EVALUATION OF AFFORESTATION ON THE MAIN CAMPUS OF THE UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE VIÇOSA, MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL
Daniel Brianezi 1; Laércio Antônio Gonçalves Jacovine 2; Wantuelfer Gonçalves 2; Samuel José Silva Soares da Rocha34.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the trees planted on the main campus of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). We evaluated botanically the trees on the streets, in parking lots and arboretums of the UFV campus from December 2010 to February 2011. Each individual received a nameplate and were georeferenced with a GPS. We analyzed in situ the health of each tree individual and classified them as “good”, “fair” or “bad”. We identified 2,893 individuals, distributed in 114 species and 34 botanical families, with two species from the gymnosperms group. The family Fabaceae showed the greatest number of species (31). Licania tomentosa (oiti) is the predominant species, totaling 448 individuals, followed by Michelia champaca (magnolia) with 304 trees. Fifty-seven percent of the trees are healthy and in good sanitary condition. We observed a prevalence of native species (58.26%) over exotic ones. Most trees are planted on the main avenue of the campus; however, the arboretum near the dean office shows greater concentration of tree species. The UFV campus afforestation features richness of species, but low heterogeneity, because most individuals are concentrated in a few tree species.
Keywords: urban trees; university campus; inventory.
AVALIAÇÃO DA ARBORIZAÇÃO NO CAMPUS-SEDE DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE VIÇOSA
RESUMO
Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a arborização do campus-sede da UFV. Para isto, identificou-se as árvores presentes nas vias de acesso, estacionamentos e arboretos do campus-sede da UFV durante o período de dezembro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011. Todos os indivíduos arbóreos receberam uma placa de identificação e foram georreferenciados. Realizou-se análise “in loco” das condições fitossanitárias de cada indivíduo e classificados em: bons, regulares ou ruins. Foram levantados 2.893 indivíduos, distribuídos em 114 espécies e 34 famílias botânicas, sendo duas espécies pertencentes ao grupo das gimnospermas. A família Fabaceae apresentou o maior número de espécies (31). Licania tomentosa (oiti) é a espécie mais plantada, totalizando 448 indivíduos, seguida de Michelia champaca (magnólia) com 304 árvores. Cinquenta e sete porcento das árvores se encontram sadias e em bom estado fitossanitário. Quanto à origem, prevelecem as espécies nativas (58,26%) em relação às espécies exóticas. A maior parte das árvores encontra-se plantada na principal avenida da UFV, entretanto, o arboreto da reitoria é o local com maior concentração de espécies arbóreas. Conclui-se que a arborização do campus caracteriza-se por apresentar grande riqueza de espécies, mas pouca heterogeneidade, pois a maior parte dos indivíduos concentra-se em poucas espécies.
Palavras-chave: árvores urbanas; campus universitário; inventário.
1 Doutorando em Ciência Florestal pela Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Departamento de Engenharia Florestal. Viçosa, MG.
daniel.brianezi@ufv.br
2
Professor adjunto do Departamento de Engenharia Florestal da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Viçosa, MG. jacovine@ufv.br; w.goncalv@ufv.br
3 Graduando em Engenharia Florestal pela Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Viçosa, MG. Departamento de Engenharia Florestal.
samuel.rocha@ufv.br
4 recebido em 28.09.2012 e aceito para publicação em 15.12.2013
INTRODUCTION
Urban afforestation is the set of public and private areas with predominantly arboreal vegetation or in natural state on streets, avenues, public parks, and other green areas in a city (MILANO, 1988),
Green areas provide many benefits to the urban environment, such as improvement of microclimate, scenic beauty, natural barrier against noise and winds, psychological wellness, among others.
Malavasi and Malavasi (2001) studied the perception of residents of Marechal Cândido Rondon, in Paraná State, Brazil, about local urban afforestation and found that 59% of respondents showed willingness to contribute financially to the maintenance of afforestation of the city.
The Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) comprises three campuses: Viçosa, Florestal and Rio Paranaíba, all in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Altogether, the UFV offers 67 undergraduate courses and 22 graduate courses in the areas of agricultural sciences, sciences, language and agricultural health (UFV, 2009). The UFV is recognized nationally and internationally for its teaching system, research and extension, and for the architecture and landscaping of the campuses.
The green areas on campuses allowed sports and leisure activities, such as walks along the main avenue UFV, to become regular activities by the university population and residents of Viçosa, who search for improvements in physical and mental health.
As stated in Chapter 2, Art. 3, of Physical and Environmental Development Plan of the UFV (PDFA, 2008), “the campus performs the function of urban park for the local population and must have this function consolidated and valued”.
We highlight here the role of the campus for residents of Viçosa, because the city has no other park or green area suitable for the practice of physical activities and recreation. This reality is common in many other cities in Brazil. Costa (2004), Paiva (2006), Melo and Severo (2007) and Leal et. al (2009) reported that university campuses are highly frequented by locals and tourists, as they provide environmental benefits for the entire city, as well as contribute to fostering environmental education.
Studies are necessary to identify the arboreal flora on college campuses and, thus, valuing and cherishing these spaces.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site
The main campus of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) is inserted in the municipality of Viçosa, in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais State, covering an area of 1,359 ha (PORTES et al., 2009). The climate in the region is Cwa (Köppen classification), mesothermal climate with warm and rainy summers, and cold and dry winters. The annual
average temperature is 21.8°C and annual average precipitation of 1,314.2 mm (CASTRO et al., 1983). The local topography is rugged, and the soil is predominantly characterized by the presence of latosols on top and side of the slopes, and on terraces, the red-yellow cambiol podzolic (SOARES et al., 2010).
Botanical identification of individuals and data analyses
We surveyed all the roads, parking lots, and arboretums on the main campus of UFV from December 2010 to February 2011, identifying the tree species with DBH (1.30 m above the ground) of at least 5 cm. Altogether, eight points were evaluated throughout the campus: Villa Gianetti, Avenue P.H. Rolfs (straight line), Ave. Purdue, Ave. dos Alojamentos, Ave. do Recanto das Cicadas, Zootecnia, hospital and Ave. da Agronomia (Figure 1).
The botanical identification of individuals was carried out based on the vegetal material collected and forwarded to the Department of Dendrology and herbarium of the Department of Forestry Resource of the UFV.
The binomial nomenclature was made with the database of Mobot (2012), the botanical families were based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group - APG III
(2009) for the angiosperms, and Cronquist (1988) for the others. The origin of species was obtained in scientific literature.
Figure 1. Map of the roads and studied sites on the main campus of the UFV.
Source: Eisenlohr et al. (2008) (Adapted).
We calculated the absolute, relative, accumulated frequency based on arboreal survey conducted on campus. The absolute frequency of the number of trees refers to the sum of the number of individuals
(n) of a species (i). The relative frequency indicates the representative percentage of a given species (i) in relation to total, according to Equation 1:
100
*
N
n
FR
i i
Where:FRi = Relative frequency of the number of trees, in percentage;
ni = number of individuals of the species i;
N = total number of individuals.
[eq.1]
1 – Vila Gianetti 2 – Av. P.H. Rolfs (Reta) 3 – Av. dos alojamentos 4 – Av. Purdue
5 – Av. Recanto da cigarra 6 – Av. hospital
The accumulated frequency of the number of trees was obtained by the following expression:
Where:
FRacum.i = Relative frequency accumulated until the i-th species;
FRi = Relative frequency of the i-th species;
FRacum. i-1 = Relative frequency accumulated until the previous species.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We identified 2,893 individuals, distributed in 114 species and 34 botanical families. Araucaria columnaris, the pine tree-Christmas (13 individuals), and Cupressus sp., cypress (4 individuals), were the species found belonging to the group of gymnosperms.
According to Table 1, the families with the highest number of species were Fabaceae (31), in which 38.71% of that value was represented by the subfamily Caesalpinioideae, followed by Bignoniaceae (10) and Arecaceae (9). Moura et al.
(1997) and Lombardi and Morais (2003) also identified a preference for species of these botanical families on college campuses, accounting for more than 50% of the total of families analyzed.
