❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❛ P❛r❛í❜❛
❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ P❘❖❋▼❆❚
❯♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❞♦
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s
❝♦♥❝r❡t♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡✉ ❡♥s✐♥♦
†♣♦r
❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❞❡ P❛✉❧♦
s♦❜ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛♥❛ssés ❳❛✈✐❡r ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❈♦r♣♦ ❉♦❝❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✲P❘❖❋▼❆❚✲ ❈❈❊◆✲❯❋P❇✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❉❡③❡♠❜r♦✴✷✵✶✸ ❏♦ã♦ P❡ss♦❛ ✲ P❇
†❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ❈❆P❊❙✱ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
❯♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❞♦
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s
❝♦♥❝r❡t♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡✉ ❡♥s✐♥♦
♣♦r
❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❞❡ P❛✉❧♦
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❈♦r♣♦ ❉♦❝❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✲ ✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✲P❘❖❋▼❆❚✲❈❈❊◆✲❯❋P❇✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❆♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛♥❛ssés ❳❛✈✐❡r ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ✲❯❋P❇ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❯❜❡r❧❛♥❞✐♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ❙❡✈❡r♦ ✲ ❯❋P❊
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❚❛r❝✐❛♥❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❙❛♥t♦s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ✲ ❯❋❘P❊
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❛s ♠ã♦s ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✲♠❡ s❛ú❞❡✱ ❞✐s❝❡r♥✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ❝♦r❛❣❡♠✱ ❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❡ s❛❜❡❞♦✲ r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❡♠ ❢r❡♥t❡✱ s❡♠ ❡s♠♦r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ▼✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❜ê♥çã♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✱ q✉❡ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ é ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ ❡ ❝♦♥❢♦rtá✈❡❧✳ ❈♦♠ ❊❧❡ t✉❞♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧❀
❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ▼❛r✐❡t❛ ❘✉✜♥♦✱ ❛♦ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ❡st✉❞❛r é ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♠❛✐s ❝✉rt♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ✈❡♥❝❡r✱ ❤♦♥❡st❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❊❧❛ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✉ ❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✉ ❛ s❡r ❥✉st♦ ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞✐❣♥♦❀
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ✐♥❡sq✉❡❝í✈❡❧ ♣❛✐ ❏♦sé ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ✭✐♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛♥✮✱ q✉❡ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♣ô❞❡ ♠❡ ♣r♦t❡❣❡r ❛ss✐♠ ♦ ❢❡③✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❧✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣❡✐t❛✈❛ ♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❛t♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✐❞❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♣r❛t✐❝❛❞♦s✳ ❆t✐t✉❞❡s ❞✐❣♥❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦❀
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ▼❛r❝❡❧♦✱ ❱❛s❝♦♥❝❡❧♦s✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♥❝❡✐çã♦✱ ❉❛♠✐ã♦ ❡ ❏✉❧✐❛♥❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ✉♥✐ã♦✱ ❝✉♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦✱ ♠❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ t❡r✲ ♥✉r❛✱ ♠❡✐❣✉✐❝❡ ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ tr❛t❛r❛♠❀ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛✈ôs ❏♦sé ❘✉✜♥♦✱ ❆♥❛ P♦r❢ír✐♦ ❡ ❆♥tô♥✐❛ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ♣♦r t✉❞♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠❀ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❡st❛r❡♠ ♣❡rt♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❡✐ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❡st✐✲ ♠❛❞♦ ❋❧á✈✐♦ ❆❧✈❡s ♣♦r s✉❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ♥❛ ✐♥tr✐❝❛❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t❛r t❡①t♦s❀ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❈❛❧❝✐♥❤❛✱ ❍❡r❜❡rt ❙♦✉s❛✱ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ●❡r❛❧❞♦✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❱✐❛♥❛ ❡ ❙í❧✈✐♦ ❖r❧❡❛♥s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ s♦❧✐❞❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❣r❛t✐✜❝❛♥t❡s ❛✉❧❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠❀
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ t✐✈❡r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s s✉r❣✐❞❛s✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r à ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❋❧á✈✐❛ ❏❡rô♥✐♠♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛ ❡♠ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛❞✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s❀ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ❉r✳ ▼❛♥❛ssés ❳❛✈✐❡r✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ à ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦✉t♦r❡s ❯❜❡r❧❛♥❞✐♦ ❙❡✈❡r♦ ❡ ❚❛r❝✐❛♥❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀ ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✜❧❤✐♥❤❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❈❧❛r❛✱ ♣♦r ❡♠ tã♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♥❝❤❡r ❞❡ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❡ ❢❡❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧❛ ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❡♥①❡r❣❛r ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ç✉r❛ ❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ♠✐❧ ❜❡✐❥♦s✦
✏◆✐♥❣✉é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❜❡r tã♦ ❜❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛ ❡ ❢❛③ê✲❧❛ s✉❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦✱ ❡♠ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ❛ ✐♥✈❡♥t❛r ❡❧❡ ♣ró♣r✐♦✑
