A “VELHA” GEOGRAFIA ECONÔMICA DA NOVA GEOGRAFIA ECONÔMICA:
LÖSCH FRENTE AOS DEMAIS ANTECEDENTES DA MODELAGEM
A NDRÉ L UIZ C ARDOSO C OELHO 1
1
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Regional e Urbano, Doutorando em Desenvolvimen- to Regional e Urbano (UNIFACS-Universidade Salvador), MBA Gerenciamento de Projetos pela (FGV-RJ) e Graduado em Ciências Econômicas pela Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA).
Resumo
2CWN-TWIOCPÃQRTKPEKRCNHQT OWNCFQTFC0QXC)GQITCſC'EQPÏ OKEC0)'GQQDLGVKXQFGUVGVGZVQ EQOQQVÈVWNQFGKZCENCTQÃCRTGUGP VCTQUCPVGEGFGPVGUVGÎTKEQUFCOQ FGNCIGOFG-TWIOCPUCNKGPVCPFQQ UKIPKſECVKXQRCRGNFG#WIWUV.ÑUEJ eminente representante da Geogra ſC 'EQPÏOKEC G JGTFGKTQ FKTGVQ FC )GQITCſC 'EQPÏOKEC #NGOº.ÑUEJ aparenta estar mais para a NGE do SWGQRTÎRTKQ#NHTGF/CTUJCNNEQOQ ÃUWUEKVCFQGPVTGQWVTQURGNQRTÎ RTKQ-TWIOCP1OÃVQFQWVKNK\CFQ PGUVGVGZVQHQKQGZRNQTCVÎTKQXKUCPFQ HC\GT WO CRCPJCFQ FQU RTKPEKRCKU VGZVQU FC 0)' G FC 6GQTKC FC .Q ECNK\CÁºQ G OQUVTCPFQ CU RQUUÈXGKU EQORNGOGPVCTKFCFGU GPVTG CODQU QUVTCVQU.ÑUEJRQTOWKVQUÃCRG PCU EQPUKFGTCFQ EQOQ CNIWÃO SWG EQPUQNKFQW QU VTCVCOGPVQU VGÎTKEQU FC VGQTKC FC NQECNK\CÁºQ CPVGTKQT C GNGOCURQFGTKCUGTEQPUKFGTCFQCNIQ OCKUECUQUGLCOCPCNKUCFQUOCKUC HWPFQ CU TGCKU RTQZKOKFCFGU G FKU VCPEKCOGPVQUGPVTGC0)'GUWCQDTC
&CT CNIWPU EQPVQTPQU G UWIGUVÐGU dessas proximidades existentes pode UGTWOCFCURTKPEKRCKUEQPUKFGTCÁÐGU FGUVGVGZVQ
Palavras-chave: 0)' 2CWN -TWI OCP.ÑUEJ6GQTKCFC.QECNK\CÁºQ
%QOÃTEKQ+PVGTPCEKQPCN
Abstract
2CWN-TWIOCPKUVJGEJKGHHQTOW NCVQTQH0GY'EQPQOKE)GQITCRJ[
0') KP VJG GCTN[ U 6JG QD LGEVKXGQHVJKUVGZVCUVJGVKVNGOCMGU ENGCT KU VQ RTGUGPV VJG VJGQTGVKECN DCEMITQWPFQH-TWIOCPyUOQFGNKPI COQPIVJGOUVTGUUKPIVJGUKIPKſECPV TQNGQH#WIWUV.ÑUEJGOKPGPVTGRTG UGPVCVKXG QH 'EQPQOKE )GQITCRJ[
CPF 'EQPQOKE )GQITCRJ[ FKTGEV JGKT QH )GTOCP .ÑUEJ CRRGCTU VQ DGOQTGVQVJG0')VJCPJKOUGNHCU
