Universidade de Brasília
Instituto de Ciências ExatasDepartamento de Ciência da Computação
▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❆✉①í❧✐♦ à
❚♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦✿ ✉♠ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ♥♦ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ❋ér✐❛s
P❛❜❧♦ ■❣♥❛❝✐♦ ●❛♥❞✉❧❢♦
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❈é❧✐❛ ●❤❡❞✐♥✐ ❘❛❧❤❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✖ ❯♥❇ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❈é❧✐❛ ●❤❡❞✐♥✐ ❘❛❧❤❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❈é❧✐❛ ●❤❡❞✐♥✐ ❘❛❧❤❛ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❊♠í❧✐❛ ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦ ❚❡❧❧❡s ❲❛❧t❡r ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❛ ❆r❛✉❥♦ ❇❛✐ã♦ ❆♠♦r✐♠ ✖ ❯◆■❘■❖
❈■P ✖ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦
●❛♥❞✉❧❢♦✱ P❛❜❧♦ ■❣♥❛❝✐♦✳
▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❆✉①í❧✐♦ à ❚♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦✿ ✉♠ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ♥♦ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❋ér✐❛s ✴ P❛❜❧♦ ■❣♥❛❝✐♦ ●❛♥❞✉❧❢♦✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✿ ❯♥❇✱ ✷✵✶✻✳
✶✶✸ ♣✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾✱✺ ❝♠✳
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✶✻✳
✶✳ Ór❣ã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ✷✳ ●❡stã♦ ❞❡ P❡ss♦❛s✱ ✸✳ ❆♣♦✐♦ à ❚♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦
❈❉❯ ✵✵✹
❊♥❞❡r❡ç♦✿ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❉❛r❝② ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ✖ ❆s❛ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❊P ✼✵✾✶✵✲✾✵✵
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ❉❛♥✐❡❧❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ♦❢❡r❡✲ ❝✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❛♥♦s✳ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s ❘♦❜❡rt♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛♥❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡✉s✱ ♣♦r ❡①✐st✐r❡♠ ❡ ♠❡ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛r❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❡ ❝❛r✐s♠❛✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❆♥❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❡ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❘♦❜❡rt♦✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❣✉✐❛r❛♠ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ❞✐❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♥❛s❝✐✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❡ ❆♥❛ ▼❛r✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❞✐s♣♦r ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❢♦❝♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s ✭✐r♠ãs✱ ❝✉♥❤❛❞❛ ❡ ♠❛r✐❞♦✱ t✐♦s✱ t✐❛s✱ ♣r✐♠♦s✱ ♣r✐♠❛s✮✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❜♦♥s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛♠✐❣❛✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❉r❛✳ ❈é❧✐❛ ●❤❡❞✐♥✐ ❘❛❧❤❛✱ q✉❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✉ ❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✈❛❧✐♦s♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✉rs♦✳ ▼❡✉ ❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r✱ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ s✉❛ ❣❡♥❡r♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ♠❡ ❛❝♦❧❤❡r ❝♦♠♦ s❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♥❞♦✳
❆ ❉r❛✳ ❱❛♥❡ss❛ ❚❛✈❛r❡s ◆✉♥❡s✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♣r❡st❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❙❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛s t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s s✉❛✈❡ ❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❯♥❇✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ tã♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛r ❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳ ❆ ❯♥❇✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st❡ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❉❛♥✐❡❧❛✱ ▼❛✉r✐❝✐♦✱ ❉❡❜♦r❛❤✱ ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡✱ ❑❛r✐♥❛ ❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥✱ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✳ ❙❡♠ ❡❧❡s ❡✉ ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞♦✳
❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ t✉r♠❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ■♥❢♦❑♥♦✇ ✲ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙②st❡♠s ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❚r❡❛t♠❡♥t✱ q✉❡ ♠❛♥t✐✈❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ❝❧✐♠❛ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐♦s♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ✉♥✐❞♦ ❛té ♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ s❡♠❡str❡ ❞❡st❡ ❝✉rs♦✱ ✉♥s ❛❥✉❞❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✱ ❡ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦r✈❡♥t✉r❛ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛q✉✐ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ♥❡ss❛ ❣r❛t✐✜❝❛♥t❡ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐✲ ③❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♦s s❡✉s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ s✉♣❡r❛❞♦s✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝✐t❛r ❛ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❥✉❞❡♠ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❝✉st♦s ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ é ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ à t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ♥❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦✲♦ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♥❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❥✉♥✲ çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❇♦③❦❛②❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❡ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❍❛♠ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✱ ❡ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❞♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ r❡❛❧ ♥✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❥✉❞✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❋♦✐ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦ ✉♠ r❡tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✹✱✸ ✈❡③❡s ♥❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ✧❆❧t❡r❛r ❍♦♠♦❧♦❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋ér✐❛s✧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✧❆♥❛❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❘❍✧ ❡stá ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛t✉❛ ❡♠ ✹✼✱✵✺✪ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✸✱✹✺✪ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s♣❡r❞í❝✐♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✉♠❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❣❡st♦r ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ Ór❣ã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ●❡stã♦ ❞❡ P❡ss♦❛s✱ ❆♣♦✐♦ à ❚♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣✬s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s t♦ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ st✐❧❧ s♦♠❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ❛♥❞ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡s t♦ ❜❡ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡✳ ❖♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s t❤❛t ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ❤❡❧♣ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ ❝♦sts ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✬s ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s✳ ■♥ t❤❛t r❡s♣❡❝t✱ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐s t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ✐t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✬s ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛t ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✇❛s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♦❢❇♦③❦❛②❛ ❡t ❛❧✳
✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❛♥❞ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❍❛♠✭✷✵✶✺✮✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ st❡♣s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ r❡❛❧ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞② ❛t ❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❥✉❞✐❝✐❛❧ ❛r❡❛✳ ❆ ✹✳✸ t✐♠❡s r❡✇♦r❦ ✇❛s ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ♦♥ ✧❈❤❛♥❣❡ ❱❛❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧✧ t❛s❦✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s t❤❛t✱ t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ✧❍❘ ❆♥❛❧✐st✧ ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧② ♦✈❡r❧♦❛❞❡❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ❛❝ts ✐♥ ✹✼✳✵✺✪ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✐♥ s♣✐t❡ ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ✸✳✹✺✪ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s ✇❛st❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t♦rs ❛❧❧♦✇ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡r t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ✈❛❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❆❣❡♥❝②✱ P❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲▼❛❦✐♥❣
❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
❇■ ✲ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✳
❇P■❈ ✲ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡✳ ❇P▼ ✲ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✳
❇P▼◆ ✲ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ▼♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ ◆♦t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❈▲❚ ✲ ❈♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s ▲❡✐s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❈❙❱ ✲ ❈♦♠♠❛✲s❡♣❛r❛t❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳
❡✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✲ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✭❈♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✮✳ ❊❘P ✲ ❊♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✳
■❉ ✲ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳
■❊❊❊ ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡rs✳ ❏❉❇❈ ✲ ❏❛✈❛ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❈♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈✐t②✳
▼P ✲ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s✳
▼❳▼▲ ✲ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ Pr♦▼ ✲ Pr♦❝❡ss ▼✐♥✐♥❣ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳
❘❍ ✲ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ❍✉♠❛♥♦s✳ ❙■ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❙●❇❉ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✳ ❙◗▲ ✲ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡❞ ◗✉❡r② ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳
❯♥❇ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✳ ❳❊❙ ✲ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❊✈❡♥t ❙tr❡❛♠✳ ❳▼▲ ✲ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳
❳❖❘ ✲ ❡❳❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❖❘ ✭❉✐s❥✉♥çã♦ ❊①❝❧✉s✐✈❛✮✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✶✳✹ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ✺
✷✳✶ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✶✳✷ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✶✳✸ ❊t❛♣❛s ♦✉ ❋❛s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✶✳✹ ◆♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✶✳✺ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✶✳✻ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✷✳✶✳✼ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✷✳✶✳✽ ❖✉tr❛s ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❋ér✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✶✾
✹ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ✷✺
✺ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✹✽
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✼✶
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✼✸
❆ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❳❊❙❛♠❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡
❉❛❞♦s ▼②❙◗▲ ✼✼
❇ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✬❘❡✇♦r❦ ❈♦✉♥t❡r✬ ✽✵
❈ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✬❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❈❙❱ ❚♦ ❳❊❙✬ ✽✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✧♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❧❛s❛♥❤❛✧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✧♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡s♣❛❣✉❡t❡✧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r♦s ♥✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r♦s ♥✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐✲ ♦t❡❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❇P▼◆ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r♦s ♥✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✻ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇♦③❦❛②❛ ♥❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❇P▼◆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✷✳✼ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❱✐❞❛ ▲✯ ❞❡ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st✭✷✵✶✶❜✮ ♥❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❇P▼◆✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✽ ▼P ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ❇P▼ ❡ ❇■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✷✳✾ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s ♥♦ ❚r✐❜✉♥❛❧ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✶ ❆rt✐❣♦s ❧✐❞♦s ♥❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ q✉❛s✐✲s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛✱ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❛♥♦✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✷ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❇♦③❦❛②❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❜✉❣❡✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸✳✸ ❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ❈❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭❘❡❜✉❣❡✱✷✵✶✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✹ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ r❡✈❡rs❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❍❛♠ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ♥❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❇P▼◆✳ ✷✸
✹✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡❇♦③❦❛②❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❡ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❍❛♠✭✷✵✶✺✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝♦r❡s ✐❣✉❛✐s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✹✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ▼P ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✹✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙■ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛s ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❡st♦q✉❡✳ ✸✶
