COMUNICAÇÃO SAÚDE EDUCAÇÃO 2016; 20(56):65-76 DOI: 10.1590/1807-57622015.0257
Group chronicle: a tool for collaborative analysis and improvement of reflection on
action research
Taís Quevedo Marcolino(a) Aline Maria de Medeiros Rodrigues Reali(b)
(a) Departamento de Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235. São Carlos, SP, Brasil. taisquevedo@ufscar.br
(b) Departamento de Teorias e Práticas Pedagógicas, UFSCar. São Carlos, São SP, Brasil, darr@ufscar.br
The functions that "group chronicle" (narrative of verbal and nonverbal events by a group of people discussing a common topic) might take on within action research projects relating to continuing healthcare education were analyzed. Professional practice was taken to encompass complex and tacit aspects within the social context, as proposed by the practice community. The starting point comprised action research results that used group chronicles as a non-dialectical tool. Thematic analysis was used on 31 excerpts of transcriptions of face-to-face meetings among the participants that contained the word "chronicle". Five functions were identified: facilitation of communication; engagement and identity construction; group memory and continuity of learning; raising of awareness of implicit aspects; and collaborative analysis. This tool addresses
educational-investigative projects that seek to promote reflection in order to improve healthcare practices and construct knowledge from this perspective.
Keywords: Continuing education. Qualitative research. Health knowledge, attitudes and practices. Healthcare manpower. Narrative.
The challenge of Permanent Education in Health: action-research contributions and
Community of Practice propositions
Changes in health care in Brazil are objects of politics aiming at humanization and
COMUNICAÇÃO SAÚDE EDUCAÇÃO 2016; 20(56):65-76
Permanent Education in Brazilian Health/PEH. The challenge is the transformation of learning
practices in continuous service/education ordered and imposed, verticalized, for professionals of
only one category, and centered in processes of technical-instrumental learning for participative
proposals, dialogical and that face the reality of people's work, in organization of work processes,
care and administration in health1-5.
For the effectiveness of these changes it is hoped that PEH crystallizes in collective and
critical-reflexive in the work4-8 processes, understanding the learning as dynamics, procedural,
resulting of the active engagement in the world, in a process of construction of meaning 9. Besides,
PEH demands to value the experiences so much lived by the professionals and the senses that were
built on that - given the tacit character on which the experience is constructed8, 9 - as the reflection
about the experience, that impels the professional to be conscious of what is tacit, to evaluate
actions and redefine meanings, being able, like this, to produce new knowledge10, 11.
PEH aims to face the crystallization of implicit patterns of organization, work and
attendance, because "frequently, problems seemingly of technical nature can express latent
conflicts in the manners of thinking and acting of the profissionais"4, p.897. Therefore to promote
the transformation by the education, the problem in subject needs to emerge, the people need to
recognize themselves in the singularity of the situation and be recognized in their needs and
creative-transforming potential4.
These presuppositions are also extolled by the action-research that, in the interface among
the fields of education and health, has been used for knowledge production and technology of
care, as well as of formation and profissional development12-17. This modality of qualitative
investigation is based on the collaborative production of know-how about a theme of practical
order, including all involved (researchers/authors and participants/actors) in reciprocal manners of
relationship and accepting the practice, aiming at improvement, when building intentional actions
seeking transformations18-21.
Some action-research projects in the field of health are referred to in the Community of
Practice and Identity (CoP)9 for presenting a theoretical-methodological structure that favors the
combination of these characteristics22-28. CoP implicates in the active participation of their
members, building and molding the knowledge in the dialogue with themselves and with the
others, encouraging the participants to reflect, investigate, analyze and collectively evaluate their
own actions, values and knowledge. The conductive axis is the negotiation of meanings, when
sharing and producing repertoires, knowledge, ways of making, instruments, histories.
CoP offers a structure that foments the continuity of the learning in the interaction
between the individuals' participation and the reification (what is produced by the participation) to
organize actions and interactions to produce new senses and new participation forms, always with
the focus on practice. The reification of the learning processes occurs in different materials
COMUNICAÇÃO SAÚDE EDUCAÇÃO 2016; 20(56):65-76
external markers favoring the perception and the conscience of what was produced, besides they
serve as support points for new reflections, around which the negotiation can be organized9.