#NHTGF /CTUJCNN KU TCKUGF D[ -TWI OCPJKOUGNH6JGOGVJQFWUGFJGTG YCU VJG GZRNQTCVQT[ CKOU VQ OCMG CPQXGTXKGYQHVJGMG[VGZVUQHVJG 0') CPF VJG 6JGQT[ QH .QECVKQP UJQYKPI VJG RQUUKDNG EQORNGOGP VCTKVKGU DGVYGGP VJGKT VTGCVOGPV .ÑUEJ D[ OCP[ KU EQPUKFGTGF QPN[
QPGYJQEQPUQNKFCVGFVJGVJGQTGVKECN VTGCVOGPVUQHVJGVJGQT[QHNQECVKQP RTKQTVQKVDWVKVEQWNFDGEQPUKFGTGF UQOGVJKPIOQTGUJQWNFDGCPCN[\GF OQTGVJQTQWIJN[VJGXKEKPKV[CPFCE VWCNFKUVCPEGUDGVYGGP0')CPFJKU YQTM)KXGUQOGQHVJGUGUWIIGUVKQPU CPFQWVNKPGUGZKUVKPIPGCTD[ECPDGC RTKOCT[EQPUKFGTCVKQPQHVJKURCRGT
Keywords: 0GY'EQPQOKE)GQITC RJ[2CWN-TWIOCP.ÑUEJ.QECVKQP 6JGQT[+PVGTPCVKQPCN6TCFG
JER: %+$$
Introdução
A Nova Geografia Econômica 0)'VGOEQPEGPVTCFQPQUÕNVKOQU VGORQU QU JQNQHQVGU FCGEQPQOKC TGIKQPCNGFGHQTOCOCKUIGPÃTKEC da teoria econômica na virada do UÃEWNQ::RCTCQUÃEWNQ::+
Os primeiros desenvolvimentos FC 0)'GUVºQ EGPVTCFQU GO 2CWN -TWIOCPRTÄOKQ0QDGNGOGEQPQ OKCGOCVTCXÃUFQUUGIWKPVGU textos: o livroGeography and trade C Q CTVKIQ Increasingreturns and economic-geography D G QU livrosDevelopment, geography, and economic theory G FG HQTOC EQPUQNKFCFC G CORNKCFCThe spatial economy: cities, regions and interna- tional trade, LWPVCOGPVG EQO (WLKVCG8GPCDNGU
'ZEGVWCPFQ Q ÕNVKOQ VQFQU QU
FGOCKUVGZVQUCDTCPIGOCURGEVQUFQ
desenvolvimento econômico aplica
FQU´TGNCÁºQGPVTGOCPWHCVWTCFQU
e retornQUFGGUECNCNQECNK\CFQUGO OQFGNQUFGCINQOGTCÁºQőFGUVGTTK VQTKCNK\CÁºQŒGőVGTTKVQTKCNK\CÁºQŒFC RTQFWÁºQOCPWHCVWTGKTC,¶GOThe Spacial Economy CU CRNKECÁÐGU XºQ FCU TGIKÐGURCTC CU EKFCFGU G RGT RCUUCOFKXGTUCUKPFÕUVTKCUUGVQTGU GGUVTWVWTCUFGOGTECFQ
1QDLGVKXQFGUVGVTCDCNJQCNÃO FGWOCT¶RKFCFKITGUUºQCQUHWPFC OGPVQU FC 0)' à C CRTGUGPVCÁºQ FG WOC CRTQZKOCÁºQ GZRNQTCVÎTKC UQDTG WOC OCKQTTGNGX¸PEKC FC KPHNWÄPEKC UQDTG CSWGNGU FQ NKXTQ
“The economics of location”FG#NHTGF .ÑUEJCRTKOGKTCXGTUºQÃFG SWCPFQ Q CWVQT VKPJC CRGPCU CPQUUQDTGCUHQTOWNCÁÐGUFC0)'