The oiti, Licania tomentosa, is the most common species planted on roads, parking lots and arboretums located along the main campus of the UFV (448 individuals), corresponding to 15.49% of the total. Next, come Michelia champaca (Magnolia) and Archontophoenix alexandrae (queen palm), with 10.51% and 7.33%, respectively (Table 1).
Table 1. Families and trees species found on the main campus of UFV and their absolute (FAi), relative (FRi) and
accumulated frequencies (FR acum.i), in descending order in 2011.
Botanical family Scientific name Popular name Origin FA FR (%)
FR acum.
(%)
Chrysobalanaceae Licania tomentosa
(Benth.) Fritsch oiti native 448 15.49 15.49
Magnoliaceae Michelia champaca L. magnólia exotic 304 10.51 26.00
Arecaceae Archontophoenix
alexandrae (F. Muell.)
palmeira da
rainha exotic 212 7.33 33.33
H. Wendl. Drude e Drude Fabaceae
Caesalpinioideae Bauhinia variegata L. pata-de-vaca exotic 195 6.74 40.08
Lythraceae Lagerstroemia indica
L. resedá exotic 137 4.74 44.81
Fabaceae Caesalpinioideae
Caesalpinia
peltophoroides Benth. sibipiruna native 130 4.49 49.31
Rutaceae Murraya paniculata L.
(Jack) murta de cheiro exotic 127 4.39 53.70
Bignoniaceae Spathodea
campanulata P. Beauv. espatódea exotic 124 4.29 57.99
Arecaceae Roystonea oleracea
(Jacq.) O. F. Cook
palmeira-imperial exotic 108 3.73 61.72
Bignoniaceae Tabebuia serratifolia
(Vahl) G.Nicholson ipê-amarelo native 106 3.66 65.39
Bignoniaceae Tabebuia impetiginosa
(Mart ex. D.C) Standl ipê-roxo native 61 2.11 67.50
Combretaceae Terminalia catappa L. castanheira exotic 59 2.04 69.54
Melastomataceae Tibouchina granulosa
(Desr.) Cogn quaresmeira native 59 2.04 71.58
Arecaceae Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje e J. Dransf. areca-bambu exotic 54 1.87 73.44 Fabaceae Caesalpinioideae
Delonix regia (Bojer
ex Hook.) Raf. flamboyant exotic 53 1.83 75.28
Arecaceae
Archontophenix cunninghamii H.
Wendl. e Drude
Sapindaceae Filicium decipiens (Wight e Arn.) Thwaites árvore-samambaia exotic 48 1.66 78.63 Fabaceae Caesalpinioideae Peltophorum dubium
(Spreng.) Taub. angico-cangalha native 38 1.31 79.94
Fabaceae Mimosoideae Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan. angico-vermelho native 32 1.11 81.05 Fabaceae Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul. var. leiostachya Benth.
pau-ferro native 23 0.80 81.85
Malvaceae Dombeya wallichii
(Lindl.) K. Schum dombéia exotic 22 0.76 82.61
Arecaceae Latania chinensis
Jacq. palmeira leque da china exotic 20 0.69 83.30 Fabaceae Mimosoideae Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) Macbr. pau-jacaré native 20 0.69 83.99 Myrtaceae Callistemon viminalis (Sol.ex Gaertn.) G. Don escova-de-garrafa-pendente exotic 19 0.66 84.65
Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea glabra
Choisy buganvile native 17 0.59 85.24
Arecaceae Euterpe oleracea
Mart. açaí native 17 0.59 85.82
Lythraceae Lagerstroemia
speciosa L. regina exotic 17 0.59 86.41
Bignoniaceae Markhamia tomentosa
(Benth.) K. Schum. falso-ipê exotic 17 0.59 87.00
Fabaceae Caesalpinioideae
Caesalpinia echinata
Lam. pau-brasil native 15 0.52 87.52
L.