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❱❛♥✐t❛ ▲❡✐tã♦ ❡ ❘❛✐♠✉♥❞♦ ❱❛❧♠✐r♦ P✐♥t♦ ✭❛♠❜♦s ✐♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛♥✮✱ ♣♦r t✉❞♦ ❛q✉✐❧♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠✱ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠✱ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❧✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❤✉♠✐❧❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❤♦♥❡st✐❞❛❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♦❝❛s✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ✲ ♦s ❞♦✐s s❡rã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ♠❡str❡s✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ t❡♠❛ q✉❡ ♦r❛ ❡st✉❞❛♠♦s ✏❯♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦✲ ❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡✉ ❡♥s✐♥♦✑ ♣r♦❝✉r❛✱ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ r✐q✉❡③❛ ❞❡ ♦♣çõ❡s✱ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛r ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ✜③❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s às ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❛r ❝♦♠ ♠♦❡❞❛s✱ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❜❛r❛❧❤♦s✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛ ❡ út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳
P❆▲❆❱❘❆❙✲❈❍❆❱❊✿ ❏♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❛r✳ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❙❡❣✉r♦s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ t❤❡♠❡ t❤❛t s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ✇❡ st✉❞② ✏❆ ❍✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❯s❡ ♦❢ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧s Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ❋♦r ②♦✉r ❚❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✑ ❞❡♠❛♥❞✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❡❛❧t❤ ♦❢ ♦♣t✐♦♥s✱ ♣r✐♦r✐t✐③❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s ❛♥❞ ❡❛s② ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r✳ ❙♦ ✇❡ ❞✐❞ ❛ ❜r✐❡❢ ❤✐st♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♦✲ r✐❡s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❣❛♠❜❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦✐♥s✱ ❞✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣ ❝❛r❞s✱ t❤✉s ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ✇❛② ❢♦r ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ st✉❞❡♥t ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞✿ ●❛♠❜❧✐♥❣✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✳ ■♥s✉r❛♥❝❡✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ❯♠ ❜r❡✈❡ r❡s✉♠♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✶ ✷ ❘❡✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✶✸ ✷✳✶ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❛♠♦str❛❧ ❡q✉✐♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✸ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❊✈❡♥t♦ ✉♥✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❊✈❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❊✈❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸✳✹ ❯♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ n ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✸✳✺ ■♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ n ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✹ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✺ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✻ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✼ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✽ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✾ ▲❡✐ ❜✐♥♦♠✐❛❧ ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸ ❆ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✷✷ ✸✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♠♦❡❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹ ❆ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❝❛rt❛s ✸✸ ✹✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✺ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❥♦❣♦s ❡ s✉❛s r❡❣r❛s ✸✾ ✺✳✶ ❖ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❜✉r❛❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✺✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✺✳✸ ❖ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ Pôq✉❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✺✳✹ ❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❛t❡ ♥♦ ♣ôq✉❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✺ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✻ ❯♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞♦s ♣rê♠✐♦s ♥♦s s❡❣✉r♦s ✻✹ ✼ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✻✾ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✼✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ✉♠ ❞♦s r❛♠♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ❢❛s❝✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ❈♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❡♥s❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s✱ ♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♦ s❡✉ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ t❡♦r ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✳ ❆ ♥♦ss❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡st❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✉♥❤♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦ é ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♣❛♥♦râ♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s✳ ➱ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❡①✐❣❡✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❛st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✐❞❡✐❛s q✉❡ ♥♦rt❡✐❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥tíss✐♠♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❡str❡s q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s sé❝✉❧♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❋❡r♠❛t✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦✱ ❋❡r♠❛t ♣r❛t✐❝❛✈❛ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞✐✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆❧✐❛s✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ tr♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❝❛rt❛s ❝♦♠ P❛s❝❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈❡✉✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✱ ❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❤♦❥❡ sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❝♦♠♣ê♥❞✐♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❙❡♠ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❣♦t❛r ♦ t❡♠❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❛♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❣r❛❞❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐stó✲ r✐❝♦✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ s❡rá ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ❡ ✐♥♦✈❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ ✐♥tr✐❣❛♥t❡ r❛♠♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳
❚♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♣♦r♠❡♥♦r✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐✲ ❞❛r❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ r❛♠♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❆ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ♠❛✐s ✉♠ r❛♠♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❆✜♥❛❧ ❥á s❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r ✐♥❞❡✲ ♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ♣♦ss✉✐❞♦r❛ ❞♦s s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s✳ ❈❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡♥s♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❡st❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛çã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ é tã♦ ✈✐sí✈❡❧✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ✐♥♦✈❛çõ❡s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛s ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✱ ❛ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣ró♣r✐❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❧❤❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❛✉tô♥♦♠❛ ❡ ♣❧❡♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛♣❛③✳
❈♦♠♦ ❥á s❡ ❞❡❞✉③ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❡st❛r ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆❧✐ás✱ t✉❞♦ ✐st♦ s❡rá r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❛♣t❛ ❛ ❡s♠✐✉ç❛r ❛♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ P❛s❝❛❧✱ ❋❡r♠❛t✱ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❑♦❧♠♦❣♦r♦✈✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡ ✭❛ q✉❛❧ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠♦t✐✈❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦✮ é ❢♦r✲ ♥❡❝❡r ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦s ❊♥s✐♥♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ ❡s❝❧❛r❡ç❛ ❞ú✈✐❞❛s✱ s♦✲ ❜r❡t✉❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ r❡s♣♦st❛s às ✐♥❞❛❣❛çõ❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
q✉✐s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❛ ♥ã♦ s❡rá ✉♠❛ ❢r❛q✉❡③❛ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❛ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s✳ ❆✜♥❛❧ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ é ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❡st❛ ✐♥✈❡s✲ t✐❣❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣❛❧♣á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❧❡✐❣♦ ❡ ❝❛r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❡st❡ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡❞♦r❡s ❞♦ t❡♠❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ s✐r✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❡ r❡✈✐sã♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠ t❡①t♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❡♥❝✐❝❧♦♣é❞✐❝♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦ ❝♦✲ ♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦✳
◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛ss♦✉ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♦r✐✉♥❞❛s ❞❛s ❝rít✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ❛s s✉❛s ❧❛❝✉♥❛s ❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❊✈✐❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r s✉♣❡r❛❞♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ✉♠ ♣❛t❛♠❛r ❞❡ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ✐❞❡❛❧ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡rá s✉♣❡r❛❞♦ tã♦ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛✱ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❜♦♥s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ♠❛③❡❧❛s ♦r✐✉♥❞❛s ❞❛ ♣éss✐♠❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛♠✲s❡ ♥❡st❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ r❡♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ♥❛t✉r❡③❛s ❡ ♠❛t✐③❡s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛s ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❡r❛♠ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t❛ ❝♦✐s❛ ❥á é ♣❡r♣❡tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❡ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ s❡✉ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳ ❆✜♥❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❢❛❧t❛♠ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❞❡ ❜♦♥s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛♠ ❡①❛✉st✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡st❛ ❧❛❜✉t❛ tã♦ ár❞✉❛ ♥♦s ❊♥s✐♥♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ▼é❞✐♦ t❛♥t♦ ♥❛s r❡❞❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳
❈♦♠♦ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❞✐t♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥ã♦ ✈❛✐ ❡①❛✉r✐r t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❝✐r✲ ❝✉♥❞❛♠ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡♠❛ tã♦ ✐♥tr✐❣❛♥t❡ ❡ r✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ❞❛ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ é ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❛q✉✐ s❡rã♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❛♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❡ t✉❞♦✳ ❆❧✐ás✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✐st♦ s❡❥❛ ♦❜t✐❞♦✱ ✈✐s❛♠✲s❡ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿
✶♦ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ r❡s✉♠♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s❀
✷♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s q✉❡ ♥♦rt❡✐❛♠ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦
❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s❀ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛❀
✸♦ ❡①✐❜✐r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❝❛rt❛s ❡ ❛s s✉❛s
r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s❀ ❡
✹♦ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❝❛rt❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦
❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡
✺♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r❡♠ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛✲
❞❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡❣✉r♦s✳ ◆♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡st❛s sã♦ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡t❛s q✉❡ ♥♦rt❡✐❛♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
❯♠ ❜r❡✈❡ r❡s✉♠♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞♦
❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s