In this way, Toledo, Giatti and Jacobi20, identified that action-researchs metodologically
structured to offer reflexive tools, nominated dialectics, and non-dialectics, that provide analyses
and results for the participants, provide greater implication of all involved in the research,
reciprocity in the relationships among researchers and actors19, 29 and participation in the project:
When discussing with the participants the results of these instruments, answers are supplied to
the inquiries, favoring, inclusive, the credibility of the methodology (reducing the resistance and
contributing to the understanding of the involved about the relevance of the problem in focus"20, p.
639
The use of the group chronicle as non-dialectic element in action-research
In our study30 we also found results similar to Jacobi, Giatti and Toledo20. Our
action-research was interested to understand the occupational therapists' professional development in
early career and to contribute to the increase of the reflexivity regarding practice and improvement
of the clinical reasoning. The 6 participating professionals in second year of Residence in
Occupational Therapy in Mental Health and the action-research was offered as an extension
activity. In this action-research, the dialectic elements were the fortnightly participation in loco in a
group reflection with an hour and a half of duration, along 10 months; and the writing of
reflexive diaries by each one of the participants, with the researcher's feedback, in communication
by e-mail31. The non-dialectic elements that were part of the methodological design were the
group chronicle; the devolutive of preliminary analysis of first six encounters and the devolution of
the final data analysis.
The group chronicle is characterized by a narrative of events (verbal and non-verbal) of an
encounter, of a group of people aiming at the discussion of a common theme, containing the
interpretation of what was discussed by the group and excerpts as examples of these
interpretations. This tool interferes theoretically and methodologically in the theory of operative
groups of Pichón-Rivière32, 33, that values the communication as key-element for learning. In the
operative group, besides the group coordinator's presence, who is responsible for facilitating the
communication, there is also the observer who, does not participate in the discussions, but is
present making notes about the verbal and non-verbal communication. The observer and the
coordinator are responsible for elaborating the group chronicle based on the descriptive report
made by the observer, considering what happened before the meeting and in the meeting itself,
the main theme and the most relevant contents discussed in the group, themes not understood and
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In the context of the research, Lucchese and Barros34 suggest that the group chronicle can
be used as a field diary, and even as a stage of the analysis of data, due to the coordinator's and the observer’s joint collaboration.
In our action-research there was no participation of an observer. Like this, the encounters
were recorded in audio and transcribed, and starting from that transcription the chronicle was
elaborated. We read each passage of the transcription, to identify the subject on the agenda, so
much in temporary terms (a thing after the other) as causal (a thing because of the other), as it can
be seen in the Table 1. This strategy was thought of, initially, so that if a participant was absent,
would still know what had been discussed, as to serve as base for other discussions, as reified
material9. Elaborated, the chronicle was sent by electronic mail to all the members, who had the
commitment to read it before the next encounter of the group.
Table 01 – Excerpt of the chronicle of the fourteenth meeting of CoP²8
.
"[...] The group validated the researcher and collaborator´s statement, and placed the subject under the point
of view of PROFESSIONAL GROWTH, as to how much the maturity can lead to a greater peacefulness in
what refers to PROFESSIONAL SPECIFICITY, starting from experiences lived and reflected.
"'[...] what is this, not far from our thought what are we talking about today, makes total sense what you
are saying, what everybody is saying, then it makes sense because there is something within myself that
says this so, but why is it that when I am in practice this catches me in a way that seems like a virus, you
breathe in once, you are already contaminated – but it is not occupational therapy , why she wants to give
clay to her? She is a psychologist,she will give clay to her - [...] I think that maybe with experience [...] we
feel more tranquil in relation to our practice, [...] I don't know if we are in one moment of discovering, and
we are in several different places and the people demand different things starting from the understanding
they have regarding what we can do, and there we are very lost, [...] I think it is a professional immaturity
like this, at least this is how I feel, because makes total sense, [...] '"
'"[...] I think that this difference that you are bringing that makes sense, [...] among some thing that exists,
is experienced, reflected, experienced again, reflected again and experienced and reflected once again, is
the construction of experience and of the professional maturity that allows it to come forward with more
peacefulness, what you are saying that maybe for the time being I need a reminder every so often nd that
after a while this will come naturally, with the experience you are going to have, no, I believe.' "
"[...] Like this, I believe more and more that people who are more inconvenienced by its practice are the
ones who grow.'
[...]”
