religiuri viTareba

XVIIs. 80-ian wlebamde Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriis samxreT- aRmosvleT nawilSi, romelic jer kidev uSualod Sedioda odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi, kvlav hyvaoda qristianuli sarwmunoeba. aq moqmedebda mTel saqarTveloSi saxelganTqmuli sami saepiskoposo (bediis, moqvis, drandis), ramdenime monasteri (qiaCi, wifuria da a.S.) da aTobiT (faqtobrivad yvela sofelSi) eklesia.

sruliad gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo sakuTriv afxazeTSi. gvian Sua saukuneebSi aq Seqmnili mZime politikuri, demografiuli da socialur- ekonomikuri mdgomareoba Tavs iCens mosaxleobis sarwmunoebriv cxovrebaSi da, saerTod, sulier kulturaSi. mTaSic da barSic qristianoba metad Sesustebulia, eklesia-monastrebi ar funqcionireben. gamonaklisi arc XVIs. Suaxanebidan faqtobrivad dacarielebuli biWvinTis taZari iyo, Tumca formalurad is rCeboda sakaTolikoso kaTedrad. levan meore dadianis elCma moskovSi, mRvdelma gabriel gegenavam 1638 wels ruseTis sagareo uwyebis warmomadgenlebs orjer ganumarta, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos, maT Soris

951 _{. n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII, gv. 618.} 952 _{. . . , . I. ., 1949, gv. 321.}

953 _{. . . ..., gv. 51.}

954 _{. n. lomouri. . _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macne,}

istoriis... seria, #3, 1990. gv. 170.

955 _{. s.zuxba. afxazuri zepirsityviereba. afxazuridan Targmnes T.gvancelaZem da a.arabulma. Tb., 1988, gv.}

214, 366.

186

samegrelos patriarqi (kaTolikosi) cxovrobs biWvinTaSi957_{. gabriel gegenavas}

afxazebi ar uxsenebia.

afxazebi `sarwmunoebiT arian qristeaneni, aramed arRara risa mecnierni da iricxvian viTarca kerpni~958, - werda vaxuSti. misi es cnoba odnav mogvianebiT aris dawerili, magram amasve mogviTxroben XVIIs. ucxoeli avtorebic.

jovani da lukas sityvebiT: `afxazebis cxovrebis wesi iseTivea, rogorc Cerqezebis. ara aqvT dawerili kanonebi da damwerlobis gamoyenebac ar ician. rwmeniT isini qristianebi arian, raime qristianuli wes-Cveulebis Sesrulebis gareSe. bevri jvari vnaxe am qveyanaSi~.959 misioneris mixedviT, biWvinTis sakaTalikoso eklesiaSi wirva warmoebs erTi mRvdliT, soflis mosaxleobac am eklesiaSi dadis. aSkaraa, is laparakobs ara erTeul SemTxvevaze, roca RvTismsaxureba ase Tu ise wesebis dacviT sruldeba, aramed saerTo mdgomareobaze. aqauri mmarTvelic mahmadiani Cans, razedac metyvelebs misi saxeli _ yara bei da isic, rom is jovani da lukas mier biWvinTaSi Catarebul wirvas ar daswrebia.960

yarabeisgan gansxvavebiT, `mTavari~ puto, romelic Seityobs jovani da lukas Camosvlis mizans, mas cxumSi darCenas sTavazobs, amcnobs stumars, rom isic Tavisi samflobeloTi qristiania da iseTi mRvdeli sWirdeba, rogorc mezoblad mcxovreb qarTvelebs hyavT, an rogoric TviT jovani da luka iyo.961

lamberti afxazebs religiuri TvalsazrisiT kavkasiis mTiel xalxebs ada- rebs: `eseni yvelani qristianebad iwodebian, magram kanonebi ki ara aqvT... mxolod saxeliT arian qristianebi, Torem arc sarwmunoebiT da arc moqmedebiT qristianoba maT srulebiT ar etyobodaT~.962