Araucariaceae Araucaria columnaris
Hook. pinheiro de natal exotic 13 0.45 88.45
Fabaceae
Caesalpinioideae Cassia grandis L. cassia rosa native 13 0.45 88.90
Meliaceae Cedrela fissilis Vell. cedro native 13 0.45 89.35
Myrtaceae Eugenia uniflora L. pitanga native 12 0.41 89.76
Proteaceae Grevillea banksii R.
Br. grevilha exotic 12 0.41 90.18
Oleaceae Ligustrum lucidum
W.T. Aiton. alfeneiro exotic 12 0.41 90.59
Fabaceae Caesalpinioideae Holocalyx balansae Micheli alecrim de campina native 11 0.38 90.97
Myrtaceae Psidium guajava goiaba native 11 0.38 91.35
Meliaceae Swietenia macrophylla mogno native 11 0.38 91.73
Fabaceae Papilionoideae Clitoria fairchildiana
R. Howard sombreiro native 10 0.35 92.08
Lecythidaceae Cariniana estrellensis
(Raddi) Kuntze jequitibá-rosa native 9 0.31 92.39
Bignoniaceae Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don jacarandá mimoso native 9 0.31 92.70 Fabaceae Mimosoideae Samanea inopinata (Harms) Barneby e J. W. Grimes
sete cascas native 9 0.31 93.02
Arecaceae Caryota mitis Lour. cariota de
touceira exotic 8 0.28 93.29
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. mangueira exotic 8 0.28 93.85
Bignoniaceae Tecoma stans (L.)
Juss. ex Kunth ipê-mirim exotic 8 0.28 94.12
Malvaceae Ceiba speciosa (A.
St.-Hil.) Ravenna paineira rosa native 7 0.24 94.36
Fabaceae Papilionoideae Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth. jacarandá da bahia native 7 0.24 94.61
Bignoniaceae Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Standl.
ipê-amarelo-cascudo native 7 0.24 94.85
Fabaceae Mimosoideae Enterolobium
timbouva Mart. timburí native 6 0.21 95.06
Fabaceae Papilionoideae Erythrina falcata
Benth. eritrina native 6 0.21 95.26
Fabaceae Mimosoideae Mimosa schomburgkii
Benth. jurema exotic 6 0.21 95.47
Rosaceae Prunus brasiliensis (Cham. e Schltdl.) Dietrich ameixinha amarela native 6 0.21 95.68
Bignoniaceae Tabebuia roseoalba
(Ridl.) Sandwith ipê-branco native 6 0.21 95.89
Malvaceae Bombacopsis glabra
(Pasq.) A. Robyns
castanha do
maranhão native 5 0.17 96.06
Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. jambo native 5 0.17 96.23
Moraceae Morus nigra L. amora native 5 0.17 96.40
Bignoniaceae
Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz ex Griseb.
Sinon.
ipê-roxo native 5 0.17 96.58
Fabaceae Mimosoideae Albizia lebbeck (L.)
Bentham língua de sogra exotic 4 0.14 96.72
(Roxb.) Miq.
Rhamnaceae Colubrina glandulosa
(Perkins) sobrasil native 4 0.14 96.99
Cupressaceae Cupressus macrocarpa
Hartw. tuia exotic 4 0.14 97.13
Lecythidaceae Lecythis pisonis
Cambess. sapucaia native 4 0.14 97.27
Sapindaceae Litchi chinensis Sonn. lichia exotic 4 0.14 97.41
Malvaceae Pavonia sp. pavonia exotic 4 0.14 97.54
Sapindaceae Allophylus sp. allophilus native 3 0.10 97.65
Meliaceae Melia azedarach L. cinamomo exotic 3 0.10 97.75
Anacardiaceae Myracrodruon
urundeuva Allemão aroeira native 3 0.10 97.86
Polygonaceae Triplaris brasiliana
Cham. pau-formiga native 3 0.10 97.96
Verbenaceae Aegiphila sellowiana
Cham. papagaio native 2 0.07 98.03
Euphorbiaceae Alchornea glandulosa
Endl. e Poeppig casca-doce native 2 0.07 98.10
Moraceae Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam. jaca exotic 2 0.07 98.17
Cecropiaceae Cecropia hololeuca
Miq. embaúba native 2 0.07 98.24
Rutaceae Citrus limon (L.)
