazRvarze mdebareobs. kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi mas CrdiloeTis civi qarebis SemoWrisagan icavs. Tbili zRva, romelic arasodes iyineba, mSfoTvare mTis mdinareebi rbil, tenian subtropikul klimats qmnian. afxazeTSi ZiriTadad zRvis notio subtropikuli havaa gavrcelebuli. misi teritoriis didi nawili, daaxloebiT 55% tyiT aris dafaruli. aq 2 aTasze meti saxeobis mcenarea gavrcelebuli, maT Soris, 150 saxeobis xe da buCqovani mcenare. xe-mcenareebidan aRsaniSnavia: muxa, rcxila, nekerCxali, cacxvi, wifeli, wabli, kakali, naZvi, fiWvi, soWi, bza da sxv. aq gvxvdeba rogorc barisa da mTis tyis, ise maRali mTis cxovelTa saxeobebi. binadrobs: jixvi, Sveli, arCvi, riwis tyeebSi _ kavkasiuri iremi. gvxvdeba: daTvi, mgeli, tura, mela, maCvi, kverna, ciyvi, kurdReli da sxv. XXs. dasawyisSi moispo kavkasiuri domba. frinvelebidan gavrcelebulia: arwivi, mimino, orbi, Sevardeni, kavkasiuri SurTxi, xoxobi, mwyeri, Tolia, ofofi da sxv. mdinareebsa da tbebSi aris kalmaxi, kolxuri wvera, loqo, zogan Savi zRvidan _ oraguli da zuTxi. sasargeblo florisa da faunis dasacavad Seqmnilia: riwa-avadharis, fsxus, biWvinTis, gumisTis, miuseris nakrZalebi.

afxazeTi mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT. aRsaniSnavia tyvarCelisa da bzifis qvanaxSiris sabadoebi. bevrganaa tyviis, TuTiis, spilenZis sabadoebi; TabaSiri, kirqva, saagure Tixa da sxv. gansakuTrebiT uxvad aris samkurnalo mineraluri wylebi mdinareebis kodoris, sakenis, bzifis, avadharis da sxv. xeobebSi, xolo Termuli samkurnalo wylebi _ tyvarCelis, soxumis, axali aTonis da gagris midamoebSi. SesaniSnavi buneba da Zvirfasi samkurnalo wyaroebi afxazeTs umdidresi klimatologiuri janmrTelobis kerad aqceven.

afxazeTis ZiriTad mosaxleobas qarTvelebi da afxazebi Seadgenen. amJamindeli afxazebi (afsuebi) eTnikurad afxazur-adiRuri jgufis xalxebs miekuTvnebian, maTi ena _ afxazuri, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTa ojaxis Crdilo-dasavlur, afxazur-adiRur enaTa jgufSi Sedis. am jgufSi afxazurTan erTad Sedis abazuri, adiReuri, yabardouli, ubixuri enebi, romlebzec CrdiloeT kavkasiis monaTesave xalxebi _ abazebi, adiReelebi, yabardoelebi, Cerqezebi metyveleben.

gvian Sua saukuneebamde afxazebi eTnokulturuli TvalsazrisiT iseTive qarTvelebi iyvnen, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli provinciebis mosaxleoba (qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, megrelebi, svanebi da sxv.) da qarTuli saxelmwifosa da qarTuli kulturis CamoyalibebaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen. gvian Sua saukuneebSi mTis Camowolis – dasavleT kavkasiis mTis mosaxleobis afxazeTSi moZalebisa da Camosaxlebis Sedegad am mxareSi radikaluri eTnikuri cvlileba moxda. Camosaxlebul mTielTa adgilobriv qarTul mosaxleobasTan Serwymis Sedegad Tanamedrove afxazuri (afsua) eTnosi Camoyalibda.

1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, afxazeTis mosaxleoba 525 061 Seadgenda. erovnuli Semadgenloba aseTi iyo: qarTveli _ 239 872 (45,7%), afxazi _ 93 267 (17,8%), somexi _ 76 541 (14,6%), rusi _ 74 913 (14,2%), berZeni _ 14 664 (2,8%), sxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli _ 25 804 (4,9%).

1991 wlis administraciul-teritoriuli dayofiT afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi Sedis 5 administraciuli raioni _ galis, oCamCiris, gulrifSis, soxumis, gudauTis; 1 _ gagris saqalaqo sabWosadmi daqvemdebarebuli

10

teritoria, 6 qalaqi _ gali, oCamCire, tyvarCeli, soxumi, gudauTa, gagra; 4'daba _ axali aToni, biWvinTa, ganTiadi, gulrifSi.

afxazeTis dRevandel sazRvrebSi Camoyalibeba rTuli eTno-politikuri procesebis Sedegia, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da mxolod XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos dasrulda.

iyo dro, rodesac afxazeTi, rogorc calke administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli ar arsebobda. Zv.w. XV-IIss. dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria kolxeTis samefoSi Sedioda da mTlianad qarTuli modgmis tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

Zv.w. I _ ax.w. IIss. am teritoriaze Canan kvlav qarTveluri Temebi amjerad sanigebis, afSilebisa da abazgebis saxelwodebiT. II-VIIIss. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria egrisis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT, VI-VIIIss. am teritoriis samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili md.kodorsa da md.engurs Soris egrisis samefos odiSis erisTavebs eqvemdebareboda. kodoris saTaveebSi _ dalis xeobaSi misimianTa svanuri tomi cxovrobda, romelic uSualod egrisis mefes emorCileboda. uSualod lazeTis samefo administracias emorCileboda agreTve afSileTic, romelic Savi zRvis piras, mdinareebis kodorisa da anakofiiswyals Soris mdebareobda. ufro Crdilo-dasavleTiT, md.aqeuntamde (amJamad md.Saxe), lazTa samefos daqvemdebarebuli abazgiis ori saerisTavo mdebareobda.

IX-Xss. dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria damoukidebel dasavlurqarTul samefoSi Sedioda, romelsac samefo dinastiis mixedviT, saistorio tradiciiT, `afxazTa samefos~ uwodeben. am samefoSi, mdinareebs kodorsa da engurs Soris teritoria, iseve rogorc adre, odiSis saerisTavoSi Sedioda; dalis xeoba svaneTis erisTavs emorCileboda; Zveli afSileTis teritorias cxumis saerisTavo moicavda, mis Crdilo-dasavleTiT ki sakuTriv afxazeTis saerisTavo mdebareobda, romelic Savi zRvis sanapiroze md. nikofsiamde (amJ. negofsuxo) aRwevda.

saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 2,5 saukuneze met xans dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriis administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa ar Secvlila. XIVs. dasawyisSi cxumis saerisTavo odiSis saerisTavos SeuerTda. amis Semdeg odiSisa da afxazeTis saerisTavoebs Soris sazRvari md. anakofiiswyalze gadioda.

XVs. 70-90-ian wlebSi erTiani qarTuli samefo daiSala. dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoria iseTive administraciul-teritoriuli danawilebiT dasavlurqarTul imereTis samefoSi gaerTianda. afxazeTis erisTavebi imereTis mefeebis da imavdroulad odiSis erisTavebis vasalebi iyvnen.

XVIs. 50-ian wlebSi imereTis samefos guria, odiSi da afxazeTi ganudgnen. Tavdapirvelad afxazeTsa da odiSs Soris sazRvari md.anakofiiswyalze gadioda, magram XVIs. 80-iani wlebis Semdeg sazRvarma ufro samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, md.kelasurze gadainacvla. am droisaTvis afxazeTis gamgeblebi jer kidev odiSis mTavrebis uzenaesobas aRiarebdnen.

XVI-XVIIss. afxazeTSi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, radikaluri eTnikuri cvlilebebi moxda, rac dakavSirebuli iyo dasavleT kavkasiis tomebis CamosaxlebasTan. maTze dayrdnobiTa da osmaleTis gadamwyveti mxardaWeriT XVII-XVIIIss. mijnaze afxazeTis mTavrebma sazRvari samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md.egriswyalze (amJ. RaliZga), mogvianebiT ki md.engurze gadaitanes. TandaTanobiT md.engursa da md.RaliZgas Soris Camoyalibda mcire feodaluri samflobelo _ samurzayano. 1702 wlidan 1840 wlamde es olqi odiSis (samegrelos) samTavroSi Sedioda, garda drois patara monakveTisa XVIIIs. 80-iani wlebidan 1805 wlamde, roca is afxazTa mTavars emorCileboda.