Considering the continuous process (18 encounters in group), in which the feed-back
offered by the group chronicle of the previous encounter was a constant element, we observed a
useful relationship established among the non-dialectic reified element (group chronicle) and the
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Works that discuss the use of the narrative in the process of action-research of qualitative
evaluation, detach the capacity of the narrative to give voice to the multiplicity of subject an ample
way, linked, coherent, in approaching the best possible way the reality experience , as well as,
what was produced by the participantes13, 15, 35, 36. Besides, they indicate little exploration of
capacity of narrative as communication device, in the context of the action-research, as possibility
of the subjects to return to previous narrations in a circle of construction11 of meanings, just what
observed in our action-research, this characteristic of the group chronicle as communicative
potency.
This and other characteristics observed, as capacity of the tool to promote the
participation in the research and to support the recognition of the real problems to be worked in
CoP27, they led us to systematize this experience and to understand which aspects surrounded the
use of the group chronicle as formative and investigative tool in the action-research process.
Methodology
To understand which aspects surrounded the use of the group chronicle developed of
action-research, we located the "chronicle" word in all of the transcriptions of conversations in CoP
encounters with the tool of localization of words in software text editor. The word was found 32
times. When analyzing the context in which they were inserted, as well as their meaning, only one
contained sense different from " group chronicle " (chronicle as literary style). Those excerpts (the
word in the context of the conversation) were submitted to thematic analysis 37, looking to reveal
their nucleus of sense, the constancy and the importance of repetition to reveal to what purpose
the tool was rendering.
Results
Five nucleus of sense in the conversation of the CoP participants' were identified during the
encounters. They contained the word "chronicle". The analysis of the themes pointed out five
functions that this tool performed during the development of CoP, favoring group participation
,collaborative learning and validation of the researcher's interpretations that occured in previous
encounters: 1. to facilitate communication; 2. to support commitment and construction of group
identity; 3. to guarantee memory of the group and continuity of the learning; 4. To allow
awareness of implicit aspects; 5. To allow collaborative analysis by evaluation of interpretation.
1. To facilitate the communication
Sometimes when the word "chronicle" appeared in the conversations of CoP, it had the
COMUNICAÇÃO SAÚDE EDUCAÇÃO 2016; 20(56):65-76
discussion, to offer guidelines, to reduce the anxiety of facing the unknown - mainly in the first
encounters of the group, as previous production was presented. This function was used quite a lot
by the coordinator/researcher, aiming to facilitate the communication and to propitiate
conversation so that people would become involved and participate.
"[...] reading the chronicle, reading again our history in the last group, […] one of the things that most appeared […] it was that interaction and me [...] How much this [...] it is suffered by both
sides, [...] " (researcher, fourth encounter)
"[...] I made a copy for each one, […]I would like to know if you agree this proposal of recovering a
little... [...] " (researcher, fifth encounter)
"[...] I am remembering the chronicle, when somebody speaks like this: [...] " (Mariana, second
encounter)
I "think only to retake […] the chronicle of the last encounter, […] we began to choose themes that the group […] is interested to discuss [...] " (researcher, sixth encounter)
I "think I would feel a little bit lost... and when I read it I felt myself calming down [...] " (Mariana,
second encounter)
2. To support commitment and construction of the group identity
In these excerpts, the word "chronicle" was inserted in the CoP participants conversation
when they identified with what had been said, and, a lot of times, being aware of themselves in
the excerpts of the speeches. This movement seemed to go towards the proposition of
construction of identity and engagement in participating in the enterprise 8, or even, in the
propositions of the action-research16, favoring the implication in the collaborative work, as in the
following passages:
"I found interesting to see our speech […] writing: Wow, did I say that! You read and later you
think: Yes, I said that [...] " (Marisa, third encounter)
" […] they were things that I also felt, but some of them I didn't put in the diary, therefore it was
very familiar for me what was discussed." (Mariana, third encounter)
"I was thinking: Wow, incredible! I said: Heavens, wanted to be there and a pleasant sensation
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see that everybody experiences these anguishes, for these doubts. It was also touching, the
speeches, how they were presented, what the people brought." (Fernanda, fifteenth encounter)
3. To guarantee the memory of the group and the continuity of the learning
The passages of this category demonstrate that chronicle of the group was used as
reification of the group production, allowing access to the information for who was absent, and
recovery of themes already discussed. That function propitiated that the learning process would not
suffer paralyzation, interruption, disagreement or misunderstanding.