Os conceitos por trás das teorias FC 0)' UºQ UKORNGU G DWUECO GZ RNKECTWOPQXQRGTÈQFQFCJKUVÎTKC GEQPÏOKEC FQ ÕNVKOQ SWCTVGN FQ UÃEWNQ::QPFGCUVTQECUFGRTQFW VQU OCPWHCVWTCFQUFG WOC TGIKºQ RGNQU RTQFWVQU OCPWHCVWTCFQU FG QWVTCTGIKºQUGVQTPCTCOCKPFCOCKU KPVGPUCUGVCODÃOEQTTGURQPFGO´
KOGPUCOCKQTKCFCUVTQECUOWPFKCKU VGPFQ GUVCU NQIKECOGPVG WO CW mento tanto em quantumEQOQRTGÁQ GUGPFQGUUCUTGCNK\CFCUOCLQTKVCTKC mente no comércio internacional GPVTGQURCÈUGUFGUGPXQNXKFQU
'UUCUVTQECUUºQGZRNKECFCUDCUK ECOGPVGRGNQRCFTºQFGCINQOGTC ÁºQCUGTCPCNKUCFQOCKU´HTGPVGG RGNCPGEGUUKFCFGFGEQPUWOQFKXGT UKſECFQ FQU OGTECFQUUQſUVKECFQU FQURCÈUGUFGUGPXQNXKFQU
0CRT¶VKECC0)'VGPVCGZRNKECT EQPEQOKVCPVGOGPVG FGPVTG QWVTCU EQKUCU RQT GZGORNQ Q RQTSWÄFG C KPFÕUVTKC CWVQOQDKNÈUVKEC CNGOº GZRQTVCTRCTCQU'UVCFQU7PKFQUG RQTUWCXG\QRQTSWÄFGCKPFÕUVTKC CWVQOQDKNÈUVKECFQU'UVCFQU7PKFQU GZRQTVCT RCTC C #NGOCPJC G VCO DÃOQUOQVKXQUSWGNGXCTCOGUUCU KPFÕUVTKCUCVGTUGFGUGPXQNXKFQGUG őCINQOGTCFQŒ PGUUGU RCÈUGU 7OC FCUTGURQUVCURCTCGZRNKECTQUFKCU CVWCKU à LWUVCOGPVG C PGEGUUKFCFG FGFKHGTGPEKCÁºQFGRTQFWVQURCTC
QRTQEGUUQFGGUEQNJCFQUEQPUWOK FQTGUFQURCÈUGUTKEQU
5GIWPFQ .ÑUEJ PWO CODKGPVG CINQOGTCFQ OCPWHCVW TGKTQPGOUGORTGÃRQUUÈXGNGZGTEGT plenamente as economias de escala FGXKFQ CQU FKHGTGPEKCKU FG EWUVQU de transporte entre materiais aca DCFQU UGOKCECDCFQU G GPSWCPVQ OCVÃTKCRTKOC
'UUGOQFGNQÃHWPFCOGPVCFQGO grande parte pelo papel da diferen EKCÁºQ PQ OQFGNQ FG EQPEQTTÄPEKC OQPQRQNÈUVKECUWIGTKFQRQT%JCO DGTNKPGOGFGUGPXQNXKFQGO OCKQTFGPUKFCFGRQT&KZKV5VKINKV\
GOSWCPFQCRNKECFQ´CP¶NKUG das trocas internacionais
Dentre as teorias anteriores SWG C 0)' DWUEC őUWRNCPVCTŒC RTKPEKRCNÃCFQOQFGNQEGPVTQRG TKHGTKCSWG RQUVWNC SWG QU RCÈUGU KPFWUVTKCNK\CFQUGZRQTVCORTQFWVQU OCPWHCVWTCFQURCTCQURCÈUGUGOFG UGPXQNXKOGPVQGUWDFGUGPXQNXKFQU GKORQTVCOFGUVGURTQFWVQUCITÈEQ NCUEQOGNGOGPVQUFGFGVGTKQTCÁºQ constante dos termos de troca em HCXQTFQURCÈUGUKPFWUVTKCNK\CFQU
'UUC VGQTKC RCTC GNGU GZRNKEC OWKVQ RQWEQ FQ EQOÃTEKQ KPVGTPC EKQPCNFQUFKCUCVWCKUGÃFGFKHÈEKN CFGTÄPEKC´TGCNKFCFGFGPVTGQWVTQU GXGPVQUHWPFCOGPVCKUHCEG´XCNQTK