1810w. ruseTis imperiam afxazeTis samTavro (md.bzifidan md.RaliZgamde webelisa da sxva mTis sazogadoebebis gareSe) misi okupaciis mizniT Tavisi

11

`mfarvelobis” qveS Seiyvana. 1864w. ruseTis xelisuflebam afxazeTis samTavro gaauqma da teritoria md.enguridan gagris CaTvliT `soxumis samxedro ganyofilebaSi~ Seiyvana, romelsac Semdeg soxumis olqi ewoda.

afxazeTis teritorias TiTqmis Tanamedrove sazRvrebSi (mehadir-fsous monakveTis gareSe) oficialurad afxazeTi pirvelad 1919 wlis maisSi ewoda mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam afxazeTis avtonomia aRiara da afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom regionis saxelis gadarqmevasTan dakavSirebiT specialuri gadawyvetileba miiRo. afxazeTis avtonomia dRevandel sazRvrebSi sabolood XXs. 20-iani wlebis bolos Camoyalibda, rodesac ruseTis sabWoTa federaciulma socialisturma respublikam saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikas md.mehadirsa da md.fsous Soris mdebare teritoria daubruna.

Tavi II. winareantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi

Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze

12

1. qvis xana (Zv.w. 1 800 000 – 50 000)

qvis xana kacobriobis ganviTarebis uZvelesi da yvelaze xangrZlivi periodia, romlis adreul etapze mkvlevarebi ZiriTadad 2 – Selis da aSelis safexurebs gamoyofen. maT win unda uswrebdes uZvelesi safexuri, romelic oldeveis kulturis saxeliT aris cnobili. am safexurisTvis niSandoblivia qvis iaraRebis gamoyeneba damuSavebis gareSe, romlebsac eoliTebs uwodeben. es periodi meoTxeuli periodis sawyiss, daaxloebiT 1 800 000 wlis farglebSia sagulisxmebeli.

meoTxeuli periodi, romelsac zogjer anTropogenur (adamianis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebul) periodsac uwodeben. SeiniSneba gamyinvarebis oTxi da gamyinvarebaTaSorisi sami periodi. kavkasiaSi gamyinvarebis kvali SedarebiT sustia da igi Zlieri ar unda yofiliyo. kavkasiaSi misi vertikaluri zonalobis gamo faqtobrivad yovelTvis iyo pirobebi adamianis gansaxlebisTvis. klimatis acivebasTan erTad adamiani inacvlebs dablob, SedarebiT Tbil zolSi, xolo daTbobasTan erTad adamiani kvlav iTvisebs maRliv zonebs. adamianis sacxovrisis vertikaluri cvlileba marto qvis xanisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli da SeiniSneba momdevno xanebSic. amgvarad, aSkaraa, rom geografiuli garemo da klimati aris is gadamwyveti piroba, romelic mxedvelobaSia misaRebi adamianis gansaxlebis procesis Seswavlis dros. afxazeTis teritoriaze yvela vertikaluri zona aris warmodgenili: kolxeTis dablobis sanapiro viwro zoli, mTiswina, 80-110m. simaRlis terasebi, mTa-borcvovani da alpuri zona. es garemoeba ki klimatis cvlilebasTan erTad qmnida safuZvels mosaxleobis Sida migraciisTvis.

afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoria qvis xanis ZeglebiT sakmaod adridan gaxda cnobili. am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia s.zamiatninis1_{, b.kuftinis,}

l.soloviovis, a.lukinis, i.voronovis, v.bJanias2_{, n.berZeniSvilis, al.kalandaZis,}

l.wereTlis, g.grigolias, l.qorqias Sromebi3_{. maT miuZRviT gansakuTrebuli wvlili}

ZeglTa gamovlenis, gaTxrisa da mecnieruli ganzogadoebisTvis.

am kvlevebis Sedegad sadReisod afxazeTis teritoriaze qvis xanis ramdenime aTeuli Zeglia dafiqsirebuli4_{. maT Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs iaSTxvis}

sadgomi. igi ganfenilia soxumis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi iaSTxvas mTis ferdebsa da ZirSi. nasaxlaris mTeli teritoria (farTobi 70 ha) mofenilia kulturuli naSTebiT. iaraRisTvis saWiro nedleuli, kargi klimati da mdebareoba saukeTeso pirobebs qmnida pirvelyofili adamianis gansaxlebisTvis. iaSTxvis ferdobebi mofenilia sawarmoo naSTebiT, anatkecebiT. maTTan erTad vxvdebiT nukleusebs, uxeS lamelebs, wvetanisebr saxokebs. iSviaTia xelculi,, damzadebuli bifaseri teqnikiT, romelic farTodaa gavrcelebuli am periodis Zeglebze da faqtobrivad ZiriTad sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRs warmoadgens. Cveulebriv, igi mogrZo ovaluri, zogjer wawvetebuli formisaa. monapovari masala aSkarad aSeluri xanisaa, zogierT nimuSs emCneva ufro arqauli winaaSeluri niSnebi5_{, Tumca es sakiTxi jer kidev}

dasazustebelia6_.

3_{. n. berZeniSvili, al.kalandaZe da sxv. saqarTvelos arqeologia. Tb., 1959.}

Н.З.Бердзенишвили. Новые данные по палеолиту Абхазии. - ТАИ, т. XXX, 1959; А.Н.Каландадзе. Разыскания по археологии до-античной Грузии. Автореферат. Тб., 1969; l.wereTeli, l.qorqia, g.grigolia, m.baramiZe. dazverviTi

arqeologiuri samuSaoebi engurhesis samSeneblo teritoriaze. _ akZ. 1963 wels saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1964.

4_{. sadReisod qvis xanis yvela etapis daaxloebiT 150-mde Zeglia cnobili. aqedan qveda paleoliTs}

ganekuTvneba 15-20.

5_{. Л.Н. Соловьев. dasax. naSromi, gv. 27, 35.}

6_{. И.И. Коробков. Итоги пятилетних исследований Яштухского палеолитического местонахождения. - С.А.У. М.,1967,}

13

qveda paleoliTuri Zeglebi kavkasiaSi sadReisod sakmaod mravalricxovania da, SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTqmis yvela klimatur zolSia fiqsirebuli, maT Soris iaSTxvaSi. es periodi Zeglebis gansakuTrebuli simravliT gamoirCeva. marto afxazeTis teritoriaze mustieuri iaraR-nakeTobebi 100-mde punqtSia mopovebuli. isini ganlagebulia faqtobrivad yvela vertikalur zolSi dablobidan dawyebuli maRalmTiani zonis CaTvliT. aSkaraa, mosaxleobam imdenad moimata, rom saWiro gaxda axali sasicocxlo teritoriebis aTviseba. gvianSelisa da adre musties xanaSi, rogorc Cans, hava mkveTrad Seicvala da mosaxleoba tovebs maRalmTian zols. gvianmusties xanaSi sakmaod daTba da mosaxleoba kvlav ubrundeba mTian regions. ganviTarebuli da gvianmusties masalebi Cans kodoris xeobaSi sof.aJaris zemoT, faqtobrivad alpur zonaSi maSin, rodesac galis, oCamCiris, kelasuris, bzifis exis da sxva adremusties da momdevno xanis Zeglebi ZiriTadad dablob da mTiswina zolSia ganfenili. mxaris istoriis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba im faqts, rom mustieuri xanis Zeglebi mravladaa gamovlenili afxazeTis mimdebare soWis regionSi. afxazeTisgan gansxvavebiT, aq Ria sadgomebi ar Cans da musties xana fiqsirdeba navaliSenis, axStiris, voroncovis, xostis da sxva gamoqvabulebSi, rac, SesaZloa, klimatis gavleniT iyo gamowveuli.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom afxazeTis Zeglebze kraniologiuri masala faqtobrivad ar aris, rac aZnelebs msjelobas anTropogenezis procesebze. erTaderTi xelmosaWidi am TvalsazrisiT aris axStiris gamoqvabulSi gvianmusties fenaSi napovni anTropologiuri naSTebi. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom axStiris paleoanTropi axlos dgas Tanamedrove adamianis tipTan da ganekuTvneba e.w. palestinel adamianebs, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove adamianis zogierTi niSnebi. sakaJias, jruWulas, cucxvaTis da gansakuTrebiT axStiris mcirericxovani anTropologiuri masala TiTqos imis maniSnebelia, rom swored am jgufidan unda ganviTarebuliyo Tanamedrove fizikuri tipis adamiani Homo Sapiens–i. magram es mosazreba ar iqna gaziarebuli rigi mkvlevarebis mier. mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala dmanisis aRmoCenebis Semdgom, romlis mixedviT, gonieri adamianis formirebis procesis erT-erT ZiriTad kerad samxreT saqarTvelo, ufro farTod ki dasavleT amierkavkasia unda iqnes miCneuli. kerZod, afxazeTis, aWarisa da zemo imereTis regionebia sagulisxmebeli.