"I was not here, I think it was very good, I liked a lot to have had this access, [...] " (Mariana, third
encounter)
“To have this resource, […], the memory of the group." (Marisa, third encounter)
" […] be able to read the seventh chronicle, that several themes already had appeared, in another
manner, this responsibility already had appeared before, in another context, but sometimes the
themes return. They returned again now." (researcher, eighth encounter)
"Then I think it was also comfortable, it is a care, they are speeches, but of this group, as how we
were building, and here is a thing constructed, not only what each one was speaking in the other
week, in the other encounter." (Cecília, third encounter)
4. To allow awareness of implicit aspects
Given the tacit character on which the experience is built and its importance for the daily
professional practice, the constituent excerpts of that theme reveal this implicit character, and to
review what was talked in the group permitted to choose new ways, to be more conscious of
conflicts, to evaluate actions and redefine significance. The moments of greater impact in CoP, in
the sense to redirect the collaborative work and to elaborate tensions, they were characterized by
the awareness of aspects until then unknown27.
“Wow, I had no idea! […] I had no idea that had spoken about other things, [...] " (Fernanda, fifth
encounter)
"I was under the impression that I was way out of the proposal from the group in the other week
and there reading, I was: its has a lot to do with the fact of being a therapist, in the initial sense of
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"Always when I read: how many thing! Seems that we don't have the dimension of everything that
we said, of everything that was said. I have this sensation, and it is good to look back on what we
experienced, to look and to see everything that [...] happened." (Marisa, eighth encounter)
5. To permit colaborative analysis through the evaluation of the interpretation
Although great part of validation of the researcher's interpretations is visible in the excerpts
relative to other functions, some excerpts, in smaller amount within the ambience of all the
encounters, were directly related to the participants' appreciation regarding the form and the
contents of the chronicle, as well as of the researcher in inviting the participants to this
appreciation.
Hi there [...]? I have asked you to take a look at the chronicle, and what did you think [...]? "
(researcher, eighth group)
"[...] very nice idea of you to share with us also what you were thinking, […] ' (Mariana, third
encounter)
"And I also found it was interesting to know how you will prepare this report. I found interesting to
also have access to what you do [...] " (Tatiane, third encounter)
Well... it is very good like this." (Tatiane, eighth group)
Discussion
The first and second categories highligth the function of the chronicle to facilitate the
communication of the group, as well as the participation and the construction of the identity in
CoP. The active participation, implicated, can be considered the motivating element of
action-research17, indispensable to guarantee the quality and effectiveness of the project, as all the
involved subjects build a sense of belonging 21.
Relationships9 are shown between participation and identity, as construction of an identity
goes by the negotiation of senses of the experience of being member in social communities. Like
this, the practice under the aspect of the identity can be understood as a field of negotiation in the
ways of being "a person" in this context, in a process of mutual constitution between individual and
community, considering the resulting tensions of the inherent conflict between individual and
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The chronicle of the group seemed to favor "becoming member" of a CoP, that when
stating the recognition of that belonging, for the speeches submerged in the text, define the
participation of each one within the whole construction. Like this, the participants were called on to
deal with the identity that the group was producing and to negotiate their identity before this new
community.
The construction of the identity is procedural and temporal9. Like this, what is aimed at in a
action-research is that the participants negotiate meanings and reach clarity of what they value as
important or not, for certain theme and certain practice, what contributes to this community's
identity and what can be left aside.
This way, the functions of the chronicle facilitating communication, to favor engagement
and construction of identity in a individual-community process seems to favor the identification of
the problem to be faced/ discussed/negotiated and to increase the participants' perception about
her implication in action-research to establish processes of identity negotiation between what they
want and the one that the community longs for. These characteristics propitiate group work on
tensions generated regarding knowledge construction, considering that research modality is totally
dependent on the participation of the subjects18, 29.
The action-research demands a process of actors' transformation in to authors19, 30. In a
perspective of the “thinking” professional, it is about transforming professionals into investigators
of their own practice, in the context in which it occurs10. For effectiveness of changes in care
practices, the reflection process - considered a thought linked to the action and that it demands a
different action from the routine, enlarging the understanding of the relationships with other
experiences and ideas and creating conditions for the continuity of the learning38, 39.
