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Biotechnology
and
Industrial
Microbiology
Comparative
proteomic
analyses
of
Hyphozyma
roseonigra
ATCC
20624
in
response
to
sclareol
Xiuwen
Wang
a,
Xiaohua
Zhang
a,
Qingshou
Yao
a,
Dongliang
Hua
b,
Jiayang
Qin
a,∗aBinzhouMedicalUniversity,Yantai,China
bShandongAcademyofSciences,EnergyResearchInstitute,KeyLaboratoryforBiomassGasificationTechnologyofShandongProvince,
Jinan,China
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t
i
c
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o
Articlehistory:
Received29July2017 Accepted3April2018 Availableonline24April2018 AssociateEditor:SolangeI. Mussatto Keywords: Comparativeproteomic Hyphozymaroseonigra Sclareol Sclareolglycol Ambroxide
a
b
s
t
r
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Sclareolisanimportantintermediateforambroxidesynthesisindustries.Hyphozyma roseon-igraATCC20624wastheonlyreportedstraincapableofdegradingsclareoltothemain productofsclareolglycol,whichistheprecursorofambroxide.Todate,knowledgeis lack-ingabouttheeffectsofsclareoloncellsandtheproteinsinvolvedinsclareolmetabolism. ComparativeproteomicanalyseswereconductedonthestrainH.roseonigraATCC20624by usingsclareolorglucoseasthesolecarbonsource.Atotalof79up-regulatedproteinspots witha>2.0-folddifferenceinabundanceon2-Dgelsundersclareolstressconditionswere collectedforfurtheridentification.Seventyspotsweresuccessfullyidentifiedandfinally integratedinto30proteins.Theup-regulatedproteinsundersclareolstressareinvolvedin carbonmetabolism;andnitrogenmetabolism;andreplication,transcription,and transla-tionprocesses.Eighteenup-regulatedspotswereidentifiedasaldehydedehydrogenases, whichindicatingthataldehydedehydrogenasesmightplayanimportantroleinsclareol metabolism.Overall,thisstudymaylaythefundamentalsforfurthercellengineeringto improvesclareolglycolproduction.
©2018PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.onbehalfofSociedadeBrasileirade Microbiologia.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Introduction
Sclareol,aditerpenealcoholisolatedfromSalviasclarea(Clary sage),canbeappliedtomedicine,cosmetics,healthproducts, flavorsandfragrances,andpesticides.1–3 Themain
applica-tion of sclareol is forsynthesizing high-end substitutes of ambergrisintheperfumeindustry.4Giventhesupplyshortage
andpriceinflationofambergris,anumberofsubstituteshave
∗ Correspondingauthorat:CollegeofPharmacy,BinzhouMedicalUniversity,Yantai264003,China.
E-mail:qinjy@bzmc.edu.cn(J.Qin).
been developed.Ambroxideisthemostappreciated substi-tuteofambergrisandisobtainedfromthesemi-synthesisof sclareol.5–7Sclareolcanbetransformedtoambroxidethrough
redoxandcyclization,duringwhichsclareolglycoland sclare-olideareimportantintermediates(Fig.1).Thus,thebiological productionofsclareol glycolorsclareolide tocomplete the biosynthesispathwayhasgained muchinterestdue tothe increasingdemandofnaturalfragrances.
Numerousstrainsreportedlytransformsclareol,whereas most strains merely introduce hydroxyl at the main ring
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2018.04.001
1517-8382/©2018PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.onbehalfofSociedadeBrasileiradeMicrobiologia.Thisisanopenaccessarticle undertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
sclaroel
sclaroelide
ambroxide
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 OH OH OH A TCC 20918 chem ical con version chemical con v ersion Cr yptococcus albidus OH O O O Hyphozyma roseonigra ATCC 20624 H3C H 3C H3C H3Csclaroel glycol
Fig.1–Diagramofconversionfromsclareoltoambroxide.
ratherthanmodifythebranchedchain.Onlyfewstrainscan transformsclareoltosclareolglycolorsclareolide.