primitiuli iaraRis arsebobis pirobebSi pirvelyofil adamianebs patara jgufebad unda ecxovraT da sakmaod unda emoZravaT sakvebis mosapoveblad. ganviTarebuli musties periodSi ki aSkarad SeiniSneba mosaxleobis ricxvis mateba, pirvelyofili sazogadoebis uadres safexurs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT bzari uCndeba da iqmneba gvarovnuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis winapiroba.

paleoliTis dasawyisSi mTeli kavkasiis teritoriaze SeiniSneba klimatis mkveTri aciveba, rac garkveul gavlenas axdens mcenareul safarze da cxovelTa samyaroze. adamiani tovebs mTian regions da ikavebs ufro Tbil, dablob da Rrma xeobebs. amis gamo kulturul fenebSi mopovebuli Zvlovani da mcenareuli naSTebi tipuria zeda viurmis gamyinvarebis periodisaTvis. SeiniSneba mosaxleobis koncentracia or ZiriTad regionSi – rion-yvirilas auzsa da Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi. SemuSavebulia qronologiuri Skala1_{. es xana ufro xanmoklea da grZeldeba daaxloebiT 25 aTasi}

wlis ganmavlobaSi. icvleba qvis damuSavebis teqnika. Cndeba sruliad axali formebi – safxekebi, saWrisebi, wvetanebi, mogrZo lamelebi, nukleusebi. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa mikroliTuri geometriuli CasarTebis da Zvlis damuSavebuli iaraRebis gamoCenis faqti. zogierT Zeglze (mRvimevis exi) SeiniSneba kedelze saWrisiT gamoyvanili gravirebuli usistemo xazebi.

afxazeTis teritoriaze zedapaleoliTuri masalebi yvelaze srulad sam punqtSia Seswavlili – afianCa, sufinifSahva (civi mRvime), oqumi. saintereso Zeglebi mikvleulia, soWi-adleris mxaris gamoqvabulebSi: axSTiri, novoliSeni, xosta, awi da sxva. mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom axSTiris gamoqvabulis zedapaleoliTuri fena radionaxSirbadiT 19500±500w. aris daTariRebuli (kalibrirebuli meTodiT TariRi kidev

14

ufro aZvelebs mas). swored es Zeglebi qmnian Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis zedapaleoliTur ZeglTa regions, Tumca raime lokalur gansxvavebaze laparaki jerjerobiT saTuoa.

afxazeTis Zeglebidan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da srulad Seswavlilia afianCas gamoqvabuli2_{. kulturul fenaTa saerTo simZlavre 16m. aRwevs. adamiani masSi}

dasaxlebula zeda paleoliTis adreul etapze da cxovrobda neoliTis xanis CaTvliT. amdenad, saqme gvaqvs qvis xanis sami safexuris uwyveti ganviTarebis suraTTan. am TvalsazrisiT afianCas stratigrafiuli Wrili faqtobrivad erTaderTia da etalonuri zogadad kavkasiis qvis xanis SeswavlisaTvis.

afianCas zedapaleoliTur fenebSi (2 done) yvela zemoTnaxsenebi iaraRia mopovebuli. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa mikroliTuri iaraRebis simravle da nairgvaroba. am fenebSi Cndeba Zvlis naprialevi iaraRebi: nemsebi, sakinZebi, danisebri, harpunisebri da sxva.

msgavsi masalebi mopovebulia md.kodoris da amtyelis SesarTavTan civi mRvimis orfenian exSi (xufinifSahva). gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia cxovelTa Zvlebis naSTebi. maTSi gamoirCeva gamoqvabulis daTvi, keTilSobili iremi, taxi, frinvelTa nairsaxeoba. aSkaraa, rom monadireoba jer kidev meurneobis ZiriTadi saxeobaa. SesaZloa, garkveuli wili ukavia meTevzeobasac. zedapaleoliTi socialurad ar aris is sazogadoeba, sadac ukve unda iyos gamoyofili beladi an winamZRoli. es pirvelyofili gvarovnuli sazogadoebaa yovelgvari diferenciaciis gareSe.

amrigad Cans, rom gvianpaleoliTis adamiani ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriazea gansaxlebuli da, SesaZlebelia, swored aqedan xdeba misi gadaadgileba kavkasiis sxva regionebSi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa am masalebis msgavseba CrdiloeT kavkasiis ZeglebTan. mniSvnelovani Cans kontaqtebi da tipologiuri msgavseba iran-erayis da azovispireTis masalebTan. aRniSnuli garemoeba migvaniSnebs kavkasiis, maT Soris afxazeTis, zedapaleoliTis erTian xasiaTze, rac erTgvarovani istoriuli procesebiTaa ganpirobebuli.

kraniologiuri masalebis simcire ar iZleva saSualebas im periodis adamianis fizikuri tipis, miT ufro eTnikuri kuTvnilebis garkvevisaTvis. savaraudoa, rom es adamiani qveda paleoliTSi mosaxle gonieri adamianis, neandertalelis ganviTarebis Semdgomi etapi iyos, risTvisac Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSi yvela piroba arsebobda.

gvianpaleoliTuri kulturis ganviTarebis Semdgomi etapi mezoliTis saxeliTaa cnobili. es periodi, upirveles yovlisa, xasiaTdeba im garemoebiT, rom kvlav mkveTrad icvleba klimati, mTavrdeba gamyinvarebis periodi da dgeba Tanamedrove geologiuri periodi, holoceni.

mezoliTi aRmocenebulia adgilobrivi zeda paleoliTis safuZvelze. amaze aSkarad miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom zemoTxsenebul rig Zeglebze (afianCa, TeTri mRvime, rion-yvirilas auzi) mezoliTi zemodan adevs zeda paleoliTs1_{. monapovari masalebis}

tipologiuri analizi aSkarad miuTiTebs TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis evoluciur suraTs. zeda paleoliTSi Casaxuli qvis damuSavebis mikroliTuri industria TandaTan ixveweba da srulyofil saxes Rebulobs. adamiani jer kidev ZiriTadad saxlobs gamoqvabulSi, Tumca klimatis daTboba SesaZleblobas aZlevs, barisa da mTis regionebis xelaxali aTviseba daiwyos. amis gamo mezoliTis xanaSi faqtobrivad aTvisebulia yvela landSaftur-klimaturi zoli, Tumca upiratesoba kvlav, rion-yvirilas auzsa da afxazeTs ukavia. am ukanasknelis teritoriaze dafiqsirebulia da nawilobriv Seswavlili iseTi pirvelxarisxovani Zeglebi, rogoricaa qvaCara (qvabCara), civi mRvime, jampali, iaSTxvis Ria sadgomi da sxva. masalis Seswavla saSualebas iZleva am ZeglebSi gamoiyos ori periodi: adreuli etapi da mogviano. damaxasiaTebelia adreul etapze makroliTuri teqnikis Semdgomi aRmavloba da geometriuli formebis

2 _{l. wereTeli. mezoliTuri kultura kavkasiis SavizRvispireTSi. Tb., 1973, gv. 37 da Smd.}

1_{. o. jafariZe. saqarTvelos arqeologia, gv. 34-39; misive: qarTvel tomTa..., gv. 25-29; l. wereTeli. dasax.}

15

gaCena (segmenti, trapecia, samkuTxedi). amasTanave Cndeba kombinirebuli iaraRebi, romlebsac amzadebdnen xisgan an cxovelis Zvlisgan. specialur napralSi webovani nivTierebis gamoyenebiT magrdeboda CasarTebi, geometriuli formis mikroliTebi. CasarTis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi igi advilad icvleboda da iaraRi axldeboda. savaraudoa, rom aRniSnul periodSi kombinirebuli iaraRi gamoiyeneboda Semgroveblur meurneobaSi mcenareuli sakvebis mopovebis dros. araa gamoricxuli maTi gamoyeneba cxoveluri nawilebis (magaliTad, tyavis) damuSavebis drosac.

