Redescription of the adult male and description of the puparium of Hirmoneuropsis luctuosa (Philippi) (Diptera, Nemestrinidae) from central Chile

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REVISTA

BRASILEIRA

DE

Entomologia

AJournalonInsectDiversityandEvolution

Systematics,

Morphology

and

Biogeography

Redescription

of

the

adult

male

and

description

of

the

puparium

of

Hirmoneuropsis

luctuosa

(Philippi)

(Diptera,

Nemestrinidae)

from

central

Chile

Christian

R.

González

,

Camila

Carvacho

InstitutoEntomología,FacultaddeCienciasBásicas,UniversidadMetropolitanadeCienciasdelaEducación,Santiago,Chile

a

r

t

i

c

l

e

i

n

f

o

Received21August2015 Accepted22November2015 Availableonline18December2015 AssociateEditor:SarahSiqueiradeOliveira Keywords: Flies Immaturestages Neotropicalregion Taxonomy

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s

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ThemaleofHirmoneuropsisluctuosa(Philippi,1865)isredescribedandthepupariumisdescribedand illustratedforthefirsttime.Hirmoneuropsisluctuosaiscomparedwithotherspeciesofthegenus. Illus-trationsofdiagnosticcharactersofthemaleandpupaarealsoprovided.

©2015SociedadeBrasileiradeEntomologia.PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.Thisisanopen accessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Introduction

TheNemestrinidaeortangle-veinedfliesareasmallgroupof brachycerousflieswithabout300extantandfossilspeciesinmore than20genera;thefamilyhasaworldwidedistribution(Bernardi, 1973),butspecimensaresometimeshardtofindinsomeregions. The adultfliesare usually moderate tolargestout flieswith a denselypilosebody.Adultsfrequentvisitflowers,feedinguponthe nectar.Nemestrinidlarvaeareinternalparasitoidsofotherinsects –suchasOrthoptera(Greathead,1958),Coleoptera(Richter,1997), andMantodea(HaenniandBorer,2007).Thespeciesof Hirmoneu-ropsisBequaertdevelopin larvaeofscarabaeidbeetles(Richter, 1997).Theyhaveapeculiarwingvenationwithacompound diag-onalcrossveinand theapicalveinsrunningparalleltothehind marginofthewingandterminatinganteriortoitsapex.

ThefamilywasrevisedworldwidebyBernardi(1973).Inthe Neotropicsthefamilyisrepresentedbyfoursubfamilies,six gen-era,and 64 species (Papaveroand Bernardi,2009a).In Chile,4 generaand39speciesareknown(PapaveroandBernardi,2009a) withthegenusTrichophthalma Westwoodthemost diversified. ThenemestrinidshavebeenstudiedinChilebyPhilippi(1865),

Stuardo(1930a,b,1932,1934,1935,1936),Wagenknecht(1940),

andAngulo(1971,1976).

∗ Correspondingauthor.

E-mail:[email protected](C.R.González).

ThegenusHirmoneuropsisBequaert(1932)wasdescribedasa subgenusofHirmoneuraMeigenbelongstosubfamily Hirmoneuri-nae, tribe Hyrmophlaebini,and comprises 35 species (Bernardi,

1976, 1977; Papavero and Bernardi, 2009a)with most species

distributed inArgentinaand Chile(Angulo,1971;Papaveroand

Bernardi,2009a;Kosmannetal.,2014).

Knowledge of the immaturesof Neotropicalspecies is poor

(PapaveroandBernardi,2009b);immaturesonlyoffourspeciesare

known–Neorhynchocephalussackenii(Williston)(Prescott,1960, 1961),Neorhynchocephalussulphureus(Wiedemann)(Crouzeland

Salavin,1943),thepupalskinofHirmoneuropsisarticulata(Philippi)

(Stuardo,1936),andthelarvaeofFalleniinae,whichforma

respira-torytube(Léonide,1962;Prescott,1955,1961);thattubeislacking

inthelarvaofHirmoneuraobscuraMeigen(Handlirsch,1882,1883). Theobjectiveofthepresentworkistoredescribethemaleandto describeforthefirsttimethepupariumofHirmoneuropsisluctuosa, thenbycontributingtoourknowledgeofthebiodiversityofthe DipteraofChile.

Materialandmethods

Morphological terminology follows Teskey (1969) for pupal exuviaeandtoCummingandWood(2009)foradults.Thecentral zoneofChilehasamediterraneanclimatewithsevenmonthsof dryconditionsandfivemonthswithrains.Broadsclerophyll ever-green treesand shrubs dominatethevegetation.Thepuparium werefound3–5cmbeneath thesoilsurfaceofa Lithraeaforest,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2015.11.011

0085-5626/© 2015 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PhotographsweretakenusingaNikontrinocularstereomicroscope SMZ1500anddigitalcameraDS-Fi2.Depthoffieldwasenhanced byNikonTDACT-2Usoftwarestackingmultipleimages.Terminalia weremaceratedin10%KOHatapprox.95◦Cfor3htoremovesoft tissue,thenrinsedindistilledwateranddiluteglacialaceticacid, anddissectedinwater.