✹✳✹ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦ ❛ ▼❛✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✹✳✺ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ té❝♥✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ três ❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♠❡s❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✹✳✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✹✳✼ ❆❜❛ ▲♦❣ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❡r❭❉❛s❤❜♦❛r❞ ❞♦ Pr♦▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✹✳✽ ❆❜❛ ▲♦❣ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❡r❭■♥s♣❡❝t♦r❭❊①♣❧♦r❡r ❞♦ Pr♦▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✹✳✾ ❆❜❛ ▲♦❣ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❡r❭❙✉♠♠❛r② ❞♦ Pr♦▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✹✳✶✵ ◗✉❛tr♦ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❛♠ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✹✳✶✶ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ✏✢♦r✑ ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✹✳✶✷ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ✏❡♥✉♠❡r❛çã♦✑ ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳ ✹✶
✹✳✶✸ ❆❜❛ ❈❛s❡s❭❱❛r✐❛♥t ✷ ❞♦ ❉✐s❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✹✳✶✹ ❆❜❛ ▼❛♣❭P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞♦ ❉✐s❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✹✳✶✺ ❆❜❛ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝s❭❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❞♦ ❉✐s❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✹✳✶✻ ❆❜❛ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝s❭●r♦✉♣ ❞♦ ❉✐s❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✺✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❇P▼◆✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✺✳✷ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❛✉❞✐t♦r✐❛✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✺✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✺✳✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❆✉❞✐t♦r✐❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❋❡r✐❛s✳▲♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✺✳✺ ❚r❡❝❤♦ ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❈❙❱ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❋❡r✐❛s✳▲♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✺✳✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦α ▼✐♥❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✼ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ▼✐♥❡r✿ ❆❧❧ t❛s❦s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞❂♥♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✽ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ▼✐♥❡r✿ ❈♦♠ ❆rt✐✜❛❧❊♥❞ ❡ ❆❧❧ t❛s❦s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞❂②❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✾ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ▼✐♥❡r ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ▲❡♥❣t❤✲t✇♦✲❧♦♦♣s❂✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺✳✶✵ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ▼✐♥❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺✳✶✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❋✉③③②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺✳✶✷ ❱❛r✐❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ✢✉①♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺✳✶✸ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✺✳✶✹ ❉♦tt❡❞ ❈❤❛rt ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ Pr♦▼✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❊✐①♦s ❳ ❡ ❨ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ♠ês✴❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ■❉ ❞♦ ❝❛s❡✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❝♦r ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣♦♥t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧❡❣❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦r❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✳ ✻✸
✺✳✶✺ ❋❧✉①♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛ss♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✺✳✶✻ P❛♣é✐s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✺✳✶✼ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✺✳✶✽ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ r❡♣❛ss❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ▼✐♥❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣✲ ❚♦❣❡t❤❡r ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺✳✶✾ ●rá✜❝♦ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ r❡♣❛ss❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ór❣ã♦✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✺✳✷✵ ❋❧✉①♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s t♦t❛✐s ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❞✉r❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✺✳✷✶ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ❡ r❡❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s✳ ✳ ✼✵
❆✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❛♦ ▼②❙◗▲ ♥❛ ❛❜❛ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s❭❈♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞♦ ❳❊❙❛♠❡✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
❆✳✷ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❛♦ ▼②❙◗▲ ♥❛ ❛❜❛ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦❭❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❞♦ ❳❊❙❛♠❡✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
❆✳✸ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❛♦ ▼②❙◗▲ ♥❛ ❛❜❛ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦❭❙❡tt✐♥❣s ❞♦ ❳❊❙❛♠❡✳ ✼✽
❆✳✹ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❛♦ ▼②❙◗▲ ♥❛ ❛❜❛ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦❭❈♦♥s♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❳❊❙❛♠❡✳ ✼✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡❚✐✇❛r✐ ❡t ❛❧✳
✭✷✵✵✽✱ ♣✳ ✻✮✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✹✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✺✳✶ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✺✳✷ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❣❡r❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✺✳✸ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ♣♦r ❝❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺✳✹ ❚♦t❛✐s ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ♣♦r t❛r❡❢❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✺✳✺ ❚♦t❛✐s ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣♦r ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✺✳✻ ▼étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✼ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✺✳✽ P❛♣é✐s ❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ❞❡s♣❡r❞í❝✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❛❧✐✲ ③❛❞♦s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❡stá ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❡①✐❣❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ só ♣❡❧♦ ❢á❝✐❧ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡✈❡r❡s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛ssí❞✉❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r❡s✳ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠♦ r❛♣✐❞❡③ ❡ ♣r❛t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣r❡st❛❞♦s✱ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r✳