mezoliTis adamianis meurneoba mimTvisebluri xasiaTisaa da damyarebulia Semgrovebloba-monadireobaze, razec miuTiTebs zemoTaRniSnuli Zvlovani naSTebi. mcenareuli sakvebis mopovebaSi, rogorc Cans, gamoiyeneboda Zvlis wverwamaxuli da namuSevari Toxisebri iaraRi. es garemoeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos mompovebeli meurneobis primitiul, Canasaxovan saxed. am TvalsazrisiT afianCas (Tanamedrove gulrifSis raioni) aRmoCenebs arsebiTi da gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWebaT.

garkveuli Zvrebi meurneobis xasiaTSi iwvevs cvlilebebs sazogadoebis socialur sferoSi. am periodisTvis pirvelyofil adamianTa jogi, rogorc erTeuli, daSlili da gamqrali Cans da safuZveli eyreba gvarovnul wyobilebas, mis uadres safexurs - adrematriarqalur gvars. SesaZlebelia, amave periodSi vivaraudoT adretomobrivi gaerTianebebic. aSkaraa, rom mosaxleoba xangrZlivadaa dasaxlebuli erT adgilze, rac sakmaod organizebuli da mWidro kavSirSi myofi erTeulebis arsebobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. pirveli aseTi organizacia ki mxolod matriarqalur principze damyarebuli gvarovnuli Temi unda yofiliyo. es Temebi erTiandeboda tomobriv gaerTianebebaSi, risi Canasaxic ukve zeda paleoliTidan SeiniSneba. savaraudoa zeda paleoliTis xanaSi saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi ramdenime tomobrivi gaerTianebis arseboba. monaTesave tomebi SemdgomSi ifantebian mTeli dasavleT amierkavkasiis teritoriaze, ramac gamoiwvia saerTokavkasiuri erTiani kulturuli erTobis daSla, risi asaxva lokaluri regionebis Casaxva unda iyos. materialuri kulturis ZiriTadSi erTgvarovani xasiaTi TiTqos imisken migvaniSnebs, rom dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi mosaxle tomebSi sagrZnobi eTnikuri cvlileba ar momxdara. farTo teritoriaze gansaxlebas ki unda gamoewvia enobrivi erTobis TandaTanobiTi daSla. es procesi swored paleoliTis bolo da mezoliTis etapze unda dawyebuliyo.

neoliTi anu axali qvis xana (Zv.w. IX-VI aTaswleulebi) sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi periodia. am dros xdeba Zireuli Zvrebi meurneobis xasiaTSi, rodesac paleoliTuri miTvisebiTi meurneoba mwarmoeblur safuZvelze gadadis. neoliTSi xdeba warmoebiTi meurneobis ZiriTadi saxeebis – miwaTmoqmedebis da mesaqonleobis Casaxva-ganviTareba.

meurneobis axali formebis Camoyalibebam gamoiwvia didi Zvrebi sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa TiTqmis yvela sferoSi. adamiani mkvidrad ukavSirdeba miwas da myarad saxldeba masze. Cndeba soflis tipis dasaxlebani xelovnuri sacxovrisiT. Cndeba axali tipis iaraRebi, axali teqnikuri Cvevebi: gaxexva-gaprialeba, gaxvreta, gaxexva, makroliTuri teqnika. am teqnikiT aris damzadebuli neoliTuri culebi, romlebic sakmaod efeqturi da produqtiuli iaraRia da gvian safexurze Cndeba.

mwarmoebluri meurneobis gaCenam sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela saxeobaze moaxdina gavlena. swored amis gamo am movlenas `neoliTur revolucias~ uwodeben. ekonomikuri revolucia unda momxdariyo iq, sadac amisTvis xelsayreli pirobebi arsebobda. amis gamo neoliTuri kultura yvelgan erTdroulad ar Camoyalibebula. am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze momzadebuli winaaziuri regioni aRmoCnda, romelSic eqceva dasavleT amierkavkasia afxazeTis CaTvliT. neoliTuri kulturis formireba aq moxda adgilobrivi mezoliTis evoluciuri ganviTarebis Sedegad, rac gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans qvis mikroliTur teqnikaSi.

neoliTuri kulturis Zeglebi naklebadaa Seswavlili. aSkaraa, rom maTi koncentracia ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze xdeba. maTSi or safexurs gamoyofen – adreuli da gviandeli neoliTi. mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasvla aSkarad gviani periodis Zeglebze SeiniSneba. afxazeTis teritoriaze neoliTuri

16

Zeglebi ramdenime punqtSia dafiqsirebuli1_{. yvelaze adreuli Cans RumuriSis nasaxlari,}

romelic `ukeramiko neoliTur~ ZeglTa rigs unda miekuTvnos. qronologiurad masTan yvelaze axlos dgas gali I-is nasaxlari, Semdgom modis lemsa, kistrik-CxorToli, aTara.

gansakuTrebiT siaxlove SeiniSneba yubanispireTis masalebTan (kamenomostkoe) da, SesaZloa, maTTan erTad erT lokalur variants qmnides. meore aseTi lokaluri varianti isaxeba dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobis Zeglebis saxiT (anaseuli I da II, odiSi, gurianTa, paluri, mamaTi, TeTramiwa, saTaflia da sxv.). yoveli maTgani specifikuri niSnebiT xasiaTdeba, rac etapebis mixedviT maTi qronologiuri dajgufebis saSualebas iZleva. masalis ZiriTadad erTgvarovani xasiaTi safuZvels iZleva dasavleT amierkavkasiis teritoriaze erTiani materialuri kulturis ori lokaluri varianti vigulisxmoT.

2. eneoliT-Suabrinjaos xana (Zv.w. V-II aTaswleulis Suaxanebi)

`eneoliTi~ laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs spilenZ-qvis xanas, xSirad mas `xalkoliTsac~ uwodeben (berZnulad xalkos `spilenZi~). specialur literaturaSi bolo dros eneoliTur xanasa da kulturas ufro xSirad adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturas uwodeben.

am kulturis Zeglebi kargadaa warmodgenili afxazeTis teritoriaze, magram unda iTqvas, rom arcerTi maTgani bolomde ar aris gaTxrili, rac Zalian aZnelebs misi nasaxlarebis, mSeneblobis teqnikisa da sxva sameurneo mniSvnelobis faqtebis srulad dadgenas1_{. adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanis Zeglebi (eneoliTi) afxazeTis teritoriaze}

dasaxlebis ori tipiT aris warmodgenili: Ria sadgomebi da mRvime-nabinavari. afxazeTis eneoliTuri Zeglebi ZiriTadad erTgvarovan masalas Seicavs: qva, Zvali, Tixis WurWeli; am epoqaSi gamoCenas iwyebs liTonis pirveli nivTebi, romlebic TviTnabadi spilenZisaganaa damzadebuli civi gamoWedvis gziT.

afxazeTis eneoliTuri kultura genetikurad ukavSirdeba winamorbed neoliTs. neoliTuri kulturis tradiciebis gagrZeleba-ganviTareba mkafiodaa gamosaxuli iseT wamyvan elementebSi, rogoricaa dasaxlebis tipi, meurneobis saxeobani, qvis industria, keramikuli nawarmi da Semkuloba.

eneoliTis xanaSi dasaxlebis ori tipi dgindeba: mRvimeebi da Ria nasaxlarebi. mRvimeebs miekuTvnebaa: oqumi2_{, voroncovis mRvimis farduli `oCaJni~}3_{, axSTiri}4_{. Ria}

nasaxlarebia: fsou5 _aTara6_{, maWara}7_{, gvandra}8 _{da sxv. nasaxlarebze myari nagebobis naSTi}

aRmoCenili ar yofila, Tumca gamTxrelebi varaudoben, maWarasa da gvandraze miwurebi da naxevradmiwurebi unda yofiliyo, romelTa zeda nawili sar-lastze mownuli da xSirad TixiT Selesili `facxiseburi~ tipisa unda yofiliyo.