\CÁºQETGUEGPVGFCUcommodities em TGNCÁºQCQURTQFWVQUKPFWUVTKCKU
1WVTQ CURGEVQ VGÎTKEQ HWPFC OGPVCNUºQQUOQFGNQUGZRNKECVKXQU FC CINQOGTCÁºQ KPFWUVTKCN PWO EQPVGZVQ FQ OQFGNQ FC %CWUCÁºQ
%KTEWNCT %WOWNCVKXC %%%
3EQO DKPCPFQ FGPVTQ FC 6GQTKC FQ &G UGPXQNXKOGPVQ &GUKIWCNCU VGQTKCU FCU TGIKÐGU UWDFGUGPXQNXKFCU FG )WPPCT /[TFCN G C ETÈVKEC
CQGSWKNÈDTKQGEQPÏOKEQ
e aos mo FGNQU FG ETGUEKOGPVQ FG 0KEJQNCU -CNFQT VGPFQ GUUG ÕNVKOQ WOC KORQTV¸PEKC HWPFCOGPVCN PC RTGQEWRCÁºQ EQO C RTQFWVKXKFCFG dos fatores como fator explicativo FC XCTKCÁºQ FQ RTQFWVQ CITGICFQ GPºQQKPXGTUQEQOQGTCCPVGTKQT OGPVG EQOWO 5QDTG GUVG RQPVQ à KORQTVCPVG UCNKGPVCT SWG őPWO OWPFQKFGCNPWOUKUVGOCKFGCNC NQECNK\CÁºQVGTKCWONWICTÕPKEQFG GSWKNÈDTKQŒ.©5%*ROCU GUUGOWPFQKFGCNPºQGZKUVGCUUKO EQOQQUGWRTÎRTKQUKUVGOCKFGCN
#RÎUCUEQPUKFGTCÁÐGUUWUEKVCFCU CEKOCGFCUEQPUKFGTCÁÐGUſPCKUUºQ OQPVCFQUFQKUSWCFTQUWOSWGGZ plica os antecedentes da modelagem FC 0)' CRQPVCPFQ C RCTVKEKRCÁºQ FG.ÑUEJGPVTGUGWUVGÎTKEQUHWPFC OGPVCKUGQWVTQHC\GPFQQECOKPJQ FGXQNVCFG.ÑUEJTWOQ´0)' Antecedentes da NGE
#RGUCTFGUGTXKUKXGNOGPVGWOC VGQTKC TGEGPVG GO HCEG FG QU UGWU RTKPEKRCKU RTQFWVQU EQOGÁCTGO C UGT RWDNKECFQU C RCTVKT FG GNC GUV¶ EGPVTCFC GO EQPUVTWEVQU VGÎTKEQUSWGRCTVGOFGUFGEN¶UUKEQU EQOQ #FCO 5OKVJ G,QJCPP
*GKPTKEJ XQP 6J×PGP G FQU CVWCNOGPVG EN¶UUKEQU
#NHTGF /CT UJCNN G 9KNJGNO .CWPJCTFV CRGPCU RCTC EKVCT CSWGNGU EQOVGZVQUUGOKPCKUNCPÁCFQUCVÃQ ſOFQUÃEWNQ:+:#KPƀWÄPEKCFG /CTUJCNN UGIWPFQ .GOQU Ã UWRGTGUVKOCFC L¶ SWG GNG RTÎRTKQ UWIGTKW C GZKUVÄPEKC FG GEQPQOKCUGZVGTPCUVCPVQRQUKVKXCU SWCPVQPGICVKXCUOCUSWGUÎUGTKCO efetivamente explicadas e modela FCURQT;QWPI
2
As teorias da NGE e da Nova Teoria do Comércio Internacional (NTCI) estão imbricadas sendo, portanto, muito difícil a separação nítida entre elas, entretanto, este artigo trata da primeira.
3
É também utilizado no modelo centro-periferia.
4
Alusão ao texto de KALDOR (1972).
