UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO COPPEAD DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO
CLARICE NINA DE OLIVEIRA SANTOS
THE WORK-LIFE INTERFACE:
A mixed-method study
Rio de Janeiro 2018
THE WORK-LIFE INTERFACE:
A mixed-method study
Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Instituto
COPPEAD de Administração, da
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Doutor em Administração.
Orientadora: Adriana V. G. de Hilal, DSc
Rio de Janeiro 2018
Clarice Nina de Oliveira Santos
THE WORK-LIFE INTERFACE: A mixed-method study
A thesis presented to the Instituto Coppead de Administração, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, as part of the mandatory requirements for the degree of Doctor of Sciences in Business Administration (D.Sc.)
Approved by:
_____________________________________ (President)
Profª Adriana Victoria Garibaldi de Hilal, D.Sc. - Supervisor
(COPPEAD/UFRJ)
_____________________________________
Prof. Otávio Henrique dos Santos Figueiredo, D.Sc.
(COPPEAD/UFRJ)
_____________________________________
Prof. Renato Dourado Cotta de Mello, D.Sc.
(COPPEAD/UFRJ)
_____________________________________
Prof. José Geraldo Pereira Barbosa, D.Sc.
(UNESA)
_____________________________________
Profª Cecília Lima de Queirós Mattoso, D.Sc.
(UNESA)
_____________________________________
Profª Ana Luiza Szuchmacher Verissimo Lopes, D.Sc.
(Independent Consultant)
Rio de Janeiro 2018
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am indebted to several people who have helped me throughout this journey. First and foremost, my heartfelt thanks to my parents and role models Fernando and Maria Helena. You have made me who I am. Thank you for the love and support throughout my life. Thank you for giving me the strength to follow my dreams.
To my sister and best friend Gisela, who helped me learn what true friendship is. I cannot imagine going through life without you by my side.
To my nephews Guilherme and Rafael, who have shown me that strength of character and kind hearts can co-exist, and who make me believe in a better world.
To my brother-in-law João and his family, and my step-mother Maria Carmem and her family, for proving to me that we have much to gain from new family configurations. To my cousin and beer buddy Felipe, who in addition to making me laugh, lectured me on the importance of perseverance and resilience in achieving success.
To my supervisor Prof. Adriana Hilal, for the patience, guidance, advice and encouragement given during the journey we shared. Thank you for your time and care and for keeping me going during difficult times. I will never forget that.
To Prof. Anne Bardoel, for inspiring me to follow this line of research several years ago, and her continued role as a mentor and friend.
To Dr. Paulo, who keeps me sane during my own search for work-life balance.
To the professors at Coppead, for sharing their knowledge and inspiring students. In particular, thanks to Prof. Otávio, who generously helped with quantitative insights. To all the staff at Coppead – especially Ticiane, the academic office and the library – for their thoughtfulness and for going out of their way to help students.
A special thank you to the thesis committee members for their willingness to participate in this process sharing their time, attention and valuable contribution.
To all my PhD colleagues, in particular Débora and Jeanne, who showed the value of friendship, camaraderie and collaboration during our journey.
To Halliburton, for the generous ongoing support of our research efforts. To CNPq, for providing financial support throughout my studies.
To friends near and far, who did not hesitate to cheer me on during difficult times and helped in any way they could.
To my students, who challenge me every day and showed me new ways to see the world. To the multidisciplinary work-life research community (including Project 3535) who welcomed me with open arms, sharing knowledge and resources.
To the men and women who generously participated in interviews and/or surveys and made this research project possible.
ABSTRACT
SANTOS, Clarice Nina de Oliveira. The Work-Life Interface: A Mixed-Method Study, 2018. 118p. Thesis (Doctorate in Management) – COPPEAD Graduate School of Business, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2018.
The reconciliation of work and private life is a pressing issue that has driven a substantial body of academic research, government policy, employment legislation and organizational policy and practice. Discussions surrounding the work-life theme have grown exponentially since the 1960s and have become even more prominent in recent years. Although work-life issues are overwhelmingly universal, the dynamics between work and non-work may be culture and context-specific. The present thesis explores the work–life interface as it impacts Brazilian professionals by combining three studies. The first paper examines the relationship between work and life through interviews with 20 male and female HR professionals and focuses on the organizational perspective and its policies as well on participants’ individual experiences. The second paper addresses gender issues at work and at home with regard to the roles ascribed to women. It does so through a qualitative approach based on interviews of 26 female professionals. The third and final paper proposes a conceptual model to examine the impact of individual perceptions of organizational variables on work-life conflict and work-family guilt. The model considers gender role orientation and supervisor-subordinate gender similarity as possible moderators, in addition to gender. Overall, the studies demonstrate that the work domain has a much stronger impact on the non-work domain than the other way around. While different types of organizational support and flexibility have an impact on work-life conflict, and consequently work-family guilt, effects vary significantly by gender and gender role ideology. In addition, a degree of ambiguity was found in terms of an egalitarian gender discourse in theory contrasted with very traditional gender roles in practice.