kastelis albomis mixedviT kargad Cans, rom afxazeTis eklesiebSi RmrTis- msaxureba aRar mimdinareobs, isini mitovebulia. Tayvaniscema aRaraa biWvinTis eklesiaSic: `iq mxolod Zveli jvaria Semonaxuli~. SarvaSiZeebi dacarielebul eklesiebs italiel misionerebs gadascemdnen, raTa maTTvis erToblivad moevloT. kastelis sityvebiT, `maT surT qveyanaSi aswavlon qristes wminda sarwmunoeba, romelsac isini aRiareben, magram ara hyavT arc erTi mRvdeli~.963

evlia Celebi amgvarad axasiaTebs afxazeTis religiur viTarebas: `maT rom qafiri (e.i. urjulo, aramuslimi _ avt.) uwodon, kacs moklaven, muslimi rom uwodon, gaexardebaT. eseni yurans ar icnoben da arc raime sarwmunoeba aqvT. qafiri ar uyvarT da muslims ki suls miscemen~.964 _{igive avtori CaCebis Temis}

Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom `yvela erTi sarwmunoebis ar aris~, xolo arTebSi (mdinare mzimTis SesarTavTan) `islamis sarwmunoeba da yurani ra aris, ar ician~.965

patriarq dosiTeosis cnobiT, afxazebis sarwmunoeba jiqebisa da alanebis religiis msgavsia.966 _{cxadia, imJamindeli afxazebi gansxvavdebodnen im}

afxazebisgan, romlebic wina saukuneebSi dasavleT kavkasiaSi qristianobis gavrcelebis mesveurni iyvnen. dosiTeoss aRniSnuli aqvs, rogor arbevdnen afxazebi eklesia-monastrebs samegreloSi967. zemoTmoyvanili misi cnoba levan II dadianis mier 40 aTasi afxazis monaTvlis da maTTvis episkoposis daniSvnis Sesaxeb utyuari dadasturebaa im faqtisa, rom maSindeli afxazeTis teritoriaze mkvidri qristianuli qarTuli mosaxleoba mTielma warmarTebma

957 _{. . . ..., gv. 271, 275.} 958 _{. qarTlis cxovreba, t.IV, gv. 785.}

959 _{. i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, t. III, gv. 170.}

960 _{. b. lominaZe. qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobis istoriidan, t. I. Tb., 1966, gv. 216.} 961 _{. m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 145.}

962 _{. arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 5, 166.}

963 _{. qristoforo kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. gv. 177, 192.} 964 _{. evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~, n. I, gv. 106.}

965 _{. iqve, gv. 100, 101.}

966 _{. . . , . I, gv. 28.} 967 _{. iqve, gv. 46.}

187

Secvales. sxvanairad ar iqneboda saWiroeba mosaxleobis masobrivi monaTvlisa im mxareSi, sadac mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebdnen biWvinTis sakaTalikoso kaTedra, lixnis, anakofiis, gagris, bomboris, anuxvisa da sxva eklesia-monastrebi.

antioqiel patriarq makarioss samegreloSi, kerZod, moqvSi yofnisas eaxlnen afxazebi, romlebmac mas monaTvla sTxoves. makariosis sityvebiT, `afxazebs surdaT hyolodaT adamiani, romelic maT monaTlavda da qristes rwmenas aswavlida. axlo warsulamde isini qristianebad iTvlebodnen. maT qveyanaSi iyo sakaTalikozo taxti, romelic axla imereTSia. afxazTa qveyanaSia wm.andria mociqulis eklesia da mas afxazebi did pativs miageben. Cvens dros afxazTa mcire nawilma icis pirjvris gardasaxva da mcire nawili asrulebs qristianul ritualebs, vinaidan ar hyavT mRvdelTmsaxurebi da maTze aravin zrunavs~968_{. am SemTxvevaSi saubari unda iyos warmarTul afxazeTSi darCenil}

qarTvelebze.