1_{. l. nebieriZe. dasavleT amierkavkasiis neoliTi. Tb,. 1972; o. jafariZe. qarTvel tomTa..., gv. 35-44; misive:}

saqarTvelos arqeologia, gv. 41-56; k. kalandaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos neoliTuri kultura. Tb., 1986; Ю. Воронов. Археологическая карта, gv. 17; О.Бгажба, С. Лакоба. История Абхазии. Сухуми, 2006, gv. 26.

1 _{. g. fxakaZe. afxazeTis eneoliTuri Zeglebi. - afxazeTi. I Tb., 2006, gv. 20-29.}

2. g.fxakaZe. oqumis gamoqvebulis eneoliTuri naSTebi. _ masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis, VII. Tb., 1979, gv. 68-76.

3 _{. Л.Н. Соловьев. Новый памятник культурных связей Кавказского причерноморья эпохи энеолита и бронзы –}

стоянки Воронцовской пещеры. - Труды Абх. ИЯЛИ, 29. Сухуми, 1958,gv.. 115-135.

4 _{. s. zamiatninis gaTxrebi. masala inaxeba peterburgSi. eTnografiis da anTropologiis muzeumSi.} 5 _{. Л.К. Соловьев. dasax. naSromi, gv. 120.} 6 _{. М.В. Барамидзе, Г.Г. Пхакадзе, А.З. Орджоникидзе. Раскопки в С. Атара. - Арх. открытия. 1977 г. М., 1977, gv.} 174-175. 7 _{. В.В. Бжания. Поселение Мачара эпохи энеолита и ранней бронзы в Абхазии. – Совет. Археология, I. М., 1966,} gv. 113-126. 8 _{. И.И. Цвинария. Поселение Гуандра. Тб., 1978.}

17

nasaxlarebze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala ZiriTadad erTgvarovania. esaa qva, kaJi, keramika. iSviaTia Zvlisa da rqis nivTebi. masala Tavmoyrili iyo savaraudo sacxovrebelTa iatakebze, an qviT Semowyobili nacrovani ormoebis (kerebis) garSemo.

qvis industria eneoliTuri sazogadoebis meurneobis safuZvels warmoadgens. qvis iaraRebis tipologiur-morfologiuri analizi aSkarad adasturebs, rom industria Zlieri neoliTuri tradiciebis kvals atarebs. farTod ixmareba riyis qvis, bazaltis, serpantinis da qvis sxva jiSebisagan damzadebuli iaraRebi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia riyis qvis gaxexil-gaprialebuli calpirlesili da soliseburi culebi, saTlelebi, satexebi da sxv. neoliTSive iwyebs gamoCenas qvis iaraRebis damuSavebis axali teqnika – atkecva da mokodva, romlebic eneoliTsa da Semdeg adrebrinjaos xanaSi viTardeba da universalur xasiaTs iRebs.

atkecva-mokodviTaa damzadebuli eneoliTuri iaraRebis umravlesoba: culebi, satexebi, saTlelebi, Toxebi, `pikis~ tipis iaraRebi. farTo xmarebaSi iyo sibrtyiT gapobili riyis qvebi, romelTa napirebis damatebiT Camotexisa da wamaxvilebis Sedegad isini gamoiyeneboda safxekebad, saWrisebad da sxv. qvis industriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs qvis Toxebs, e.w. soWi-adleris tipis Toxebi soWi-adleris regionis Zeglebs axasiaTebs. xolo soxumis regionSi ki Toxebi gansxvavebuli formisaa da maT `soxumis tipis~ Toxebs uwodeben. Toxis es orive tipi adrebrinjos xanaSi ganagrZobs arsebobas.

kaJis iaraRebi umniSvnelodaa warmodgenili. esaa anatkecebi da uxeSi lamelebi retuSis gareSe, zogjer namuSevrobis kvaliT. gamonakliss warmoadgens oqumis da axSTiris mRvimeebi. aq napovnia geometriuli mikroliTebi, trapeciebi da segmentebi; aseTive kompleqsiTaa kaJis iaraRebi warmodgenili axSTiris mRvimeSi. neoliTuri tradiciebi Tavs iCens keramikul nawarmSic. Tixis Semadgenloba, formebi da ornamenti amis aSkara sabuTia.

kaJis ormxriv damuSavebuli isrisa da Subispirebis simravliT gamoirCeva farduli `oCaJni~. zemoTaRniSnuli iaraRebi migviTieben, rom mRvimeTa eneoliTuri kulturuli fenebi amavdroul Ria nasaxlarebze (maWara, guandra) ufro adreulebia. amas mowmobs ara marto kaJis industriis degradacia, aramed keramikuli produqciac.

afxazeTis eneoliTuri Zeglebis asakis gansazRvrisaTvis arsebobs erTi TariRi C14

maWaris nasaxlaris Zira IV fenidan 3810±90, magram Sesworebuli, kalibrebuli daTariRebiT es kultura ukve Zv.w. V aTaswleulSi gadadis.

qvisa da kaJis iaraRebis morfologiuri analizi cxadyofs rom sxvadasxva jgufebis nasaxlarebze meurneobis gansxvavebuli xasiaTi fiqsirdeba.

Ria terasul nasaxlarebze (maWara, gvandra, fsou, gvadixu) `pikis~ tipis weraqviseburi iaraRebis siWarbe samiwaTmoqmedo saqmianobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

miwaTmoqmedebas ukavSirdeba aseve `soxumisa~ da `soWi-adleris~ tipis Toxebi da xelsafqvavebi. amave Zeglebze nanaxi qvis mrgvali an ovaluri formis badis sawafebi meTevzeobis mniSvnelovan rolze migviTiTebs.

mRvimur nasaxlarebze (oqumi, oCaJni, axSTiri) samiwaTmoqmedo xasiaTis iaraRebi ar Cans. `oCaJnisa~ da axSTirSi isrisa da Subispirebis arseboba adasturebs, rom am Zeglebis meurneobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili monadireobas eWira.

afxazeTis eneoliTuri masalebi, qvis iaraRebi da gansakuTrebiT Toxebi axlo msgavsebas pouloben wina aziis ZeglebSi (xasuna, sialki, jemdeT-nasri, suza da sxv.). es masalebi mWidro kavSirs avlenen agreTve rion-yvirilas auzis mRvimeebis Tanadroul masalebTan. dasavleT amierkavkasiis am orive regionis masalebi kulturis mTeli rigi wamyvani elementebiT garkveul urTierTobaSia CrdiloeT kavkasiis – yubanispireTis cnobil adremaikopur kulturasTan1_{. eneoliTuri kulturis uSualo memkvidrea}

brinjaos xana, romelic adre, Sua da gviani brinjaos xanad iyofa.

IV aTaswleulis bolosaTvis mTeli dasavleT amierkavkasiis mosaxleobis cxovrebaSi Tavs iCens progresuli cvlilebani, romlebic istoriuli ganviTarebiT iyo

18

ganpirobebuli. mTeli momdevno aTaswleulis manZilze es cvlilebebi matulobs. miwaTmoqmedebis intensifikacia, mesaqonleobis axali formebi, xelosnobis, pirvel rigSi metalurgiis ganviTareba, ganapirobebdnen sawarmoo Zalebis Semdgom ganviTarebas da axal sawarmoo urTierTobebs, romlebic asaxvas poulobda materialur kulturaSi.

miwaTmoqmedebam da mesaqonleobam maRalganviTarebul metalurgiasTan erTad Seqmna axali ekonomikis myari safuZveli, romelmac Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia mniSvnelovani socialuri Zvrebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.

am droisaTvis sabolood mTavrdeba dasavleT amierkavkasiis, maT Soris afxazeTis, mTeli teritoriis aTviseba. Tumca bunebrivia, rom kulturuli fenebi yvela Zeglze erTnairi siZlieriT ar aris warmodgenili. mRvime-nasaxlarebze adrebrinjao-eneoliTis uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgens (voroncovis mRvime, zRvispira da mdinarispira terasebze ganlagebuli nasaxlarebi maWara, gvandra). kulturuli fenebi ufro intensiurad Cans bunebrivi SemaRlebebis ferdobebze da xelovnur gora-namosaxlarebze (oCamCire, fiCori).