RESUMO
SANTOS, Clarice Nina de Oliveira. A interface entre vida e trabalho: Um estudo de métodos mistos, 2018. 118f. Tese (Doutorado em Administração) - Instituto COPPEAD de Administração, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2018.
A reconciliação entre vida pessoal e vida profissional é uma questão indispensável que impulsionou uma quantidade substancial de pesquisa acadêmica, política governamental, legislação trabalhista e políticas e práticas organizacionais. As discussões sobre o tema work-life cresceram exponencialmente desde a década de 1960 e se tornaram ainda mais proeminentes nos últimos anos. Embora os problemas de work-life sejam universais, a dinâmica entre vida pessoal e vida profissional pode ser influenciada por uma cultura e um contexto específicos. A presente tese explora como a interface work-life afeta os profissionais brasileiros através da combinação de três estudos. O primeiro artigo examina a relação entre trabalho e vida pessoal através de entrevistas com 20 profissionais de Recursos Humanos, homens e mulheres, e se concentra na perspectiva organizacional e suas políticas assim como nas experiências individuais dos entrevistados. O segundo trabalho aborda questões de gênero no trabalho e em casa, em relação aos papéis atribuídos às mulheres. O estudo é baseado numa abordagem qualitativa com entrevistas de 26 profissionais do sexo feminino. O terceiro e último artigo propõe um modelo conceitual para examinar o impacto das percepções individuais de variáveis organizacionais no conflito vida-trabalho e culpa trabalho-família. O modelo considera os construtos de gender role orientation e supervisor-subordinate gender similarity, como possíveis moderadores, além de gênero. Os estudos demonstram que a esfera do trabalho tem um impacto muito maior na esfera da vida do que na direção contrária. Embora diferentes tipos de apoio organizacional e de flexibilidade tenham um impacto no conflito vida-trabalho e, consequentemente, culpa trabalho-família, os efeitos variam significativamente de acordo com o gênero e gender role orientation. Além disso, um grau de ambiguidade foi encontrado em termos de um discurso igualitário de gênero, em teoria, e papéis de gênero bastante tradicionais, na prática.
FIGURES
Paper 3
Figure 1 - Proposed Model (Complete) ... 61 Figure 2 - Proposed Model (Two-Part). ... 61
TABLES
Paper 1
Table 1 - Brazilian Government Policies ... 24
Table 2 - National Culture Dimensions Most Relevant to Work-Life Studies ... 26
Paper 2 Table 1 - Gender issues perceived and experienced at work ... 50
Table 2 - Human resources practices. ... 51
Table 3 - The experience of being a working woman ... 53
Table 4 - The experience of being a working woman at home ... 54
Paper 3 Table 1 - Descriptive statistics, alphas, and correlations among study variables. ... 73
Table 2 - Hierarchical multiple regression (Dependent Variable = Work-Life Conflict) ... 74
Table 3 - Hierarchical multiple regression (Dependent Variable = Work-Family Guilt) ... 75
Table 4 - Work-Family Guilt - Traditional x Egalitarian by gender ... 75
ABBREVIATIONS
FIWG: Family Interference with Work Guilt GII: Gender Inequality Index
HR: Human Resources
IBGE: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics IPEA: Institute of Applied Economics Research ISNN: International Standard Serial Number MTE: Ministry of Labor
PNAD: National Household Sampling Survey WFB: Work-Family Balance
WFC: Work-Family Conflict WFG: Work-Family Guilt
WIFG: Work Interference with Family Guilt WLB: Work-Life Balance
SUMMARY
1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ... 12 2 FIRST PAPER ... 17
Work-Life Balance and the Role of HR: Employee Experiences in Brazil
3 SECOND PAPER ... 42
Same, same but different? Women´s experiences with gender inequality in Brazil
4 THIRD PAPER ... 59
Work-life conflict, work-family guilt and gender in Brazil: Testing a moderated model
5 GENERAL CONCLUSION ... 81 REFERENCES ... 84 APPENDIX 1 ... 102
Script for semi-structured interviews (First Paper)
APPENDIX 2 ... 103
Script for semi-structured interviews (Second Paper)
APPENDIX 3 ... 104
Survey Questions (Third Paper)
APPENDIX 4 ... 108
Additional Statistics (Third Paper)
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