pavle alepoelis mixedviT, `afxazebis nawili qristianobas saerTod ar aRiarebs, meore nawili ki, romlebic dadians emorCilebian, saxeliT qristianebia, eTayvanebian xatebs da pativs miageben eklesiebs, magram imis gamo, rom ar hyavT mRvdlebi da episkoposebi, monaTlulni ar arian~.969

vitsenis cnobiT, `afxazebis cxovrebis wesi iseTivea, rogorc Cerqezebis. kanonebi da damwerloba maT ara aqvT, saxeliT qristianebia, magram qristianul wes-Cveulebebs ar icaven. maT qveyanaSi mravlad naxav aRmarTul jvars~.970

zemoT moyvanili masalis mixedviT, afxazeTi istoriulad qristianuli qveyanaa, islami sustad an saerTod ar aris gavrcelebuli; afxazebs mxolod saxeliT SeiZleba ewodos qristianebi, Torem sarwmunoebiT da moqmedebiT qristianoba srulebiT ar etyobaT; maT ara aqvT saeklesio wignebi, ise ki Tay- vans scemen xatebs, jvrebs da eklesiebs. maTi sarwmunoeba kavkasieli mTis tomebis religiis msgavsia. amgvari viTareba XVII s. zogierT avtors imis sababs aZlevs, rom afxazebi saerTod sarwmunoebis gareSe myof xalxad CaTvalos. amave avtorTa dakvirvebiT, Zvelad afxazeTSi, rodesac aq sakaTalikoso moqmedebda, sruliad gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba iyo.971

bunebrivia, gvian Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi da saerTod kavkasiaSi Seqmnili rTuli politikuri situacia (Sina omebi, gareSe mterTa Tavdasxmebi, mahmadianobis gavrceleba) xels uwyobda afxazeTSi qristianobis dasustebas, magram aq qristianobis dakninebis umTavres mizezad jiqur-abazuri tomebis moZaleba unda miviCnioT da ara `feodalis xelisuflebis dasusteba~972_,

rogorc es miaCnia afxaz mkvlevarTa nawils.

saistorio wyaroebSi kargad Cans, rom XVII saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi, afxazebis da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiuri tomebis samegreloSi laSqrobebisas soflebTan erTad eklesia-monastrebic nadgurdeboda.973 _{erT-erT italiur}

wyaroSi isic aris aRniSnuli, Tu rogor daxoces asze meti `berZeni~, e.i. marTlmadidebeli mRvdeli yvapu SarvaSiZis brZanebiT.974 sasuliero pirebi man Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkuli wm.stefanes statuis moparvis mogonili braldebiT daaxocvina. marTlmadidebeli mRvdlebis gaJletvis namdvili mizezi ki SarvaSiZeebisadmi daumorCilebloba da dadianis mxardaWera unda yofiliyo.975

mTielTa eqspansiis Sedegad Crdilo-dasavleT odiSSi XVIIs. bolodan

968 _{. . . XVII , gv. 43.} 969 _{. n. asaTiani. masalebi me-17 saukunis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb., 1973, gv. 75.} 970 _{. . , . . dasax. naSromi, gv. 267.}

971 _{. b. lominaZe. qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobis istoriidan, t. I, gv. 227.} 972 _{. . . . . . , 1991, gv .149.}

973 _{. . . , . I, gv .46; e. TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri mogzaurobidan}

samegreloSi. Zveli saqarTvelo. t. III. tfilisi, 1913-1914, gv. 188, 222.

974 _{. m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 209.} 975 _{. j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 266.}

188

Seqmnili situaciis gamo religiis msaxurni iZulebulni xdebian, saeklesio wignebi, xatebi, jvrebi da sxva saeklesio inventari samegrelos Sida mxareSi gadaitanon, kerZod: qiaCis monastris wm.giorgis xati obujis eklesiaSi gadmoitanes, qiaCis monastris mTavarangelozis xati _ WoRaSi, moqvis saxareba _ martvilSi, moqvis RmrTismSoblis ori xatidan erTi zugdidis eklesiaSi, meore xobis monasterSi gadmoasvenes, bediis RmrTismSoblis xati, romelic dadianebis mTavar salocavad iTvleboda, martvilSi gadmoasvenes.976