❈♦♠♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛✱ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥ã♦ s✉r❣✐✉ ♣♦r ❛❝❛s♦✳ ◆♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡s✉♠❡✲s❡ ♥✉♠❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ♦ ❛❝❛s♦ ❞❛s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ tr❛♥s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦✐s❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✳ P♦r ❡ss❛ r❛③ã♦✱ ♥ã♦ é à t♦❛ ❛ ✈❡rs❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡ ❢ért✐❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ r❡✈❡r❜❡r❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✺✵✵ ❛♥♦s ♣♦r ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ✭❱■❆▲■✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s é ♦ ❞❡ ▲✉❝❛ P❛❝✐♦❧✐ ✭❙❛♥s❡♣♦❧❝r♦✱ ✶✹✺✺ ✲ ✶✺✶✼✮✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❛s s✉❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ❞❡st❛❝❛✲ s❡ ❛ s✉❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣rê♠✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✐♥❝♦♥❝❧✉s♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ♠❛rít✐♠❛✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞♦s s❡❣✉r♦s✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ❞♦s ♥❛✈✐♦s ♠❡r❝❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛✈❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♦s ♠❛r❡s ♥❛q✉❡❧❡s t❡♠♣♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥♦s sé❝✉❧♦s ❳❱ ❡ ❳❱■✳
●✐r♦❧❛♠♦ ❈❛r❞❛♥♦ ✭P❛✈✐❛✱ ✶✺✵✶ ✲ ❘♦♠❛✱ ✶✺✼✻✮ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♥♦♠❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦r✲ t❛♥t❡s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦r q✉❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ❜❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❊❧❡ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛♥❞♦✲❛s ❛♦ ❛rr❡♠❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❘❖✲ ◗❯❊✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ◆❛s s✉❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s✱ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✷ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❞♦s ✸✻ ♣❛r❡s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦s ✷✶ ♣❛r❡s ✭♥ã♦✲♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✮✳
❱✐❝✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❛r✱ ❈❛r❞❛♥♦ ❞❡❞✐❝♦✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❛✉t♦❜✐♦❣r❛✜❛✱ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡ss❛ t❡r ❥♦❣❛❞♦ ❞✐❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ①❛❞r❡③ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ q✉❛r❡♥t❛ ❛♥♦s ❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✈✐♥t❡ ❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❛♥♦s✳ ➱ ❢❛t♦ q✉❡ ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ✈✐✈❡✉✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■✱ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣❛ss❛t❡♠♣♦s ❢❛✈♦r✐t♦s ❡r❛ ♦ ❥♦❣♦✳ ❊✈✐❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❡ ❥♦❣❛✈❛ ✈❛❧❡♥❞♦ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t♦✉ ❡st❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡r❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♠❛♥t❡r✳ ❊st❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❢♦❝❛ss❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝✲ ♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♠❛✐♦r ❧✉❝r♦ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❛rr✉♠❛r s✉❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✳ ❏✉♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ út✐❧ ❛♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ❈❛r❞❛♥♦ ❝♦✲ ♠❡ç♦✉ ❡♥tã♦ ❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❛r ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ♠❡✐♦s q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ♦s s❡✉s ❣❛♥❤♦s✳ ❆ s✉❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❛♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦ r❡s✉♠❡✲s❡ ♥♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ▲✐❜❡r ❞❡ ▲✉❞♦ ❆❧❡❛❡ ✭♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❛r✮✱ ♦ q✉❛❧✱ ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ✭●■❆◆❊▲▲❆✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
❈❛r❞❛♥♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♥s✐♥❛✈❛ ♥❡st❡ ❧✐✈r♦ ❛ tr❛♣❛❝❡❛r✳ ▼❛s ♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ✐ss♦ ❡♠ ❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ ✈❛♥❣✉❛r❞✐s♠♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ♦❜r❛❄ ❉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ❡❧❡ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐✲ ❝♦s q✉❡ ♠❛✐s s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛r❛♠ à r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❛r✳ ▲✐❜❡r ❞❡ ▲✉❞♦ ❆❧❡❛❡ tr❛t❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡✳ ◆❡st❡ ❧✐✈r♦✱ é ❢❡✐t♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛ ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✿ ✶♦ ❥♦❣♦s q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ ❛ ❢♦rç❛✱ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ s♦rt❡❀ ❡ ✷♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦
❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❛r ✲ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❝❛rt❛s✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♦ ❣❛♠ã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ss❡ ❧✐✈r♦ é q✉❡ ❡❧❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rsã♦✳ ➱ ✉♠ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❛r✱ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❥♦❣♦s ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛s ❝❛rt❛s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✜❝❛♠ ❡s❝♦♥❞✐❞❛s ✭❱■❆▲■✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❈❛r❞❛♥♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛③ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ t❡r s✐❞♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛ ❢❛③❡r ✐ss♦✳
◆❛ ♣❛rt❡ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦✱ ❈❛r❞❛♥♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐✉ ❡q✉✐♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡✱ ❡s♣❡r❛♥ç❛ ✭♦ ♠♦♥t❛♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣♦st❛ ❛ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r q✉❡ t❡♠ p ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤❛r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ s✮✱ ❡s✲
t❛❜❡❧❡❝❡✉ ❛ ❧❡✐ Pn = Pn✱ q✉❡ ❞á ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✉♠
❡✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡P ♦❝♦rr❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡n ✈❡③❡s
s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛s✱ ❛❝❤♦✉ tá❜✉❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ✉s♦✉ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❧❡✐ ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✭❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ r✉❞✐♠❡♥t❛r✮ ✲ q✉❡stã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣✐♦♥❡✐r♦ ✭P❆■❱❆✱ ✶✾✾✺✱ ♣✳ ✼✺✮✳