◆♦ ❝❡r♥❡ ❞❡ss❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❡stá ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❙■✮ ❞❡✲ s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛♠ ♥❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭▲❛✉❞♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▲❛✉❞♦♥✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❛té ❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss♦s✱ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛♠ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❣❡r✐r ♦s ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ♠✉♥✐r ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❣❛♥❤♦s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s sã♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s s✐s✲ t❡♠❛s ❞❡ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉rs♦ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ✭❊♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ✲ ❊❘P✮✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❡❧❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♦✉ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ sã♦ ♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ✭❡✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡✮✱ q✉❡ ❧✐❞❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❡✴♦✉ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✳ ❚❛♥t♦ ♥♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐♥❛✲ ♠✐s♠♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠é❞✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r❡✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠✱ ♦s ❙■ ♥ã♦ só ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ s✐✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ✢✉①♦s✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♣❡ss♦❛s ❝♦♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ❡st❛❞♦s ❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s✳
❱ár✐♦s ❙■ ❣❡r❛♠ r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭❧♦❣s✮ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♥❛s ✈ár✐❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳ ❊ss❡s r❡❣✐str♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛❝♦♥✲ t❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛tô♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ ♦✉ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❛ ❞❛t❛ ❡ ❤♦r❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❣r❡❣❛r❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❛♥❞♦ ✈✐st♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ss❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s é ❛ ❞❡ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛r ✉♠❛
✈✐sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♠✉✐t❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❡stã♦ s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡r✱ s❡ é q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ❛❧❣✉♠✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❡ ❝❧❛r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ♥❡ss❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❢❛③❡r ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ r❡✈❡rs❛ ❡ ♠♦♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❖✉tr❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ é ❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r s❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♥✲ ❢♦r♠❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✳ P♦❞❡ s❡r q✉❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❡st❡❥❛♠ s❡♥❞♦ s❡❣✉✐❞♦s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡rr❛❞❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥t❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❢r❛✉❞❡ ♦✉ ♦✉tr❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❚♦❞❛s ❡ss❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ s♦♠❛❞❛s✱ t♦r♥❛♠ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✭▼P✮ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝❡❧ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳ ❆ ▼P é ✉♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛r ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s✱ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s s♦❝✐✲ ❛✐s ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❙❛②❧❛♠ ❛♥❞ ❙❛❤✐♥❣♦③✱✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❆ ✐❞é✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s é ❡st✉❞á✲❧♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❙■ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ▼P é ❛ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❥á q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ sã♦ r❡❛✐s ❡ ♣r❡❝✐s♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦✉tr❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡①❝❡çõ❡s ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❝❛✉s❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳
❙❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦ ❛ ▼P ♣♦ss✉✐ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ✐♥trí♥s❡❝♦s à ❡ss❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ q✉❡✱ ♥♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r✳ ❆ ♣ró♣r✐❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r s✐ só ❥á ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s s✉r❣❡♠✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠✐✲ ♥❡r❛çã♦✱ é ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡s❡❥❡ ❛❞♦t❛r ❛❧❣✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡rá ❢❛③❡r ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛✲ ❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♥♦t❛r ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r❡s ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛✲ çã♦ ♦♣❡r❛ s♦❜ r❡❣r❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ú♥✐❝❛s ❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rá✲❧❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❖ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ▼P✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✾ ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st✱ ✷✵✶✸❜✮✱ ❝♦♥q✉✐st♦✉ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♥♦t❛r ❡ss❡ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s❨✉❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❡ ❞♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ✭❇✉✐❥s✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ❙③✐♠❛♥s❦✐✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ Pr♦▼✱ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛✱ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥✉♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✹✷ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ♥❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✹✳✵✱ ✷✽✻ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ♥❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✺✳✷ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ♥❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✻✳✹ ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st✱ ✷✵✶✻❀ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❊ss❛ r✐q✉❡③❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s é ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s✱ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❡♠ ❛❜❡rt♦ ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛ q✉❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦r♥❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▼P ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♥♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞♦ ❡ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s é ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦✳ ❇♦③❦❛②❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❡ss❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r q✉❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s s♦❜r❡ ▼P✱ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é q✉❡ ❡❧❛s sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❝❛s♦ ❛ ❝❛s♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❇♦③❦❛②❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❞❡✐①❛♠ ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❧✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♥♦✈♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❡ é ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ t♦r♥❛r ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ r❡♣❡t✐tí✈❡❧✳