Cryptococ-cusalbidusATCC 20918converts sclareoltosclareolide ata
highyieldofmorethan 100g/Landhasbeen exploitedfor industrialization.8Todate,HyphozymaroseonigraATCC20624,
which can exist inboth yeast-like and filamentous forms, isthe onlyreported straincapableofdegrading sclareol to the mainproduct ofsclareol glycol.9 However, the explicit
conversionmechanism from sclareolto sclareolglycol and otherproductshasnotbeenreported.Knowledgeisalso lack-ingabouttheeffectsofsclareoloncellgrowth,considering thatsclareolisalabdanediterpenewithahighantimicrobial activity.10Theseproblemshinderthefurtherimprovementof
conversionrateandtheexpandedapplicationofthe biotech-nology.H.roseonigraATCC20624cansurviveinbasicinorganic saltmediumwithsclareolasthesole carbonsourceand is thereforeagood candidateforexploringthe mechanismto someextent.
Inthepresentstudy,comparativeproteomicanalyseswere conductedonthestrainH.roseonigraATCC20624,withsclareol orglucoseasthesolecarbonsource.Thedifferenceinprotein expressionbetweenthetwoconditionsisexpectedtoenrich ourknowledgeonsclareolstressinmicroorganisms.
Material
and
methods
Microorganismandcultivationconditions
H.roseonigraATCC20624waspurchasedfromATCC(MD,USA)
andgrownonyeast-maltmedium(perliter:3gyeastextract, 3gmaltextract,10gglucose,and5gtryptoneatpH6.2)at24◦C and180rpm.Theseedculturewasincubatedintwokindsof basicinorganicsaltmedium(BSM)containingsclareol(BSMS) orglucose(BSMG)tomonitorthecellgrowthrates.
The modified BSM medium contained (per liter) 2.44g KH2PO4,14.04gNa2HPO4·12H2O,2gNH4Cl,0.2gMgCl2·6H2O,
1mgCaCl2·2H2O, 0.01g yeastextract, 5mL metal ion
mix-ture,and0.2mLvitaminmixture.Meanwhile,themetalion mixtureincluded(perliter)0.5gFeCl2·4H2O,0.5gMnCl2,0.1g
NaMoO4·2H2O, 0.05g CuCl2, and 120mM HCl.The vitamin
mixturecontained(perliter)2gcalciumpantothenate,1g cre-atine,2gnicotinicacid,2gpyridoxamine,2.5mgcobalamin,
and1gpara-aminobenzoicacid.
Tween 80 (0.8%,v/v)and sclareol (2mM)were added to BSMmediumtopreparetheBSMSmedium,whereasglucose (1.33mM)wasaddedtoBSMmediumtoproducethe BSMG medium.CellsgrownintheBSMGmediumwereruninparallel withthesamplesintheBSMSmedium.
Preparationofproteinextractsandcomparativeproteomic analysis
Cellsintheexponentialgrowthphasewere harvestedfrom 50mLculturesbycentrifugationat4000×gfor10minat4◦C. Thecellpelletswerefrozeninliquidnitrogenandstoredat −80◦Cuntilproteomeanalysis.
Comparative proteomic analysis by 2-Dgel was carried outasdescribedinliterature.11Cellsweresuspendedinlysis
bufferof2DE(SangonCo.,Shanghai,China)andultrasonically disruptedat80–100Wfor3min.Thedebriswasremovedby centrifugationandthesupernatantwasincubatedovernight withice-coldacetone.Aftercentrifugationat12,000×g and 4◦Cfor30min,theprecipitatedproteinsweresolubilizedin samplelysisbuffer.Totalproteinconcentrationswere deter-minedusingtheNon-interferenceProteinAssayKit(Sangon Co.,Shanghai,China).Proteinspotsonthegelswere visual-izedbysilverstaininginaccordancewiththeprotocol.12Each
setofsampleswasindependentlyanalyzedintriplicate. Analysesof2-Dgels
2-Dgelswerescannedataresolutionof300dotsperinch(dpi) byanImageScannerIII(GEhealthcare).Statistically signifi-cantdifferenceswerediscernedbyperformingStudent’sttest. Protein spots showingsignificant changes in up-regulation and down-regulation were extracted, digested, rehydrated, and identified in a 5800 Plus MALDI TOF/TOFTM analyzer (AppliedBiosystems).Datawereacquiredinapositivemass spectrometry(MS)reflectorbyusingaCalMix5standardto calibratetheinstrument(ABI5800CalibrationMixture).