Burm. limoeiro exotic 2 0.07 98.31
Arecaceae Cocos nucifera L. coco da Bahia exotic 2 0.07 98.37
Fabaceae Papilionoideae Erythrina velutina
Willd. suinã native 2 0.07 98.44
Rhamnaceae Hovenia dulcis Thunb. hovenia exotic 2 0.07 98.51
Sapindaceae Koelreuteria bipinnata
auriculata (Allemao) Ducke
Lauraceae Persea americana
Mill. abacate exotic 2 0.07 98.72
Apocynaceae Peschiera sp. leiterinho native 2 0.07 98.79
Fabaceae Papilionoideae
Platymiscium pubescens (Micheli)
var.pubescens
tamboril da mata native 2 0.07 98.86
Fabaceae Caesalpinioideae Senna macranthera (DC. Ex collad.) H.S. IrwineBarnaby fedegoso native 2 0.07 98.93
Bignoniaceae Tabebuia aff.umbellata
(Mart.) ipê-amarelo native 2 0.07 99.00
Arecaceae Acrocomia aculeata
(Jacq.) Lodd. macaúba native 1 0.03 99.03
Annonaceae Annona squamosa L. fruto do conde exotic 1 0.03 99.07
Apocynaceae Aspidosperma
polyneuron Müll.Arg. peroba rosa native 1 0.03 99.10
Sapindaceae
Blighia sapida K. Konig (syn. Cupania
sapida Voigt.)
blighia exotic 1 0.03 99.14
Jugandaceae Carya illinoensis
(Wangenh.) K. Koch pecan exotic 1 0.03 99.17
Fabaceae
Caesalpinioideae Cassia fistula L. chuva-de-ouro exotic 1 0.03 99.20
Rutaceae Citrus medica L. cidra exotic 1 0.03 99.24
Caesalpinioideae
Fabaceae Mimosoideae
Enterolobium contortisiliquum
(Vell.) Morong.
orelha de negro native 1 0.03 99.31
Rutaceae Esenbeckia leiocarpa
Engl. guarantã native 1 0.03 99.34
Myrtaceae Eugenia involucrata
D.C.
cerejeira do Rio
Grande native 1 0.03 99.38
Moraceae Ficus mexiae Standl mexie de ficus native 1 0.03 99.41
Moraceae Ficus sp. ficus native 1 0.03 99.45
Fabaceae Mimosoideae Inga sp. ingá native 1 0.03 99.48
Fabaceae Papilionoideae Lonchocarpus sp. timbó native 1 0.03 99.52
Malvaceae Luehea grandiflora
Mart. e Zucc açoita cavalo native 1 0.03 99.55
Fabaceae Papilionoideae Machaerium nyctitans
(Vell.Conc.)Benth bico-de-pato native 1 0.03 99.59
Meliaceae Muntingia calabura L. calabura exotic 1 0.03 99.62
Fabaceae Papilionoideae Myrocarpus frondosus
Allemão bálsamo native 1 0.03 99.65
Lauraceae Ocotea sp. canela native 1 0.03 99.69
Arecaceae Phoenix canariensis
Chabaud
tamareira das
canárias exotic 1 0.03 99.72
Fabaceae Papilionoideae Platymiscium
floribundum Vog. sacambu native 1 0.03 99.76
Fabaceae Papilionoideae Platypodium elegans
Vog. jacarandá-branco native 1 0.03 99.79
Rosaceae Prunus sp. cerejeira exotic 1 0.03 99.83
Salicaceae Salix nigra Marsh. salgueiro exotic 1 0.03 99.86
Solanaceae Solanum sp. solanum exotic 1 0.03 99.93
Meliaceae Trichilia sp. trichilia native 1 0.03 99.97
Annonaceae Xilopia sp. xilopia native 1 0.03 10000
Total 2,893 100
Scenic beauty, shading, and attractiveness to wildlife are the main reasons for the use of these species in afforestation. Michelia champaca, particularly, has a historical and cultural importance, because their individuals we planted during the foundation of the UFV.