The reflection process has the potential of bringing to the surface the implicit aspects of
the practice10. Like this, the group chronicle, placed as reified object of participation of the subjects
in CoP, acted as an external mark favoring the conscience of what the group produced and of tacit
aspects not noticed previously, which favored new reflections, around which the negotiation can
be organized9.
We would like to highlight that the chronicle was the tool used to sediment the
participants' speech, the speech itself a form of reification, however so ephemeral that it seems
participation. When reified in narrative form, the speech becomes independent of the person9 and
the narrative starts to mediate speech and action13. Like this, the group chronicle doesn't just deal
with the past, but it can be used to change the focus, to allow new ways of understanding and
establishing new relationships. In this context, what is new can be transformed in knowledge,
which is the ideal context for learning and creation of knowledge9.
In our study, the group chronicle was used not only as non-dialectic element, in the
perspective of giving back the interpretations/results of the research team to the participants in a
single moment, but, inserted in an enlarged process (ten months, in fortnightly encounters)
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continuity of the narrative/chronicle also demonstrated its capacity to foment the communication
in a fluent and porous13 way, supplying as much the learning process as the research.
Like this, when validating the researcher's interpretations regarding the speech of the
previous encounter, the participants also propitiated that the analysis of research data would be
continuous and preliminarily made and validated (fifth category). The group chronicle favored the
systematization process and objectivation of data, while elucidated theme focus in discussion,
guaranteeing what was named constructed visibility14.
When opening spaces for elements until then unknown, the chronicles tensioned speech
and action, generating useful elements for the action-research, and giving visibility to what is
subjective and particular, difficult to access in eventual research methodologies, and that do not
depend so much on active participation of subjects/actors.
Final considerations
In this article, we aimed to elucidate aspects relative to the use of "group chronicle", tool
so much for promotion of reflection, as for collaborative analysis in a action-research process. This
way, it was possible to reveal that such tool can contribute to favor the communication in group
processes, to foment the participation of subjects/actors in action-research and to favor identity
negotiation/construction in the project.
The interaction between participation of subjects and result of this participation, as group
chronicle, favored the enlargement of knowledge on the theme/problem in discussion14,
contributing to the knowledge production and care in health that, most of the time, includes
problems of complex nature, of transdisciplinary challenges towards successful interventions12, 17, 20.
The group chronicle also propitiated a process of collaborative production of knowledge,
when offered as device of recovery of previous production (memory) and that, mainly, it served as
independent device of the subject9, so that new reflections would be elaborated, in a continuous
process.
The references used for construction of our research 28, as the Community of Practice and
Identity9, Practical Rationality 10,11 Epistemology and the referential of the action-research18, 29, were
same ones for the analysis of results of this study and it was possible to establish positive
relationships between different complementary themes: fomentation of changes in practice, in our
case, in healthcare; professional and collaborative learning; the nature of practice and reflection on
it as mechanism of knowledge construction; the participation of subjects/actors for knowledge
construction regarding the practice and aiming at its improvement; and action-research.
From the point of view of PEH ( Permanent Education in Health), these references, as well
as " group chronicle" tool, seem to adjusts to the objectives of an education for Unique System of
Health starting from the tensioning of the work processes, organization and management1-8.
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of any formative process, the group chronicle can be used as an extra strategy, that favors
construction of a practice community's identity that searches for changes in the Health.
However, if the process of PEH does not insert in a formal action-research, considering the
long time required for the accomplishment of transcriptions and elaboration of the chronicle, other
strategies can be thought of, as the group observer's presence, or even of participant members
that, in certain encounters, assume the task of registration and construction of the
narrative/chronicle.
As researchers, we would like to emphasize that the exercise of elaboration of the group
chronicle permitted with that we were, constantly, immersed in the research, identifying subjects,
questioning, contemplating on which possible actions would adjust better for certain situation. It
was a feedback process between intervention and research, fomentation of reflexivity in the
research team, and enlargement of range of subjects relative to the project, registered in the field
diary.
In relation to the limits of this article, we recognize that our analysis was based on a single
experience and, like this, our objective was limited to elucidating some aspects relative to the use
of this tool.
Therefore, we highlighed the functionality of the group chronicle as a tool that envisages
educational and investigative projects that aim for promotion of reflection on improvement of care
practices in health, and action-research projects interested in understanding aspects of the practice
from the point of view of how professionals understand it and to build knowledge in this context.
Collaborators
The authors worked together in all the stages of the production of the manuscript.
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