Results
GrowthcharacteristicsofH.roseonigraATCC20624
ThegrowthratesofH.roseonigraATCC20624onmedia con-tainingdifferentsclareolconcentrations(2,6,and10mM)were investigated.ThegrowthcurvesofH.roseonigraATCC20624 onmediacontaining2and6mMsclareolweresimilar,and theopticaldensity(OD600)of2.23±0.11for2mMsclareoland
2.41±0.05for6mMsclareolwereobtainedat120h.Duringthe first50hincubation,H.roseonigraATCC20624grewwellonthe mediumcontaining10mMsclareol,andprolongedcultivation timesresultedinretardedgrowthrates(Fig.2A).Glucoseis acarbon sourcepreferred bymostmicroorganisms. Hence,
B
A
2.5 1.5 2.0 2 mM BSMS 1.33 mM BSMG 10 mM 6 mM 2 mM 1.0 OD 600 OD 600 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 10 20 30 5 15 25 0 0.0 100 140 Time (h) Time (h) 120 80 60 40 20 0 0.5 0.8Fig.2–Effectsofsclareolstressonthecellgrowthof
HyphozymaroseonigraATCC20624.(A)Effectsofsclareolon
cellgrowth.(B)GrowthcurvesofH.roseonigraATCC20624 inBSMSandBSMGmedia.Experimentswereperformedin triplicate.Errorbarsrepresentthestandarddeviationsof themeansofthreeindependentexperiments.
thecellgrowthonthemediumcontaining1.33mMglucose wasalsoinvestigated;thisconcentrationwassettoprovide the same number of moles of carbon asthat lost if 2mM sclareolwascompletelytransformedtosclareolglycol.The cellmassofsclareolculturesreachedthesamevalueobserved asthoseintheglucoseculturesduringthefirst12h cultiva-tion.H.roseonigraATCC20624alsogrewmuchfasteronthe mediumwithglucosethaninthatwithsclareolfrom12hto 15h(Fig.2B).However,furtherincubationinglucosedecreased cellgrowth,andtheOD600valueofH.roseonigraATCC20624
ontheglucose-containingmediumreached0.53±0.04at24h. Interestingly,thegrowthofH.roseonigraATCC20624 contin-uedtoincreaseafter15hofcultivationinBSMSmedium.This resultindicatesthepredominantsclareol-tolerantcapacityof
H.roseonigraATCC20624.CellsculturedinBSMGmediumand
BSMSmediumwerecollectedat12handusedforsubsequent proteomicanalyses.Atthistimepoint,sclareolhadnotbeen completelyconvertedtosclareolglycol(Supplementarydata, Fig.I).
Proteinexpressionalterationsinresponsetosclareolstress TheglobalproteomicresponseofH.roseonigraATCC20624to sclareolwasprofiledby2-Dgelelectrophoresis.Glucose cul-tureswerethenusedasthecontrolgroup,whereassclareol cultureswere adoptedas the experimentalgroup.In three independentexperiments,proteinabundanceswereanalyzed usingthePDQuestsoftware.Proteinabundanceswere signif-icantlyaltered(p<0.05)in117spots(TableS1andFig.3)from theBSMSandBSMGmedia.Thischangesuggeststhatsclareol affectedthefungus’scellularphysiology.Amongthesespots, 79up-regulatedspotswitha>2.0-folddifferenceinabundance on 2-D gels were collected for furthermass spectrometric
identification. Seventy spots were successfully recognized, whereasseveralspotswereidentifiedasthesameproteinafter OmicsBeananalysis.Finally,70proteinspotswereintegrated into30proteins(Table1).