Comparing this study with the research developed by Eisenlohr et al. (2008) also on the main campus of the UFV, we observe a difference for the number of species and families found, because the authors included, beyond the arboreal components, herbaceous and shrubby vegetation.
However, when we analyze the species with most frequency, we observe great similarity. The main species found were oiti (Licania tomentosa) with 409 individuals, magnolia (Michelia champaca) with 310 trees and pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia variegata) with 185 individuals.
We observe, therefore, that new plantings were made in recent years, still without proper planning, in order to promote greater heterogeneity of the arboreal components.
According to Odum (1988), the concept of species diversity is based on the number of species found and uniformity, related to the relative abundance of species and the level or lack of dominance.
With respect to species richness in universities in Brazil, we observe that the campuses have great floristic variety. In a study conducted by Kurihara et al. (2005) on the campus of the Universidade de
Brasilia, the authors found great diversity of species (154) and botanical families (49).
Melo and Severo (2007), analyzing the arboreal vegetation on the campus of the Universidade de Passo Fundo also found large numbers of species (108).
According to Milano and Dalcin (2000) and Paiva and Gonçalves (2002), each species must not exceed 15% of the total number of tree individuals in an area, in order to achieve a better planning of urban afforestation, minimize the spread of disease and attract a more diverse fauna.
In our study, oiti (Licania tomentosa) (15.49%) exceed the percentage of occurrence stated as ideal by the authors. In addition, if analyzed the seven tree species with higher absolute frequency, that is, with the greatest number of individuals, altogether they correspond to 50% of the total species surveyed, denoting a low heterogeneity.
the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Caesalpinia peltophoroides (sibipiruna) is the most abundant species, equivalent to 41.76 % of the total inventoried (FALEIRO and AMÂNCIO-PEREIRA, 2007). The low arboreal heterogeneity on campuses of Brazilian universities shows the need for a more consistent and permanent planning in order to better explore the features and benefits of each species and mitigate the spread of pathogens.
The health of tree individuals is an important feature, because the cities are stressful environments for plants, mainly due to atmospheric pollution and the lack of maintenance of these areas.
In the assessment of plant health, we observed that most individuals (57.38%) were healthy (great or good health state). Only 116 trees (4.01%) had severe injuries or diseases. The rest, 38.61%, showed a fair health condition, that is, medium phytosanitary condition with light injuries.
For individuals in bad phytosanitary condition, we suggest their replacement by younger and healthy ones. In the case of individuals of oitis that are in this condition, we recommended to replace the individuals for other species, also found on campus, in order to increase floristic diversity. Although magnolias have a high relative frequency on campus, it is interesting that the injured individuals be replaced by trees of the same species, due to its cultural importance to the university.
In terms of origin, we observed the predominance of native species (58.26%) in relation to exotic ones. Similar result was in studies on other college campuses, as shown by Almeida Junior (2009) for the Universidade Federal de Sergipe and Kurihara et al. (2005) for the campus of the Universidade de Brasília, thus, contributing to the conservation of the genetic heritage and pathogens control.
As for the arrangement of trees on campus, we identified that most individuals (10.59%) are near the Avenida P.H. Rolfs, marked by the large occurrence of Licania tomentosa and Michelia champaca. Attention is given to the arboretum near the dean office of the UFV. This arboretum was the site of several plantations of graduation trees and commemorative of the university throughout its history. Therefore, this arboretum has the highest richness of tree species on campus, concentrating 33.94% of all species found.
As many as 472 palm trees are distributed throughout the main campus of the UFV. However, we observed that they are concentrated mainly on the avenue leading to the Recanto da Cigarra (133) and in Vila Gianetti (41).
CONCLUSION
The database generated will contribute to a better knowledge of the arboreal heritage of the campus and to the improvement of botanical and silvicultural studies, through the continuous inventory. In addition,
it can help in the development of research related to the benefits generated by green areas to the human population on college campuses.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) for the financial support
and scholarships and to the sector of Dendrology of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa for the support in the identification of tree species.
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