XVII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan, afxazTa da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiuri tomebis samegreloSi laSqrobebis, md. enguramde mdebare miwa-wylis afxazeTTan SeerTebis, aq afxazuri da jiqur-abazuri Temebis damkvidrebis Sedegad zedized gauqmda drandisa da moqvis saepiskoposoebi. XVII-XVIIIss. mijnaze dasrulda sxva qristianuli kerebis, Sesabamisad, marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis ganadgureba, gansakuTrebiT md.RaliZgamde. miuxedavad afxazeTis kaTolikosebis daviT nemsaZisa da grigol lorTqifaniZis mcdelobebisa, ver moxerxda mravalricxovani saeklesio mamulebis gadarCena Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze. saeklesio glexebis nawili momxdurebma tyved gayides, an sakuTar monebad aqcies, nawili ki kaTolikosma grigol lorTqifaniZem samegreloSi gadmoasaxla.977

warmarTuli wes-Cveulebebis damkvidrebisa da gaZlierebis miuxedavad, af- xazeTSi mainc SemorCa Tayvaniscema eklesiebisadmi, mokrZaleba wmindanebisadmi. ueWvelia, es garemoeba migraciuli procesebis miuxedavad, am kuTxeSi Zveli afxazuri (qarTuli) mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis darCeniT unda aixsnas. lambertis Tanaxmad, iloris wm.giorgis saxelobis eklesias did pativs scemdnen aramcTu qarTvelebi, aramed mezobeli xalxebic. `imdenad Tayvansa scemen am eklesias, rom Tumca igi moSorebulia da zRvis pirad sdgas, fiqri ar aris, rom vinmem gaqurdos igi, an mtris gemiT movidnen da gaZarcvon igi, aramcTu karis gatexis SiSi ara aqvT, aramed misi Zvirfasi qvebi rom axlo- maxlo gzaSi daabnion, imasac xels aravin axlebs. am wmindanis SiSi marto aqaurebs ki ara aqvT, aramed TviT afxazebsac, romelnic saxelganTqmuli qurdebi arian~. amave avtoris sityvebiT, `wminda giorgis dResaswauls ara marto odiSelebi, aramed afxazebic da svanebic blomad eswrebian~.978

Zampis erT-erTi relaciis mixedviTac iloris eklesias `mezobeli xalxebic did Tayvans scemen, TviT barbarosebic ki. ase rom, uaxloesi mezoblebi, rogoric arian afxazebi, alanebi, jiqebi da sxva aramarTlmorwmuneni, mis gaZarcvas ver bedaven, Tumca ician, rom es eklesia ZvirfaseulobiT da fuliT Zalze mdidaria.”979.

Sardens samegreloSi, kerZod, skurCaSi (avtoris sityvebiT isgaurSi) Tavad hyavs naxuli afxazebi, romlebmac am mxareSi erT-erTi laSqrobisas xatis vercxlis CarCo gaitaces, TviT xati, wmindanis risxviT SeSinebulebma, adgilze datoves.980

amrigad, XVII saukunis bolosaTvis afxazeTi religiuri TvalsazrisiT Zlier gansxvavdeboda rogorc adreuli Sua saukuneebis afxazeTisgan, ise saqarTvelos danarCeni, mezobeli kuTxeebisgan, samagierod mkveTr msgavsebas avlenda kavkasiis mTianeTTan. gvian Sua saukuneebSi afxazeTSi qristianuli religiis dacemis da samagierod warmarTobis momZlavrebis mTavari mizezi iyo mezobeli mTielebis, ZiriTadad jiqur-abazuri Temebis damkvidreba, romlebmac aq mTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur-ekonomikuri yofa da warmarToba Camoitanes.

976 _{. b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIIIss., gv. 112-113.} 977_{. j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 381-382.} 978 _{. arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 141, 142.}

979 _{. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, gv. 197.}

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Tavi X. anTropologiuri monacemebi afxazTa