❖✉tr♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ✐t❛❧✐❛♥♦ ❞❡ r❡♥♦♠❡ q✉❡ ❡st✉❞♦✉ ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛ssí❞✉❛ ❢♦✐ ❚❛rt❛❣❧✐❛ ✭❇r❡s❝✐❛✱ ✶✺✵✵ ✲ ❱❡♥❡③❛✱ ✶✺✺✼✮✳ ◆✐❝♦❧♦ ❋♦♥t❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❇r❡s❝✐❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❚❛rt❛❣❧✐❛ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❝✉❥♦ ♥♦♠❡ é ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à t❛❜❡❧❛ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞íss✐♠♦ ✏❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ P❛s❝❛❧✑ ✭●■❆◆❊▲▲❆✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❊❧❡ t❛♠❜é♠ é ♦ ❛✉t♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ tr❛t❛❞♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❢♦✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ❡♠ ✶✺✹✸✳
◆❛s❝✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✼ ❞❡ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✶✻✵✶✱ ❡♠ ❇❡❛✉♠♦♥t✲❞❡✲▲♦♠❛❣♥❡ ♥❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛✱ P✐✲ ❡rr❡ ❞❡ ❋❡r♠❛t ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❛♠❛❞♦r q✉❡ s❡ ♥♦t❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ♣♦r s✉❛s s❡♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ♥♦s ♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛❞♦s r❛♠♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✳ ❆❧✐ás✱ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ s❡✉ ✏❛♠❛✲ ❞♦r✐s♠♦✑ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛s s✉❛s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ss❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ✐♥♦✈❛çõ❡s✳ ❚❛♥t♦ é q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é à t♦❛ ♦ s❡✉ ✐♠❡♥s♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s✉❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ r❡❝r❡❛t✐✈❛ à ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦ ✭❱■❆▲■✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❈♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛✉tê♥t✐❝♦ ❛✉t♦❞✐❞❛t❛✱ ❋❡r♠❛t ❞❡st❛❝♦✉✲s❡ ♥❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ s❡♠ ♠❛♥✐✲ ❢❡st❛r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s ♦✉ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆✜♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❥✉r✐st❛ ❡ ♠❛❣✐str❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦rt❡ ❢r❛♥❝❡s❛ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■■■ ♦s s❡✉s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ♣❛ss❛t❡♠♣♦✱ ✉♠ ❞✐✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t♦✳ P❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ♣❛ss❛t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐✉ ✉♠ ✈❛❧✐♦s♦ ❧❡❣❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣♦r✈✐r✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦✳ ❙❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❥✉r✐st❛ ❡ ♠❛❣✐str❛❞♦ ❡❧❡ é r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛♥♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛t❡✲ ♠át✐❝♦ é ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♠❡str❡s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s t❡♠♣♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆❧✐ás✱ é ♥♦tór✐♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❛♣❡❣♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❡①t❡♥s❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❢❛♠♦s♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ✈✐✈❡r❛♠ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛s s✉❛s ✐♥♦✈❛çõ❡s q✉❡ só ❢♦r❛♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♣♦st✉♠❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s s✉❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ à ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❥✉✲ rí❞✐❝♦✱ ❋❡r♠❛t t❛♠❜é♠ é r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❡①í♠✐♦ ♣♦❡t❛✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛
♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❛t✉♦✉ ♥❛ ❝♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❚♦✉❧♦✉s❡✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❧✐✈r❡✱ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t♦✉✲s❡ ❜❡♠ ❞❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ ❢♦❧❣❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦s ♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛❞♦s r❛♠♦s✳ ❖ s❡✉ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♥♦s s❡✉s ❡s❝r✐t♦s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡ ✶✻✷✾✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s s❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ❆♣♦❧ô♥✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ❧✉❣❛r❡s ♣❧❛♥♦s s❡ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛✳ ❆ s✉❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ à ❣❡♦✲ ♠❡tr✐❛ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❛❣♥í✜❝❛✱ ❛♦ r❡❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ❆♣♦❧ô♥✐♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✈❛❧✐♦s♦s ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ♣ró♣r✐❛s✳
❈♦♠♦ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❞✐t♦✱ ❋❡r♠❛t ♥ã♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡♠ ✈✐❞❛✳ ◆♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❛❜❡ ❛♦ s❡✉ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✲s❡ ❞♦s s❡✉s ❡s❝r✐t♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣ós✲♠♦rt❡✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛st❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥tíss✐♠❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥✲ ❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■■✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s s❡✉s ❝♦♥t❛t♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❚♦rr✐✲ ❝❡❧❧✐✱ ❘♦❜❡r✈❛❧✱ ❍✉②❣❡♥s ❡✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❇❧❛✐s❡ P❛s❝❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡✉ ♦s ❛❧✐❝❡r❝❡s ❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛✳ ❆s ❝❛rt❛s ❡s❝r✐t❛s ♣♦r ❋❡r♠❛t ♣❛r❛ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ✐❞❡✐❛s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❢♦r❛♠ tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦r ❛❝❛s♦ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡❧❛s ♥♦s ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐✲ ♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✏P❡q✉❡♥♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❋❡r♠❛t✑ ✲ ♦ q✉❛❧ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✐❝❡r❝❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ t❡♦r✐❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛ ❋❡r♠❛t ❛tr✐❜✉✐✲s❡ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳ ■♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s❡✉s ❡s❝r✐t♦s ♣óst✉♠♦s ♥♦t❛❜✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ ✏■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♦s ▲✉❣❛r❡s P❧❛♥♦s ❡ ❙ó❧✐❞♦s✑✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❡t✐❝✉❧♦s❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳
❋✐❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ r✐❝❛✱ s❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❡r❛ ✉♠ ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦✉r♦s✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❢♦✐ ♥♦♠❡❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛r❣♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝ô♥s✉❧ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇❡❛✉♠♦♥t✲❞❡✲ ▲♦♠❛❣♥❡✳ ❚❡✈❡ ❜♦❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♦ ❢❡③✳ P♦r ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♠ã❡ ✭♦r✐✉♥❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❡ ❥✉r✐st❛s✮ ❢♦r♠♦✉✲s❡ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡✐t♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st✉❞♦✉ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣♦r s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ s❡♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ♦✉ ✐♥♦✈❛çõ❡s✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♦ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ sér✐♦s ❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡s✳
❆❣♦r❛✱ q✉❛❧ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❡ r❡♥♦♠❛❞♦ ❛♠❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ à ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s❄ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❋❡r♠❛t ❢♦✐ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳ ❚✉❞♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ♣♦r ✈♦❧t❛ ❞❡ ✶✻✺✹✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡s❝r✐t♦r ❢r❛♥❝ês ❈❤❡✈❛❧✐❡r ❉❡ ▼éré ✭✶✻✵✼ ✲ ✶✻✽✹✮✱ ✐♥tr✐❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❛r✱ ❞✐r✐❣✐✉✲s❡ ❛ ❇❧❛✐s❡ P❛s❝❛❧ ✭✶✻✷✸ ✲ ✶✻✻✷✮ ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s✳ ❊st❡✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss♦✉✲ s❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✳ ▼❛s✱ s❡♠ ♦❜t❡r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦s✱ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡r✲s❡ ❝♦♠ P✐❡rr❡ ❞❡ ❋❡r♠❛t✳ ❆té ❡♥tã♦ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡r❛ ✉♠ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❋❡r♠❛t✱ q✉❡ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ❡st✉❞❛r t❛✐s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✿
◆✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❞❛✱ ❞♦✐s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❛♣♦st❛♠ ✸✷ ♠♦❡❞❛s ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s✳ ❖ t♦t❛❧ s❡rá ❣❛♥❤♦ ♣♦r ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♦❜t✐✈❡r três ✈❡③❡s✱ s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛♣♦st♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ✻ ❢❛❝❡s ❞♦ ❞❛❞♦✳ ❖ ❥♦❣♦ ❢♦✐ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❥á t✐♥❤❛ ❞✉❛s s❛í❞❛s ❞♦ s❡✉ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛✳
❈♦♠♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❛s ✻✹ ♠♦❡❞❛s q✉❡ ❡st❛✈❛♠ ❡♠ ❥♦❣♦❄ ❉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿ s❡ ❡♠ ♦✐t♦ ❧❛♥❝❡s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦✱ ✉♠ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❞❡✈❡ t❡♥t❛r ♦❜t❡r ♦ ✉♠✱ ♠❛s ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ três t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ✐♥❢r✉tí❢❡r❛s ♦ ❥♦❣♦ é ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r s❡r ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛❞♦❄
◆✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❛rt❛s tr♦❝❛❞❛s✱ ❋❡r♠❛t r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❞ú✈✐❞❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é 0,516✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ é 0,491✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛
♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ➚ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r❛♠✱ ♥❛s✲ ❝❡r❛♠ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛✳
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ✐♠♣♦st♦✱ ❋❡r♠❛t ❝r✐❛ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❛s ❧❡✐s ❞♦ ❛❝❛s♦✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♠❜♦s✱ ❋❡r♠❛t ❡ P❛s❝❛❧✱ ❞❡✲ t❡r♠✐♥❛r❛♠ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ■♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ P❛s❝❛❧ ❝❤❡❣❛ ❛té s❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝❡r ❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❝r❡♥ç❛ ❡♠ ❉❡✉s✦ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❛rt❛ ❞❛t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✷✹ ❞❡ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✶✻✺✹✱ ❡♥❞❡✲ r❡ç❛❞❛ ❛ P❛s❝❛❧✱ ❋❡r♠❛t ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✿ ❞♦✐s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡sA ❡B✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ A ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞❡ ✷ ♣♦♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣❛♥❤❛r ❡ B ✸ ♣♦♥t♦s✱ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ s❡rá ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❝✐❞✐❞♦
❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❥♦❣❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ s❛❜❡r q✉❡♠ t❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤❛r✱ ♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❡s❝r❡✈❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❧❡tr❛sA✱ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❥♦❣❛❞❛
❡♠ ❢❛✈♦r ❞♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦rA ❡ B✱ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❡♠ ❢❛✈♦r ❞♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦rB✿
✵✶ AAAA
✵✷ AAAB
✵✸ AABA
✵✹ AABB
✵✺ ABAA
✵✻ ABAB
✵✼ ABBA
✵✽ ABBB
✵✾ BAAA
✶✵ BAAB
✶✶ BABA
✶✷ BABB
✶✸ BBAA
✶✹ BBAB
✶✺ BBBA
✶✻ BBBB
❆ss✐♠✱ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ 16✱ tê♠✲s❡ 11 ❝❛s♦s ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ A ❝♦♥tr❛ 5
❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ B✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ 2 ♦✉ ♠❛✐s A é ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ A ❡
❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ 3 ♦✉ ♠❛✐s B ♣❛r❛ B✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r P❛s❝❛❧ é ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✿