Zv. w. III aTaswleuli aris adrebrinjaos qronologiuri CarCo. im periodSi sazogadoebis ekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuri dawinaurebis ZiriTad safuZvels metalurgia warmoadgens.

liToni (spilenZi Tavisi bunebrivi SenarevebiT), romelic erTeuli civi WedviT damzadebuli nivTebiT iyo cnobili winamorbed eneoliTur epoqaSi, swraf aRamvlobas ganicdis. adamianebma iswavles madnidan spilenZis gamodnoba, masSi sasurveli raodenobiT sxvadasxva minarevis Setana jer dariSxanisa an anTimonisa, xolo Semdeg ukve kalisa.

liTonis gamodnobis mignebam adrebrinjaos sazogadoebas saSualeba misca mravalgvari iaraRebi daemzadebina rogorc sameurneo, aseve sabrZolo miznebisaTvis. Seiqmna da gamoiyo calke jgufi adamianebisa, romlebic liTonis warmoeba-CamosxmaSi iyo daxelovnebuli. adrebrinjaos xanis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia iaraRebis warmoebis seriuli xasiaTi.. amis damadasturebelia is mravalricxovani Ria da orsagduliani yalibebi, romlebic mravladaa nasaxlarebze aRmoCenili (fiCori).

madani afxazeTis teritoriaze mcxovreb mosaxleobas mohqonda md. bzifis zeda welze arsebuli spilenZis sabadoebidan. baSkafsaris spilenZis sabadoebze dadasturebulia rogorc Ria gamonamuSevrebi, aseve Saxtebi da Stolnebi, romlebic, rogorc Tvlian, funqcionirebdnen Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan Zv.w. VIII s.-mde. dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi am periodSi dafiqsirebulia meore mZlavri metalurgiuli kera rion-yvirilas zeda welze.

adrebrinjaos adreul safexurze sacxovreblad isev gamoiyeneba karstuli gamoqvabulebi (voroncovis mRvimis `kolokolni~ da `zaloJeni~ grotebi)2_{; am mRvimeebSi}

Tixatkepnili iatakebis naSTebicaa SemorCenili, romlebSic zogjer kerebia Calesili. Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis zRvispira nasaxlarebze - maWarasa3 _{da gvandraze miwurebi}

da naxevarmiwurebi gvxvdeba. isini mrgvalgegmiani an oTxkuTxa Zirbrtyeli ormoebia, romelTac garSemo sarebis Casamagrebeli ormoebi Semouyveba. varaudoben, rom xis karkasebi lerwmis tipis specialuri mcenariT iyo Semownuli. mTeli es konstruqcia Semdeg Sida da gare mxridan TixiT iyo Semolesili. saTavsoebis asagebad moednebi winaswar iyo momzadebul-motkepnili4_.

sul sxva suraTia ganviTarebuli finaluri etapis Zeglebze, gora-nasaxlarebze. isini dabali xelovnuri an bunebrivi gorakebia, romelTac garSemo sadrenaJo Txrilebi uvlis. aseTi borcvebi sakmaod axlo-axlosaa ganlagebuli da erTmaneTs TxrilebiT ukavSirdebian (oCamCire, fiCori).

afxazeTis adrebrinjaos pirveli Zegli aRmoCenil iqna oCamCiris raionSi md. juymuris zRvasTan SerTvis adgilas. 3 nasaxlari borcvidan erT-erTze _ dasavleTis

2 _{. ix. vrclad g. fxakaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos adrebrinjaos xanisa da maikopis kulturis}

urTierTobis sakiTxebi. _ saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi, III. Tb., 1975.

3_{. В.В. Бжания. Поселение Мачара... - Совет.Археология, I. М., 1966.} 4_{. И.И. Цвинария. Поселение Гуандра. Тб., 1978.}

19

borcvze (m.ivaSCenko, l.soloviovi,5 _b.kuftini6_{) nasaxlari fena zRvis doneze dabla}

Cadioda. dafiqsirda riyis qviT mokenWili TixiT gadalesili moednebi, romlebzec mownuli da TixiT Selesili `facxis~ tipis nagebobebi idga.

meore Zeglze, gumisTaSi (soxumis raioni) nagebobis aranairi kvali ar aRmoCenila. aqve gaiTxara yorRani, sadac micvalebulebi mokrunCxul mdgomareobaSi gverdze iyvnen dasvenebulni.7

oCamCiresa da gumisTis nasaxlarebze mopovebuli masala _ keramika da qvis iaraRebi savsebiT identuria amave droisa da aseTive tipis keramikuli Tu qvis masalebisa. adrebrinjaos kulturas misi pirveli aRmoCenis punqtis mixedviT oCamCiruli kultura uwodes da asea cnobili literaturaSi. magram amave epoqas `protokolxur kulturasac~ uwodeben8_{. am bolo dros aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis yvela am periodis}

ZeglTa Seswavlam naTelyo, rom erTgvarovani adrebrinjaos kultura mTel sanapiro zolsa da borcvovan zolzec vrceldeba, amitom literaturaSi SexvdebiT termins `kolxeTis adrebrinjaos xanis kultura~ (g. fxakaZe)9, romelSic ZiriTadi erTgvaronebis miuxedavad sami lokaluri regioni gamoiyofa: Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTi (afxazeTi), centraluri kolxeTi da samxreT-dasavleT kolxeTi (aWara-guria). adrebrinjaos xanis nasaxlarebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili daimkvidra fiCoris nasaxlarma (galis r-ni). igi SeiZleba etalonurad CaiTvalos, radgan centralur borcvze dafiqsirda 8 kulturuli fena: Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevari - Zv.w. IIIs. dasawyisi10, aqedan adrebrinjaos VII da VIII fenebi ganekuTvneba. sisqiT 3m. qveda me-8 fenaSi dafiqsirda ximinjebze dayrdnobili xis baqniani saTavsoebis naSTebi, romelTa iatakebi TixiT iyo molesili. wnelis anabeWdiani baTqaSebis mixedviT kedlebi mownuli da TixiT Selesili unda yofiliyo. nasaxlaris me-8 fenaSive aRmoCnda `sakulto~ saTavso, romlis iatakze keris garSemo Tavmoyrili iyo mravalgvari Tixis WurWeli, qvis iaraRebi, xis saxnisebi, liTonis nivTebi da Tixis orsagduliani 60 yalibi. fiCoris nasaxlarisa da aq aRmoCenili artefaqtebis Seswavlam safuZveli misca mkvlevarebs (m.baramiZe, g.fxakaZe, l.jiblaZe) srulad aRedginaT adrebrinjaos xanis sazogadoebis cxovrebis, meurneobis, ekonomikis, sawarmoo iaraRebisa da sakulto wes-CveulebaTa ganviTarebis suraTi.

afxazeTis adrebrinjaos xanis kultura eneoliTis memkvidrea. qvis industrias Zlieri eneoliTuri tradiciebi etyoba: riyis qvis iaraRebi atkecvisa da mokodvis gziT aris damzadebuli.

kaJis warmoeba dacemulia, nukleusebi amorfulia, amorfulia anatkecTa umravlesobac. lamelebi ar aris. safxekebi, saWrisebi da saxokebic Zalze mcire da atipuria. kaJis isriswveri sul samia; samive asimetriuli, frTebdaSvebuli, erTi maTgani yunwiania. aseTi formisaa xelSubispirebic. sayuradRebo faqtia nasaxlarze kaJis namglispirebis arseboba, romlebic ormxriv damuSavebulia, gverdebdakbiluli.

WurWelTa umetesoba xeliT naZerwia. Tixis coms urevia kalciti, Samoti, qarsi, kiri, kvarci; gamomwvaria mura-movardisfrod, mura-mowiTalod, lega da moyavisfrod; formebia: qilebi, qoTnebi, dergebi, jamebi, koWbis tipis da kasriseburi WurWlebi. umravlesobas zedapirze nafotiT mosworebuli paraleluri zolebi etyoba. funqciurad isini samzareulo da sameurneo (sanovagisa da siTxis Sesanax) WurWlebs warmoadgendnen.

yuri WurWlis yvela tips axasiaTebs. upiratesia pirsa da mxarze damagrebuli yurebi, gansakuTrebiT didi zomis WurWelze (qoTani) da jam-fialebze. danarCenebs yuri

5 _{. Л.Н. Соловьев. Энеолитическое селище у Очамчирского порта в Абхазии. - Труды Абх. Института ЯЛИ. Сухуми,}

1939; Л.Н. Соловьев. Археологические раскопки близ Очамчири в Абхазии. - С.А., IV. 1937, gv. 323.