Discussions
Many ofthedifferentiallyexpressedproteinsinTable1are commontoseveralcategories.Approximately27%ofthe dif-ferentiallyexpressedproteinsbelongedtocarbonmetabolism, followedby10%belongingtothemetabolicpathwayand10% belonging toproteinprocessingin theendoplasmic reticu-lum. Meanwhile, 3%of the proteinseach belonged to the cellcycle,phagosomeformation,DNAreplication,glutathione metabolism, peroxisome formation, lysine degradation, -alanine metabolism, antibioticbiosynthesis, and glyoxylate metabolism.
Theproteinsinvolvedincarbonmetabolism(including gly-colysisandthecitricacidcycle),suchasfructosebisphosphate aldolase (FBA),enolase(ENO),citratesynthase(CIT),malate dehydrogenase (MDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase,wereallup-regulatedin responsetosclareolstress.Notably,thefoldchangeofMDH, whichcatalyzestheconversionofmalateandoxaloacetate,13
wasthelargest,atapproximately111folds.Theobserved up-regulationoftheseproteinsindicatedthattheH. roseonigra
ATCC 20624 cells expressedadditionalenzymes forcarbon metabolismtometabolizesclareolmoreefficientlythanusual. Additionally, sclareol stress induced significant changes in theexpressionofaldehydedehydrogenases(ALDHs).ALDHs, generally considered as a superfamily of NADP-dependent enzymesandparticipatinginaldehydemetabolism,catalyze the oxidation of exogenous aldehydes into corresponding carboxylic acids.14 Theup-regulated ALDHsmay protectH.
roseonigraATCC20624fromdamageinducedbyactive
alde-hydes.Eighteenup-regulatedspotswereidentifiedasALDHs, whichindicatedthat ALDHsmay playanimportantrolein sclareolmetabolism.
Besidestheabove-mentionedproteinnarrative,twoother proteins, that is, heatshock proteins SSB2 and SSA2, were found up-regulated (2.58 and 7.96 fold increases, respec-tively). SSB2and SSA2aremolecularchaperonesbelonging tothe70kDaheat-shockproteins(Hsp70s).Thetwoenzymes exhibited low intrinsic ATPase activities inthe native pro-tein,whereastheisolatedATPasedomainsmanifestedmuch greater ATPase activities.15 Both proteinsparticipateinthe
transportofpolypeptidesbutfunctiondistinctly.Furthermore, proteinsactingoncellularprocesses,suchasthenicotinicacid transporter(TNA),meioticrecombinationprotein(REC),DNA replicationlicensingfactor(MCM),andeukaryotictranslation initiation factor(HYP) wereup-regulated.Thisfinding indi-catesthatsclareolstressalsoforcedH.roseonigraATCC20624 tostrengthenitslifeactivities.
H.roseonigraATCC20624alsoexpressedadditional
struc-tural proteins, such as actins, structural maintenance of chromosomes protein4,and flocculation proteinFLO11,to surviveundersclareolstress.Threeproteins,thatis,78kDa glucose-regulated protein homolog, GTPase, and ATP syn-thasesubunit␣,werealsoup-regulated.Thisproteinhomolog
Fig.3–ComparativeproteomicprofilingofH.roseonigraATCC20624exposedto(A)1.33mMglucoseand(B)2mMsclareol. Thedifferentiallyexpressedproteinswerelabeledwithspotnumbers.Experimentswereperformedintriplicate.
Table1–Proteinsidentifiedbymassspectrometry.