s✉♣♦♥❤❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❛♣♦st❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❛✱32P✐st♦❧❛s ✭♠♦❡❞❛
❞❛ é♣♦❝❛✮✱ ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ t✐r❛r ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ três ✈❡③❡s✱ s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ q✉❡ ❛♣♦st❛ ♥♦ ❞❛❞♦✱ ❞❡ 1 ❛ 6✱ ❣❛♥❤❛rá✱ ♥✉♠ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ♣❛rt✐❞❛s✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛♠♦s✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱
q✉❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r t❡♥❤❛ ❣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt✐❞❛s ❡ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r✱ s❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❢♦r ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞❛ ❛❣♦r❛✱ ❛s 64 P✐st♦❧❛s❄ P❛s❝❛❧ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡✱ s❡
♦ ❥♦❣♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡♠♣❛t❛❞♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ✜❝❛ ❝♦♠ 32 P✐st♦❧❛s✳ ▲♦❣♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦
❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❥á ❛s t❡♠✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❣❛♥❤❛r✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❛s ♦✉tr❛s
32♣✐st♦❧❛s✱ ✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❝♦♠ 48❡ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ 16✳
❯♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❡①í♠✐♦ ❋❡r♠❛t t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❛③❛r✳ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r P❛s❝❛❧✱ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ q✉❡stã♦✿ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ q✉❡r t✐r❛r6♥♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠8❥♦❣❛❞❛s✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧❛ t❡♥❤❛ ❢❡✐t♦3t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ❡ ❢❛❧❤❛❞♦✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ❡❧❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❛♣♦st❛r ❡♠ s❡✉ s✉❝❡ss♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ t✐r❛r ✉♠6♥❛ q✉❛rt❛
❥♦❣❛❞❛❄ ❋❡r♠❛t r❛❝✐♦❝✐♥♦✉ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ s❡ t✐r❛r ✉♠ 6♥♦ ❞❛❞♦
é ❞❡1/6✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❡❧❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❛♣♦st❛r1/6❞♦ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ s✉❝❡ss♦✱ ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛
t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛✱ ❡❧❛ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ ❛♣♦st❛r 1/6 ❞♦ q✉❡ s♦❜r♦✉ ❞♦ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦✱ ✐st♦ é✱ 5/36✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠
♣♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡✱ t❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣♦st❛r ♥❛ q✉❛rt❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛125/1296 ❞❡ s❡✉ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦✳
■♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐st♦ t✉❞♦ ✐❧✉str❛ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡s❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❋❡r♠❛t tr❛t❛✈❛ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆✜♥❛❧ ❡❧❡ r❡s♦❧✈✐❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦st✉❧❛❞♦s ♣♦r P❛s❝❛❧✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ q✉❡ ❋❡r♠❛t ❡r❛ ❛♠❛❞♦r ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❡❧❡ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✐♠❛❣✐♥á✈❡❧ ❛té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✳
◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛✲s❡ ❛ ❞♦✉tr✐♥❛ ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s às ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❢r❡✲ q✉❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ P✐❡rr❡ ❞❡ ❋❡r♠❛t ✭❇❡❛✉♠♦♥t✲❞❡✲▲♦♠❛❣♥❡✱ ✶✻✵✺ ✲ ✶✻✻✺✮ ❡ ❇❧❛✐s❡ P❛s❝❛❧ ✭❈❧❡r♠♦♥t✲❋❡rr❛♥❞✱ ✶✻✷✸ ✲ P❛r✐s✱ ✶✻✻✷✮✳ ◆♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛s ❞❡s❝♦✲ ❜❡rt❛s q✉❡ ❡st❛s ❞✉❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♠❡♥t❡s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ❢ért✐❧ ❞❡❜❛t❡ tr❛✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡♣✐st♦❧❛r ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦s ❛♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ■♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s✳✳✳
✳✳✳❛tr✐❜✉❡♠ ❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s às ❝♦rr❡s✲ ♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s tr♦❝❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ P❛s❝❛❧ ❡ ❋❡r♠❛t✳ ❊ss❛ ❞✐✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s s❡r❡♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣ós✲ t✉♠❛s ✭❘❖❚❯◆◆❖✱ ♣✳✶✽✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥❤ã♦ ❞❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ q✉❡ P❛s❝❛❧✳✳✳ P❛s❝❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❡ss♦✉✲s❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❞♦s à ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞♦ ♣rê♠✐♦ ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ s❡r ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡✉ ✜♥❛❧✳ P❡r❝❡❜❡✉ q✉❡ ❡st❛✈❛ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥❞♦✱ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧✐❛♠ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r t❡♠ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤❛r✱ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳ P❛s❝❛❧ ❞❡❝✐❞✐✉ ❡①♣♦r ❛s s✉❛s r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❛ ❋❡r♠❛t✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✳ ❖ ❞❡s❢❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ é ✉♠ ❛♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ❞❡ s❡t❡ ❝❛rt❛s✱ ❝♦♠ r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞❛s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛♠❜♦s r❡❧❛t❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛✳ ◆✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦✱ P❛s❝❛❧ r❡s♦❧✈❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦rçõ❡s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❋❡r♠❛t ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ✭❘❖❚❯◆◆❖✱ ♣✳✶✽✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
▼❡s♠♦ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s tã♦ s✉❣❡st✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ tã♦ ❢ért✐❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡✳✳✳