5
Clássicos no sentido de autores consolidados e fundamentais na teoria econô-
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/GUOQ RQWEQ TGEQPJGEKFQ RGNQU CWVQTGU FC 0)' Q VTCDCNJQ FG .ÑUEJ#'EQPQOKCFC.QECNK\CÁºQ VTQWZG WOC EQPVTKDWKÁºQ SWG OG RCTGEG HWPFCOGPVCN RCTC CUSWGUVÐGUEGPVTCKUCDQTFCFCURGNQ CTECDQWÁQ VGÎTKEQ FC 0)' 1 UGW OQFGNQ FG NQECNK\CÁºQ CRTGUGPVC KORQTVCPVGUPQXKFCFGUVGÎTKECUGO TGNCÁºQ´UEQPVTKDWKÁÐGUFQUQWVTQU economistas da economia regional EN¶UUKECCNGOº.'/15R
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'PVTGVCPVQGO UWCUlectures ao TGEGDGT Q 2TÄOKQ 0QDGN -TWIOCP F¶ CU RKUVCU FC KORQTV¸PEKC HWPFCOGPVCNFG.ÑUEJRCTCQőECO RQFGDCVCNJCŒFC0)''UVGECORQ FG DCVCNJCQEQTTG PQ GURCÁQ G CU economias crescentes de escala se FºQ RGNC CRNKECÁºQ FC %%% EQO RKVCFCUFG-CNFQTGPWOCODKGPVG FGCINQOGTCÁºQ+PENWUKXGQUOCRCU FQU'7#GCTIWOGPVQUCRTGUGPVCFQU RGNQ RTÎRTKQ -TWIOCP FWTCPVG C CRTGUGPVCÁºQFCU¶TGCUFGOGTECFQG NQECNK\CÁºQ FC RTQFWÁºQUG CUUGOG NJCO GO OWKVQ CQU CTIWOGPVQU CRTGUGPVCFQURQT.ÑUEJPQUGWő6JG GEQPQOKEUQHNQECVKQPŒ
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6
Nos agradecimentos da sua obra, o autor tece agradecimentos pessoais a di- YHUVRVGHVHXVLQÁXHQFLDGRUHVHjVXQLYHUVLGDGHVRQGHRPHVPRS{GHUHDOL]DU pesquisas.
7
Grande parte deles naturalizados norte-americanos.
Fonte: O autor
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8
Lösch considera a teoria de Weber intermediária entre a teoria de Von Thünen, agrícola, e a teoria de Launhardt, mais voltada a empreendimentos não agrícolas.
9
Os textos principais dos autores que ainda não foram citados são: i) HOOVER HVWHLQÁXHQFLRX/|VFKHIRLSRUHOHLQÁXHQFLDGRLL+27(//,1*
e iii) PALANDER (1935).
Fonte: O autor
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Hence in areal agglomeration of NQECVKQPUHQTVJGUCOGKPFWUVT[YG OWUVFKUVKPIWKUJVJGDGNVYJGTGVJG OCTMGV PGVYQTMU CTG EQORTGUUGF ENQUGVQIGVJGTCPFVJGFKUVTKEVYJG TGVJGOCTMGVUCTGUGRCTCVGFYJKNG QPN[VJGKTEGPVGTUCTGEQORTGUUGF .©5%*R
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10
O próprio Lösch aponta, em seu texto, a importância da obra de Hotelling como VHXSRQWRGHSDUWLGDSDUDDHVFROKDGDORFDOL]DomR´,QÁXHQFHRQ&RPSHWLWRUV When the new enterprise has chosen its location competitors may re-examine WKHLUV7KLVGLIÀFXOWSUREOHPZDVÀUVWVXJJHVWHGE\++RWHOOLQJEXWWUHDWHGRQ VXFKVLPSOLÀHGDVVXPSWLRQVWKDWKLVFRQFOXVLRQDWHQGHQF\WRDJJORPHUDWLRQ cannot be generalized”.(LÖSCH, 1954, p. 6).
Figura 3 - A concentração da localização.
Fonte: (LÖSCH, 1954, p. 12).
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Fonte: Adaptado pelo autor
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11
9HUDVLPLODULGDGHGRFRQWH~GRGRLQWHUWtWXOR´$JORPHUDomRHPRELOLGDGH do trabalho: o modelo de Krugman” (PONTES; SALVADOR, 2009 , p. 275-279.) com o intertítulo “2.2.2 O modelo de equilíbrio espacial: Losch” (RIBEIRO;
SANTOS; CARBALO-CRUZ, 2009, p. 63-65).
Com tratamentos tão diversos para conciliar, a NGE pode
ser considerada realmente uma FRQÁXrQFLDGH conceitos que, organizados e modelados, acabaram
por suportar algo que é novo e têm muito caminho a percorrer;
mas, de imediato, têm o mérito de FRORFDUDJHRJUDÀD
econômica...
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Referências
%*#0$'4.+0'The theory of mo- nopolistic competition %CODTKFIG
*CXCTF7PKXGTUKV[
%*4+56#..'4 9 Central Places in Southern Germany 0GY ,GTUG[
2TGPVKEG*CNN'PINGYQQF%NKHHU
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2TGUU
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