6 _{. Б. А. Куфтин. Материалы к археологии Колхиды, II, Т. 5. 1950, gv. 267.}

7 _{. В.В. Бжания. Результаты исследования Гумистинского поселения в 1967 г. – КСИЯ, 15. М., 1969.}

8 _{. T. miqelaZe. Ziebani kolxeTisa da aRmosavleT SavizRvispierTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan.}

Tb., 1974, gv. 41; m. baramiZe. dasax. naSromi; l. jiblaZe. kolxeTis dablobis Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis namosaxlarebi, Tb., 2007, gv. 7-12.

9 _{. g. fxakaZe. dasavleT amierkavkasia Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi. Tb., 1993, gv. 120-121.}

10 _{. iTxreboda 1980-1991 ww. saq. mecn. akad. areqologiuri kvlevis centris eqspediciis mier, xelmZRvaneli}

20

yelsa da tanze aqvT miZerwili. Semkulobis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxeobas sxvadasxva formis Sveril-kopebi warmoadgens: ZuZuseburi, qimiseburi, mogrZo, ovaluri, unagiriseburi, jibiseburi, yelze an mxarze daZerwili reliefuri sartyeli.

fiCoris da oCamCiris nasaxlarebze am zemoT aRwerili tradiciuli keramikis gverdiT aris misgan sruliad gansxvavebuli Txeli, ganleqili Tixisagan naZerwi, muqi priala zedapiriani Tixis WurWeli, romelic adgilobrivi ar aris da ukavSirdeba AaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul adreyorRanul kulturaSi (TrialeTi, bedeni) cnobil nawarms.

adrebrinjaos asaks gansazRvravs fiCoris nasaxlaris me-8 fenis C-14 TariRi 2290±60, romelic kalibrebis Semdeg Zv.w. III aTasw. I naxevramde Cadis.

am periodSi maRal ganviTarebas aRwevs miwaTmoqmedeba. miwis damuSaveba xdeba ukve xis saxnisis saSualebiT. fiCoraSi aRmoCenilia xis ori sxvadasxva tipis saxvneli; e.i. miwaTmoqmedeba ukve guTnur xasiaTs iRebs, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs gamwevi Zalis gamoyenebas. amis dadasturebaa mTel amierkavkasiaSi am dros gavrcelebuli xaris figurebi, romelTa nawili kiserTan gaxvretilia. amave periods ukavSirdeba borblisa da sazidari transportis gaCena.

fiCoris nasaxlarze didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda kulturuli marcvleulis naSTebi: xorbali, qeri, Svria da sxv. oCamCiris nasaxlarze aRmoCenilia msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis (xaris, Zroxis), aseve wvrilfexa rqosnebis, Rorisa da sxva Zvlebi, romlebic metyveleben mesaqonleobis did rolze imdroindeli adamianebis meurneobaSi.

sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis aRmavlobis realur safuZvels warmoadgenda metalurgia. adrebrinjaos epoqaSi xdeba liTonis warmoebis mkveTri da swrafi ganviTareba. seriulad Camoisxmeba sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRebi. fiCoris nasaxlarma metalurgiis unikaluri nimuSebi mogvca: 60 orsagduliani yalibi yuamiliani culebisa da samkuTxa ToxebisaTvis, oTxmxrivi Ria yalibi oTxi sxvadasxva nivTisaTvis (kovzi, satevari, Subispiri da ucnobi nivTi). amasTan erTad aRmoCenili iyo saqSeni milebi, cicxvebi, kovzebi, WurWeli fskerze liTonis naSTiT da sxva, rac imis damadasturebelia, rom nivTebis damzadeba nasaxlarzeve xdeboda; am nivTebma saSualeba misca mkvlevarebs, liTonis iaraRis warmoebis mTeli procesi aRedginaT. savaraudoa, rom brinjaos metalurgiaSi gamoiyeneboda afxazeTsa da zemo raWaSi mopovebuli spilenZis madani.

SesaniSnavi liTonis nivTebi aRmoCnda agreTve saSualo zomis dolmenebSi, romlebic adrebrinjaos xanas ganekuTvneba: yuadaqanebuli culebi, foTlisebri satevari, masragaxsnili da masraSekruli kavebi zedwnuli ornamentiT, qinZisTavebi da sxva. amaT dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneboda Camosxmis, civad Wedvisa da cvilis modelis dakargvis wesi. zogierTi nivTi jer Camosxmulia yalibSi da Semdeg damatebiT aris gamoWedili11. liTonis nivTebi dariSxaniani spilenZisagan iyo damzadebuli. sxvadasxva daniSnulebis mixedviT dariSxanis minarevi meryeobda 2,7%-dan 6,73%-mde.

metalurgiis ganviTarebam, meurneobis intensiurma zrdam ojaxSi win wamoswia mamakacis wamyvani roli da sabolood Camoyalibda patriarqaluri sazogadoeba.

eneoliTis da gansakuTrebiT adrebrinjaos xanaSi mTel aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTsa da mimdebare borcvian zolSi erTgvarovani kultura iyo gavrcelebuli. Znelia am kulturis matarebeli tomebis eTnikuri vinaobis gansazRvra, magram arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT, es teritoria im dros erTi tomiT Tu ara, erTmaneTis monaTesave tomebiT unda yofiliyo dasaxlebuli. am erTgvarovan kulturaSi lokaluri regionebi gamoiyofa.

afxazeTi swored erT-erT aseT Tavisebur lokalur regions warmoadgens, romlis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli da ganmasxvavebeli niSani aris dolmenebi. Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Suaxanebs ganekuTvneba adreuli dolmenebi, romlebic patara zomebiT gamoirCeva. rogorc zRvasTan axlos, aseve mTis zolSi (eSera, azanTa, oThara,

11 _{. Г.Г. Пхакадзе. Восточное причерноморье во второй половине IV-III тысяч. до н. э. (К проблеме культурных}

21

yulanurxva, Sroma, dou). maT gaTxrasa da SeswavlaSi didi Rvawli miuZRviT a. lukins, l. soloviovs, b. kuftins, o. jafariZes, i. wvinarias12. dRemde cnobili yvela dolmeni daaxloebiT erTi tipisaa. isini warmoadgenen megaliTur samarx nagebobebs, romelTac gegmaSi trapeciis forma aqvT. agebulia oTxi vertikalurad dadgmuli masiuri brtyeli qvisagan da mexuTe qviTaa gadaxuruli. zog dolmens iatakadac qvis fila aqvs. wina kedelSi, romelic yovelTvis samxreTiT an samxreT-aRmosavleTiTaa miqceuli, mrgvali xvreli aqvs, romelic qvis sacobiT ixureboda.

dolmeni koleqtiuri sagvareulo samarxia. masSi meoradi damarxvis wesi iyo gamoyenebuli. micvalebulebs xeebze kidebdnen da droTa ganmavlobaSi xorcisagan ganTavisuflebuli Zvlebi dolmenSi wina xvreliT SehqondaT. adrebrinjaos xanas mcire da saSualo zomis dolmenebi ganekuTvneba, didi zomis dolmenebi ukve momdevno xanaSia agebuli da gvianbrinjaos epoqamde iyo gamoyenebuli.

rogorc cnobilia, dolmenebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic, gansakuTrebiT novosvobodnaias etapze, magram dolmenTa agebulebisa da SigTavsi masalis Sedarebam cxadi gaxada, rom afxazeTis dolmenebi ufro adreulia, vidre CrdiloeT kavkasiisa13_.

afxazeTis adrebrinjaos xanis Zeglebi da kultura Tavisi tradiciebis gagrZelebas Sua brinjaos epoqaSi poulobs. es xana erT-erTi yvelaze nakleb Seswavlili periodia. amis mizezi, upirveles yovlisa, Sesabamisi Zeglebis naklebobaSi, an maT araswor SefasebaSi unda veZeboT. prof. T. miqelaZem faqtobrivad pirvelma dixaguZuba I-is da II-is monacemebze dayrdnobiT daasabuTa dasavleT saqarTvelos masalebSi Sua brinjaos xanis arseboba, romelic ganisazRvra protokolxuri II-iT.14 fiCori I-is stratigrafiulma Wrilma ZiriTadad daadastura T. miqelaZis klasifikacia, Tumca Sua brinjaos xanis 2 kulturuli fenis gamovlenam arsebuli sqema daazusta. gamoyofil iqna Sua brinjaos xanis ori qronologiuri etapi, romelic protokolxuri II a da b fazebad iqna dayofili.15

aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis Sua brinjaos xanis Zeglebs miekuTvneba fiCori I-s VI_V fenebis, fiCori VI-s nakarRalis III-VI fenebi, ispanis (aWara) zeda horizonti, anaklia II, anaklia I-is meore-mesame fenebi, nosiris pirveli da meore fena.