❆ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛s♦ ♦✉ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❛ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❥á ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ♦✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ é ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♦✉ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛✳ ■♥ú♠❡r❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝❛❞❛ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞♦t❛ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ é q✉❡ ♦s ❙■ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s✱ r❡q✉❡r❡♥❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s✳ ➱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡r ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❡ tr❛t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❢❛s❡s s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦✳
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ é r❛r♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦ ❞❡ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❡rr♦✱ ❛❥✉st❛♥❞♦ ♦✉ r❡✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s✱ s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛té ❛t✐♥❣✐r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡s ❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐s♣❡♥❞✐♦s♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡①✐❣✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❛ss♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ❡ ♥♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡s❞♦❜r❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ♦❝♦rr❡r✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ▼P q✉❡ ❛♣♦✐❡ ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ r❡❧❛t❛♥❞♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♦✉ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐✈♦✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ s❡rá ❞❛❞♦ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❡♠ ✐❧✉str❛r ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛s♦s r❡❛✐s✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ à t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ s❡rã♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛❞❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❡str❛té❣✐❝❛s ❛♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡✱ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❡ss❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s✳
❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡rá ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❚r✐❜✉♥❛❧ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s r❡❛✐s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s✿
✭✶✮ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❞✉③✐r ❝✉st♦s ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛ss♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s❄
✭✷✮ ❊①✐st❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❄
✭✸✮ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦✉ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s❄ ✭✹✮ ◗✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s r❡❛✐s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ ♣❛♣é✐s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s❄ ✭✺✮ ◗✉❛❧ é ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❣❡r❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦❄
✭✻✮ ❊①✐st❡ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s❄
✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❆♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐❞é✐❛s✱ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✱ é ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❣❛♥❤❛r ♠❛✐♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦s tí♣✐❝♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛rã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦✳ ◆ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✐ss♦✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♦♣çõ❡s ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ t♦♠❛r ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ s❡rá ❞❛❞❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✲ ✈❡♥❞♦ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ♦✉ ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ss❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦ss❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ♣♦ss❛ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ♦s ❣❛♥❤♦s ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r r❡✈✐sã♦ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✹ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✕❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ r❡✈✐sã♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✕❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t♦s❀ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✹✕❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦❀ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✺✕❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s❀ ❡✱ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✕❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s sã♦ ❡①♣♦st♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ár❡❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶
s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ▼P ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦✿ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❛s✱ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❡t❛♣❛s✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✱ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦
✷✳✷ s❡rá ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢ér✐❛s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❛s♦ r❡❛❧✳
✷✳✶ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ▼❛♥✐❢❡st♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ■❊❊❊ ❚❛s❦ ❋♦r❝❡ ♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss ▼✐♥✐♥❣✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ três ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼P✿
✶✳ ❉❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛✿ ❧✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ s❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠❡t❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡s❝♦❜r❡ ♥ã♦ só ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
✷✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❛✉❞✐t♦r✐❛✿ ❧✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣ré✲❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ✐♥❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛s ❡✴♦✉ ❞❡s✈✐♦s✳ ✸✳ ❆♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦✿ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡st❡♥❞❡r ♦✉ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞❛s ❞♦ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳
❖✉tr♦s ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ sã♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r❇✉✐❥s ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❝♦♠♦✿
✶✳ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✿ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛✲ ❞♦r❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❝✉st♦ ♦✉ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❍♦r♥✐①✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