✳✳✳♥❡♠ P❛s❝❛❧ ♥❡♠ ❋❡r♠❛t ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛r❛♠ s✉❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡q✉❡r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛ q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r❛♠✳ ❖ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈♦ ❛♦ ♥❛s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s só ❢♦✐ ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✻✺✼✱ ♣♦r ❍✉②❣❡♥s✳ ❊st✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛ ✉♠ ♣❡✲ q✉❡♥♦ ❢♦❧❤❡t♦✱ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ tr❛t❛❞♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ à ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ✏❉❡ r❛tt✐♦❝✐♥✐✐s ✐♥ ❧✉❞♦ ❛❧❡❛❡✑ ✭❙♦❜r❡ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ♥♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❛r✮✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ r❡❧❛t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛s ❝❛rt❛s ❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛ ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠ér✐t♦ ❞❛s r❡✢❡①õ❡s ♥❡❧❛s ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ✭❘❖❚❯◆◆❖✱ ♣✳✶✽✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❚ã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s ❢♦✐ ❈❤r✐st✐❛❛♥ ❍✉②❣❡♥s✳ ❊❧❡ é ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❞❡✉ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ à ♣r♦✲ ❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆❧✐ás✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧❡✱ ♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡r❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛r ❡st❡ t❡♠❛ ❛♦s ❥♦❣♦s✳ ❊♠ ✶✻✺✼✱
❡❧❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡✉ ✉♠ ❧✐✈r♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s✉❛s ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ❡❧❡ é ♠❛✐s r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r s✉❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ ❛str♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦✱ ❞❛ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s s❡ t♦r♥❛r✐❛♠ s✉❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
■♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❛str♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❈❤r✐st✐❛❛♥ ❍✉②❣❡♥s ✭❍❛✐❛✱ ✶✻✷✾ ✲ ✶✻✾✺✮ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛r❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦r♣♦s✳ ❆❧✐ás✱ ✐ss♦ ❡st✐♠✉❧♦✉ ❍✉②❣❡♥s ❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s s❡r✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❊♠ ✶✻✺✻✱ ❡❧❡ ♣❛t❡♥t❡♦✉ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ r❡❧ó❣✐♦ ❞❡ ♣ê♥❞✉❧♦✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡①❛t✐❞ã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛r❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✱ t♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉✲ çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s t❡st❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❉❡♣♦✐s ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ ✶✼✶✸✱ ❢♦✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣♦st✉♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ à ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s✳ ❉❡ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❏❛❦♦❜ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ✭✶✻✺✹✲✶✼✵✺✮✱ ❡st❛ ♦❜r❛ tr❛③ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛ à r❡❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❍✉②❣❡♥s s♦❜r❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❛r✱ ❡ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❡r♠✉t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s✱ ❝❤❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❞✐s✲ tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❜✐♥♦♠✐❛✐s ✭❘❖❚❯◆◆❖✱ ♣✳✶✽✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❏❛❦♦❜ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ✭❇❛s✐❧❡✐❛✱ ✶✻✺✹ ✲ ✶✼✵✺✮ tr❛t♦✉ ♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦❜r❛ ♣óst✉♠❛ ✏❆rt❡ ❞❛ ❈♦♥❥❡❝t✉r❛✑✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣♦s✲ t✉♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✶✽✶✸✳ ❊♠ ✶✼✼✽✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ✭●r♦♥✐♥❣❡♥✱ ✶✼✵✵ ✲ ❇❛s✐❧❡✐❛✱ ✶✼✽✷✮ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐✉ ❛♦ ❞❡❜❛t❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡rr♦s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✳ ❆❧✐ás✱ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦✉ ❜♦❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ❛té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ r❡✜♥❛♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♦ ❞❡❜❛t❡✳ ❉❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ❝♦♥❥❡❝t✉r❛✲s❡ q✉❡✿
❆ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ tr❛③✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ s✉s❝❡tí✈❡❧ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■■✱ ♥♦✈❛s ❢♦r✲ ♠✉❧❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❢♦✲ r❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ❖s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❛③❛r ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r❛♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈❡r✱ ❡♠ ❝❡rt♦ ❣r❛✉✱ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢✉t✉✲ r♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛✲s❡✱ ♥❡ss❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣❛s✲ s❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐ss❡♠ ♣r❡✈❡r ♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r ♥❡❧❡✳ ◆♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■■■ ❤❛✈✐❛✲s❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ é ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■❳ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✉♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr♦✲ ❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❯♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢♦✐ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❉❡ ▼♦✐✈r❡✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✼✸✵✳ ❙✉❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡✲ r❡ss❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡ ❣❡♥❡✲ r❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ➱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❉❡ ▼♦✐✈r❡✱ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ r❡❧❛✲ t✐✈❛ ❡r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❞✐✈✐♥❛ ✲ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛✈❛ ❡ ❡st✉❞❛✈❛ ✭❘❖❚❯◆◆❖✱ ♣✳✶✾✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
P✐❡rr❡ ❙✐♠♦♥ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ✭❇❡❛✉♠♦♥t✲❡♥✲❆✉❣❡✱ ✶✼✹✾ ✲ P❛r✐s✱ ✶✽✷✼✮✱ ❡♠ ✶✼✼✹✱ ❡❧❡ ❢❡③ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❞✉③✐r ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦s