protokolxur keramikaSi gamoiyofa 3 jgufis nawarmi. pirvel jgufSi gaerTianebulia e.w. Savpriala an yavisferpriala nawarmi. formaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia kvercxiseburtaniani mozrdili WurWeli pirTan mierTebuli brtyeli lenturi yurebiT, pirgaSlili koWbebi, maRalqusliani vazebi, brtyelZiriani jamebi, ziari WurWeli da sxva. Txelkeciani WurWlis fragmentebi, gansakuTrebiT yurebi nakawri, geometriuli, talRuri an texilxazovani ornamentiT aris Semkuli.16

Savpriala WurWlis nimuSebi napovnia oCamCiresa da fiCoris I-s VIII-VII fenebSi, ispanis qveda fenaSi. CvenTvis saintereso periodis Savpriala nawarmi aRmoCenilia fiCori I-s VI-IV fenebSi, fiCori VI-Si, nakarRalSi, anaklia I-sa da II-Si, ispanis zeda fenaSi da sxva. TiTqmis yvela am Zeglze Savpriala da yavisferpriala nawarmi erTeulebis saxiTaa warmodgenili da TviT fiCorSi, sadac am tipis keramika yvelaze mravalferovania, saerTo raodenobis 1%-s aRwevs. aqdan gamomdinare, saeWvoa am jgufis adgilobriv, kolxur nawarmad miCneva (T. miqelaZe), radgan sazogadoeba Tu flobs am donis maRalxarisxovani nawarmis damzadebis teqnologias, bunebrivia, upiratesad mas awarmoebs da moixmars kidec. amave dros masiuri keramika (99%) Zalze uxeSi, mdare xarisxis da sruliad sxva formebiTaa warmodgenili. mkvlevarTa nawili mas Semotanil nawarmad miiCnevs (l. soloviovi, b. kuftini, m. baramiZe, l. jiblaZe, e. gogaZe)17_.am

keramikis pirvelad kerad zogjer maikopis kultura miiCneva. Tumca masSi ar

12 _{. o. jafariZe. dolmenuri kultura saqarTveloSi. _ Tsu-s Sromebi, 1955.; o. jafariZe. qarTvel tomTa}

istoriisaTvis liTnonis warmoebis adreul safexurze. Tb., 1961.

13 _{. g. fxakaZe. afxazeTis dolmenebis kvlevis zogierTi aspeqti. _ afxazeTi, I, 2006, gv. 138-142.} 14 _{. T. miqelaZe. Ziebani, gv. 41.}

15 _{. m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi.,.. gv. 117-145;l. jiblaZe.dasax. naSromi, gv. 103-126.} 16 _{. m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi..., gv. 117-126.}

22

dasturdeba vaziseburi sasmisebi, msgavsi profilis jamebi, grZeli lenturi yurebi, nakawri ornamenti. mkvlevarTa meore nawili (l.soloviovi, i. voronovi, j. afaqiZe)18 am keramikis saTaveebs winaazia-anatoliis Zeglebze xedavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom arc am regionSi Cans gavrcelebuli msgavsi profilis Tixis nawarmi, nakawri ornamenti; iq ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia yavisferpriala nawarmi, Savpriala ki erTeulia.

Savpriala keramikis warmomavlobis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze realuri gzebi isaxeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. fiCoris keramikis zedmiwevniTi msgavseba bedenuri ieris nawarmTan, kerZod, formaTa msgavseba (jamebi, vaziseburi sasmisebi, ziari WurWeli, lentiseburi yurebi), nakawri ornamenti, keci da zedapiris metaluri bzinvareba is elementebia, romlebic erTmaneTs ukavSirebs am or regions da svams sakiTxs maTi erTi keridan momdinareobis Sesaxeb. kolxeTSi Savpriala keramikis gamoCena faqtobrivad emTxveva beden-martyofis kulturis ayvavebis safexurs.

keramikis meore jgufSi erTiandeba uxeSi kvarc - da qarsnarev comis nakeTobebi. gamomwvaria ruxad, monacrisfrod da yavisfrad, iSviaTad Savad. es aris tipuri protokolxuri nawarmi, romelic gavrcelebuli Cans kolxeTSi Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebamde. bunebrivia, mTeli am xanis ganmavlobaSi SeiniSneba calkeul formaTa ganviTarebis suraTi, Tumca saerTo ieriT es principulad erTgvarovani nawarmia.

formebidan aRsaniSnavia horizontalur yurebiani mozrdili, pirgaSlili dergebi, TiTisebri an Wrili anabeWdiani reliefuri sartylebiT, zogjer `jibiseburi~ reliefuri danaZerwebiT, rac ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebeli Cans Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTisaTvis; samyura WurWeli, vertikalurnaxvretiani an ZuZusebrkopiani jamebi, cilindrultaniani qilebi vertikaluri, xSirad dublirebuli yuriT, upiratesad zeda nawilSi naWdevi ornamentiT; Txelkedliani xeladebi, mcenaris an Wilobis anabeWdebiT Semkuli Zirebi. vxvdebiT rqisebur sadgrebsac.

Sua brinjaos xanis mogviano safexurze vxvdebiT mesame jgufis keramikul nawarmsac. am jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia jamisebri formebi, moSavo feri, zogjer naprialevi zedapiri, SedarebiT ukeTesad damuSavebuli keci. isini Semkulia kopis an patara cru yuris irgvliv datanili koncentruli wreebiT, naxevarrkalebiT, SevronebiT. am jgufis keramikas garkveuli Sexebis wertilebi aqvs teramarebis kulturis nawarmTan evropaSi19

da, SesaZloa, saqme gvqondes kulturul gavlenasTan aRmosavleT evropis mxriv. aRsaniSnavia, rom bulgareTis adreTrakiuli namosaxlarebidan igrZnoba garkveuli impulsebi Zv. w. VII-VI ss. kolxur keramikaze, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom aRmosavleT evropidan kavkasiisaken perioduli kavSirebi asaxvas poulobs materialur kulturaSi.

es keramika Tavs iCens fiCori I-is IV fenaSi, sadac mas axlavs meore jgufis, uxeSi reliefurWrili ornamentiT Semkuli keramika da gvianbrinjaos sawyisis iseTi tipuri masala, rogoricaa frinvelismkerdisebri da pirTan mierTebuli orferda yurebi. aSkaraa, rom saqme gvaqvs Sua da gvianbrinjaos xanebs Soris gardamaval safexurTan, romlis mikuTvneba romelime am periodisadmi safuZvels moklebulia. sayuradReboa, rom msgavsi narevi masala dafiqsirebulia namWeduris qveda (VI) fenebSi, anaklia I-is III fenaSi, nosiris I fenaSi, ergetis IV_V fenebSi. amgvarad, kolxur namosaxlarebze gamoiyofa mTeli plasti, romelic aSkarad Suidan gvianbrinjaoze gardamaval etapSi unda gaerTiandes. am mosazrebas mxars uWers interdisciplinaruli meTodebiT Sesabamisi fenebis daTariReba (Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebi).

protokolxuri II etapis keramikis Seswavla stratigrafiul WrilSi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, saSualebas iZleva Suabrinjaos xanis nawarmi pirobiT or qronologiur safexurad gaiyos: protokolxuri IIa da IIb. protokolxuri IIa safexurs ganekuTvneba fiCori I-is VI kulturuli fena, maWara III-is fena, gumisTa I, gvandra – zeda fena, axra yapSi da pali. am periodis ganmsazRvrelad Cans grZeli lenturi yurebi, romlebic saTaves VIII_VII fenebSi iRebs, magram aRaraa V fenaSi; qronologiurad protokolxuri

18 _{j. afaqiZis moxxeneba siRnaRis saerTaSoriso simpoziumze. 1995.} 19 _{Б.А.Куфтин. dasax. naSromi, gv. 237-240; T. miqelaZe. Ziebani, gv. 21.}