✷✳ ❘❡❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✿ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ r❡❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ❝❛s♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ✧❡str❡❧❛✧ ✭❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s✮ ♦✉ r❡❝✉rs♦s ✧✐s♦❧❛❞♦s✧ ✭♥ã♦ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛♦s ♦✉tr♦s✮ ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st ❛♥❞ ❙♦♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
✸✳ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✿ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r s❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡stá✱ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✳
✹✳ Pr❡❞✐çã♦✿ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❡♠ ❢✉t✉r♦s ❝❛s♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s ❞♦ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳
❊ss❡s ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s t♦r♥❛♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛✱ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦✱ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ❛♦ ❡①tr❛✐r ✈❛❧✐♦s♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s r❡❛✐s q✉❡ sã♦ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞♦s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ❙■ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s
✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st ❛♥❞ ✈❛♥ ❍❡❡ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♥♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ▼P✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✿
• ❚❛r❡❢❛✿ é ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ q✉❡ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦✳ ◆ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛✱ ♠❛s ❡❧❡ é ♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❡❧❛✳
• ❘❡❝✉rs♦✿ é ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✱ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❡♠✳
• ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✿ é ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦✳
• ❈❛s❡✿ é ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ é ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♦✉ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♥✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♦✉ ✐t❡♠✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❝❛s❡ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ú♥✐❝❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ t❡r ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦✳
• Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✿ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳ ❯♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦✳
• ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✿ é ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ r❛♠♦s ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❞❡t❡r✲ ♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ q✉❛✐s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ❡ ❡♠ q✉❛❧ ♦r❞❡♠✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡✱ ♥♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❋❧✉①✐❝♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✷✮❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ♥✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
✷✳✶✳✷ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s
❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ♦✉ ✉♠ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡①tr❡♠♦ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ ♦ ♥ã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❡stá ❝✐t✉❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ❡①tr❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❖ t✐♣♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✧♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❧❛s❛♥❤❛✧✱ é r❡❣✉❧❛r✱ r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦✳ ■ss♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥✉♠❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✱ tê♠ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ s❡❣✉❡♠ ✉♠ r✐t♠♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❡ r❡❣✉❧❛r✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝❤❛✈❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❛❜❡♠ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛r ❛ s✉❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
❏á ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♥ã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✧♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡s♣❛❣✉❡t❡✧✱ é ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r✱ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳ ❖ ♥♦♠❡ ✧❡s♣❛❣✉❡t❡✧ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t♦♠❛✱ ❝♦♠ t❛♥t❛s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s q✉❡ ✜❝❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r q✉❛❧ é ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✧♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❧❛s❛♥❤❛✧✳
✷✳✶✳✸ ❊t❛♣❛s ♦✉ ❋❛s❡s
❆ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ▼P ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❡t❛♣❛s ♦✉ ❢❛s❡s ❝♦♠ ♠❛r❝♦s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✳ ❆s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡t❛♣❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s à ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ▼P✿
• ■♥✐❝✐❛çã♦✿ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❛ ▼P✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛ s❡rá ❢❡✐t♦ ✉♠ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t❛♥t❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❞♦s ❙■ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é t❡♥t❛r ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡s❝♦♣♦ t❡♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛❝tí✈❡❧✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ s❛❜❡ s❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s s❡rã♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✳
• Pré✲❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✿ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❙■ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s ❡stã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛t❛❞♦s✱ q✉❛✐s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✱ s❡ sã♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❞♦s ❧♦❣s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
• ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❧♦❣s✿ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦s ❧♦❣s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❢♦r✲ ♠❛t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✲ ▼❳▼▲ ♦✉ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❊✈❡♥t ❙tr❡❛♠ ✲ ❳❊❙✮✳
• ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦✿ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❧♦❣s ❢♦r♠❛t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳ ❖ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡✲ ♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✱ ❛♥❛✲ ❧✐s❛r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♦✉ ❛ r❡❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
• ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✿ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♥✐✈❡❧❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛✱ ❡ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❛♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♦s ❡♥t❡♥❞❛✳