Spotnumbera Proteinidentification Foldchangeb
2007,5722,6117,7208,7209,7210,7315, 4720,5122,7113,2017,2019,7712,5719, 7608,3111,5817,6109
Aldehydedehydrogenase(ALD5) 11.62,3.37,33.63,2.40,2.91,2.97,5.00, 2.85,3.23,3.67,12.66,9.35,4.30,8.81,2.70, 6.52,4.82,3.86
5806,6119,7108 Nicotinicacidtransporter(TNA1) 2.91,8.25,3.50
8114 Meioticrecombinationprotein(REC114) 4.43
3109 Polyamineoxidase(FMS1) 2.33
6014 Histone-lysineN-methyltransferase
(SET1)
3.76
6212 Peroxisomal2,4-dienoyl-CoAreductase
(SPS19)
4.89
6213 Enolase1(ENO1) 3.54
6215,6306 Transcriptionalregulator(URE2) 4.10,4.16
6313 Citratesynthase,mitochondrial(CIT1) 3.35
6319,7114,7118,6320 DNAreplicationlicensingfactor(MCM3) 11.15,4.81,8.72,10.35
7014 MitochondrialperoxiredoxinPrx1(PRX1) 6.12
119,6118 Actin(ACT1) 2.89,2.89
5115 Heatshockprotein(SSB2) 2.58
3003,122,313,121 Fructose-bisphosphatealdolase(FBA1) 3.59,3.74,3.16,3.91
134 Saccharopepsin(PEP4) 3.16
1215 78kDaGlucose-regulatedprotein
homolog(KAR2)
6.97
2218 Structuralmaintenanceofchromosomes
protein(SMC4)
2.60
3816 GTPase(MTG2) 6.52
4005 Heatshockprotein(SSA2) 7.96
1312,4409,4818,5010,7110,6312 Malatedehydrogenase(MDH1) 3.10,4.58,6.37,110.69,7.80,6.54
5117 Flocculationprotein(FLO11) 3.40
7812 PeroxisomalcatalaseA(CTA1) 3.89
8112 Acetyl-coenzymeAsynthetase2(ACS2) 5.39
2006,6118,8314,1223 NADP-dependent3-hydroxyacid
dehydrogenase(YMR226C)
2.40,2.40,16.42,4.60
1312 Succinatedehydrogenase(SDH1) 6.19
2117 Eukaryotictranslationinitiationfactor
(HYP2) 3.48 5716 Glutaminesynthetase(GLN1) 6.13 6009 Cerevisin(PRB1) 17.27 28,2712,6012,7012,7013 Phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase (PEPCK1) 13.54,5.45,15.45,13.45,9.74
7108,7112 ATPsynthasesubunit(ATP1) 5.59,16.42
a ConsistentwiththeproteinnumberasshowninFig.3.
b FoldchangesinproteinexpressionwerecalculatedusingthecellsfromtheBSMGmediumasreference.
is active as a homodimer and exhibits ATPase activity. Meanwhile, GTPase is required for mitochondrial protein synthesis.16Theup-regulationoftheseproteinsimpliesthat
H.roseonigraATCC20624cangenerateadditionalATPorGTPby
expressingadditionalenzymesrelatedtoenergymetabolism whenexposedtosclareolstress.
Conclusions
In summary, the results indicated that proteins involved in carbon metabolism; nitrogen metabolism; and replica-tion,transcription,andtranslationprocessesareup-regulated whensclareolisthesolecarbonsourcerelativetothatwhen glucose is the sole carbon source. Some of the identified proteins are known to serve heat-inductive functions and play general roles in cross-protecting cells against diverse stressconditions.These cross-protectingproteinsmay play
importantrolesinthesclareoltoleranceofH.roseonigraATCC 20624.Overall,thepresentstudymaylaythefundamentalsfor furthercellengineeringtoimprovesclareolglycolproduction.
Conflicts
of
interest
Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictsofinterest.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported bythe National Natural Science Foundation of China (31200078), the Shandong Province Science and Technology Project (No. ZR2017MC023 and 2015GSF117034),andtheJinanYouthScienceandTechnology StarProject(No.201406021).
Appendix
A.
Supplementary
data
Supplementarydataassociatedwiththisarticlecanbefound, intheonlineversion,atdoi:10.1016/j.bjm.2018.04.001.
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