Results

Hirmoneuropsisluctuosa(Philippi)

(Figs.1–8)

HermoneuraluctuosaPhilippi,1865:661 Hirmoneuropsisluctuosan.comb.Bernardi,1977

Materialexamined

Región de Valparaíso, 1 male El Granizo 2.XII.1952, E.Z.R. col.; 1 male El Salto 19.XII.1964 C. Vivar col. Región Metropolitana: Cordillera Province,1 male Qda.LosAlmendros (33◦4350S/70◦2923W) elevation 959m, Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo, 4.XI.1997, P. Estrada col. Material examined depositedintheInstitutodeEntomologíaCollection,Universidad Metropolitana.

Diagnosis

Bodycolor grayish. Scutumdark-brownpollinose with long blackhairs.Wingsmokywithoutsectorialvein.Legsbrownish-gray pollinose.Abdomendarkgray;firstsegmentwithtuftofyellowish,

Male.Bodylength:10.5–13.5mm;winglength:12.5–13.5mm. Head.Holopticeyesslightlytouchinginupper¼withshort abun-dantwhitish hairs, ommatidia largerin upper2/3–3/4; occiput grayishpollinose,withshortwhitishhairs,largerlateralto com-pound eye; ocellar tubercle raised, polished dark gray, with proclinatedarkhairs;fronsdark-graypollinose;facebrownish pol-ishedgray,withlongwhitishhairsaroundoralmarginandlong blackhairsnearmarginofcompoundeyes andbaseof antenna (Fig.2).Genawithlongwhitishhairs.Antennadark-graypollinose; scapewithblackhairsondorsalandventralsurface(Fig.3); pedi-celcylindrical,withlong,thinblackhairs;firstflagellomereovoid andslightlyflattened,3×longerthanpedicel;proboscisshort,½ thelengthoftheeyes;palpusshort,brownish-graypollinose,with short,thinandsparselight-brownhairs.Thoraxdorsalview: scu-tumdark-brownpollinose,withlong,thinandsparseblackhairs; notopleurondark-brownpollinosewithlongblackandyellowish hairs;scutellumdark-brownpollinose,withverylongblackhairs, andthinwhitishhairsonbase(Fig.4).Pleura:postpronotallobe graypollinose,withdenselong,thinwhitishhairs;anepisternum graypollinose,withdenselong,thinyellowishhairs,andveryfew blackhairs;katepisternumgraypollinose,withlongwhitishhairs; anepimeron,meropleurite,mediotergite,laterotergite, metepister-numand metepimeron withlong whitish hairs. Wing (Fig. 5): smoky,darkerincostalmargin;Cwithdelicateblackbristles sur-roundingwing;cellscandr1brownishcompletely;R1,R2+3,R4,

R5,M1,andM2 straightandalmostparalleltoeachother;

with-outsectorialvein;CuA2 andA1 touchingwingmargin,cellcup

open;alulahyaline;wing3xlongerthanwide.Stalkofhalterdarker brownwithdelicateyellowbristlesnearbase;knobdarkbrownon

Figs.5–8.Hirmoneuropsisluctuosa(Philippi,1865).5.Wing;6.Abdomenindorsalview;7.Epandriumandcerci(ce);8.Gonocoxite(gc),innergonocoxalprocess(igp)and gonostylus(gs).Scalebar=1mm.

dorsalsurfaceandlightbrownonventralsurface.Legs: grayish-brownpollinose;coxaegrayishpollinose,withlong,thinwhitish hairsonanteriorsurface;trochanterswithshortwhitehairs on anteriorsurface;femoragrayishpollinosewithshort,thinwhitish

hairsonanteriorsurfaceandlong,thinhairsonposteriorsurface; tibiaeIandIIwithdelicateshortblack bristlesonanterior sur-face;tibiaeIIIwithabundantshortblackhairs;tarsuswithshort, delicatelightbrownbristlesonanteriorsurface,andshort,strong

Figs.9–12.PupaofHirmoneuropsisluctuosa(Philippi,1865).9.Lateralview;10.Headinfrontalview(vt,verticaltubercle;as,antennalsheaths;es,epicranialsuture;cs,

Figs.13–15.PupaofHirmoneuropsisluctuosa(Philippi,1865).13.Analsegmentinlateralview(ds,dorsalspine;vpc,ventralpreanalcomb;vt,ventraltubercle;dt,dorsal tubercle);14.Analsegmentinventralview(fs,fringespines;vt,ventraltubercle;dt,dorsaltubercle)(scalebar=0.5mm);15.Analsegmentofthepupainposteriorview (ds,dorsalspines;fs,fringespines;dt,lateraltubercle).Scalebar=1mm.

dark-brownbristlesonposteriorsurface, firsttarsomere longer thanothers;pulvillussmallerthanclaws.Abdomen(Fig.6):dark gray;first segmentwithtuftofyellowish longerand thin hairs onlateralmargin; lateralmarginoftergites II–V withlong and thinwhitishhairs;tergitesIII–Vwithlongandthinwhitishhairs; sterniteslight gray, sterniteswith thin whitish hairs. Termina-lia:dorsalview:epandrium short,broaderthanlong,withlong blackbristles,basalmarginconcave,apicalmarginrounded; cer-cusovoid-rectangular(Fig.7).Gonocoxitebasebroadwithbristles elongated;innergonocoxalprocessslendertaperedapicallywith apexandcurvedupwards.Gonostyluselongated,slightlybroader basally.Aedeaguswithapicalregionupwardlyarcheddowncurved withroundedapex(Fig.8).

Descriptionofthepuparium(Figs.9–15).

Dimensions: body length 16.5–17.5mm, maximum width 4.0–4.5,obtect,4× longerthan theirgreatestdiameter, slightly archeddorsallyandcompletelycoloredbrown,moredarkinthe aster(Fig.9).

Head: narrower and shorter than thorax; vertical tubercle prominent and developed 0.86–1.06mm arising at the base of antennal sheaths,antennal sheaths 0.74mmlong and 0.29mm wide not touchingtheepicranial suture,prominent,irregularly annulate,widelyseparated,ventrolaterallydivergent,longerthan theirbasaldiameter;maxillarypalppoorlydifferentiated(Fig.10). Thorax: each wing sheath with one tubercles positionedon thecostalmarginofthewingsheath(Fig.11).Thoracicspiracle 0.67mmlongand0.21mmwide,touchingcephalothoracicsuture, prominent.Legs reachinghalfwings sheaths;forelegs touching thoracicspiracle(Fig.11).Withoutothersetae.

Abdomen:abdominalsegments1–7eachencircledbyarowof spines;abdominalsegments1–7withreniformspiraclesinpleural region.T1–T3withtransverserowof20–25strongsetae differ-entsizeonanteriormargineithersideofmidline;T4–T6withtwo strongspinesmedially,and3–4smallerspines,tergite7smaller. Pleuronofabdominalsegments1–6with4–5long,strongsetae, and2–3smaller.Pleuronofabdominalsegment7witha5strong setae,hookedapically,and2–3smaller.Sternites2–7witharowof 5–7strongsetaeclosetoposteriormargin,smallerthanthe pleu-ron.Sternites5–6shortandwithdifferent-sizedspines;sternite 7withspinesmoredeveloped,andtwolonger(Fig.12).Tergite8 terminatesinanasterofpaireddorsalandventralsharplypointed sclerotizedtubercles;dorsaltubercleslongest(Figs.13and 14); analtuberclewithventralpreanalcombprominent,withtwo well-developedspines(Fig.15).

Discussion

FivespeciesofHirmoneuropsislackthesectorialvein:H.orellanai (Stuardo),H.silvai(Stuardo),H.brevirostrata (Bigot),H.strobelii

(Rondani),andH.luctuosa(Philippi).However,thesefivespecies exhibitsubstantialmorphologicaldifferencesbetweenthem (gen-eralcolorationofthebody, colorofhairsof beardand thoracic pleura,wings, abdominal tergites) and probably have noother relations.H.luctuosaismorphologicallyclosetoH.paraluctuosa (Angulo)ingeneralappearanceandcolor.H.luctuosa(Philippi)can bedistinguishedfromH.paraluctuosa(Angulo)bythelackof sec-torialvein,yellowish legs,andthecolorofthefronsandpleura

(Angulo,1971).

Knowledgeoftheimmaturestagesoftangle-veinedfliesisvery limited,asisinformationonthehostrelationsofthespecies.The importanceoftheseparasiteshasbeendemonstratedintheiruse tosuppresspopulationsofOrthoptera(Prescott,1960).

Ofthe36speciescitedforChile(Angulo,1971),theimmature stagesofonlyonespeciesareknown,viz.Hyrmophlaebaarticulate (Philippi),reflectingthelimitedknowledgeofaspectsofthebiology ofimmaturestagesandknowledgeofthehost.

ThepupalmorphologydescribedhereissimilartothatofH. articulate(Philippi)describedbyStuardo(1936)witha few dif-ferencesin the verticaltubercles– larger and sclerotized inH. articulate,andfewerspinesindorsalfringe,butverydifferentofthe pupalskinofAtriadopsvespertilio(HaenniandBorer,2007)which lackspleuralandsternalsetaeorareveryshort,replacedbyshort spinesinsternum;andabdominaldorsalspinesarethicker.

Thepupaof Hirmoneuropsis ismorphologicallycomplex and presentssignificanttaxonomicandphylogeneticcharacters. Conflictsofinterest

Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictsofinterest. Acknowledgments

WethankDr.StephenM.Smith(Biology,Universityof Water-loo)for helpinrevisingthemanuscriptandediting theEnglish version.

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