❚❊❈✺✵✶ ✲ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♥❛✐s
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❡❧♠❛r ❇r♦❣❧✐♦ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦
✶ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧tr♦s ❆t✐✈♦s ❘❈
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❋♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦
✏❖s ✜❧tr♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❘❈ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ♥❛ ♠❛✐s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♦♣çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❧tr♦s s❡❧❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s✑
❱❡rs❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s❀
❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✿ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ r❡s✐st♦r❡s ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s❀
❚❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❢♦♥t❡✲❝❛r❣❛ ♥ã♦ é ❝rít✐❝❛❀
❱❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛s ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s✳
−
+ ✈+
✈−
✈♦
▲■▼■❚❆➬Õ❊❙
❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡ é ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❢❛t♦r ◗ ❞♦s ♣♦❧♦s✱ ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s❀
❙❧❡✇✲r❛t❡❀ ❙❛t✉r❛çã♦❀
▼á①✐♠❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛❀
▲✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s ✭◆❚✮✳
◆❚✿ ❖ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ■❊❈ ✻✵✵✻✸✱ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❊❧❡❝tr♦t❡❝❤✲ ♥✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s r❡s✐st♦r❡s ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❙ér✐❡✲❊✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ sér✐❡✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛✱ é ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r✿
❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ sã♦ ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣❛rít♠✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦✿
✈❛❧♦r✐ =❝❡✐❧[✶✵(✐/♥)]
❙ér✐❡✲❊✻
P❛r❛ ❛ sér✐❡ ❊✲✻ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s sã♦✿ {✶,✶.✺,✷.✷,✸.✸,✹.✼,✻.✽}
P❛r❛ ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✐❞❡❛❧✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s✿
P❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦ ❱❛❧♦r
❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ■✐♥ ✵
❚❡♥sã♦ ♦✛s❡t ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❱♦s ✵
■♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❩✐♥ ∞
■♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❩♦✉t ✵
❩✐
❱❊=✵
−−−−→
■❇=✵
■❇=✵
−−−−→ ✰
✲
❩✵
❱♦
❯·[❱+−❱−]
✰ ✲
P❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ♦ ❣❛♥❤♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❯(s) ❝♦♠ ♣♦❧♦s ✜♥✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ s❡♠✐✲❡✐①♦ r❡❛❧ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ é✿
❯(s) =❯✵
♥
Y
✐=✶
♣✐
s+♣✐
❚✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s ♦✉ ❡①t❡r♥❛s✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ à ✉♠ ♣♦❧♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✱ ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r✿
❯(s)≈❯✵ ♣✶
s+♣✶ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✿
❯(s)≈ ●❇
s
❋♦r♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❆ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❧tr♦s ❛t✐✈♦s✲❘❈ é ❞❡✈✐❞❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡✉♥✐r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✴♦✉ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥✲ t❛çã♦✳ ❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ três ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❣r✉♣♦s✿
❈❛s❝❛t❛ ❞❡ ❇✐q✉❛❞✬s❀ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦❀
❇✐q✉❛❞✬s ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞♦s✳
❙❆❇
❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s três ❢♦r♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❛ ❈❛s❝❛t❛ ❞❡ ❇✐q✉❛❞✬s é ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❚(s)✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡st❡❥❛ ❢❛t♦r❛❞❛✳ ❆ ❢❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❜✉s❝❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r✱ ♥❛ r❡❢❡r✐❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✱ ♦s ❜❧♦❝♦s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❞❡ ✶➟ ❡ ✷➟ ♦r❞❡♥s✳ ❆s ❇✐q✉❛❞✬s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❛♠♣♦♣ ✭❙❆❇ ✲ ❙✐♥❣❧❡ ❆♠♣❧✐✜❡r ❇✐q✉❛❞✮ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♠♣♦♣✳ ❆s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❙❆❇ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s✿
❙❆❇ ❝♦♠ ♣♦❧♦s ❡ ③❡r♦s r❡❛✐s
P❛r❛ ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛s ❩✶ ❡ ❩✷
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
❩✶(s) = ◆❉✶(s) ✶(s)
❩✷(s) = ◆❉✷(s) ✷(s)
♦♥❞❡✿ ◆ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♥✉♠❡r❛❞♦r ❡ ❉ ♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦r ❡ ❩✶ ❡ ❩✷ sã♦
❙❆❇ ■♥✈❡rs♦r❛
−
+ ❩✶(s)
❩✷(s)
❱♦(s)
❱✐(s)
Figura 3: Estrutura SAB inversora.
❚(s) = ❱♦(s) ❱✐(s) =
−◆✷(s) ◆✶(s) ·
❉✶(s)
❙❆❇ ♥ã♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦r❛
−
+
❩✶(s) ❩✷(s)
❱♦(s)
❱✐(s)
Figura 4: Estrutura SAB não inversora.
❚(s) = ❱♦(s) ❱✐(s)
❊q✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ✶➟ ♦r❞❡♠
−
+ ❘✶
❈ ❘
❘✶
❱♦(s)
❱✐(s)
Figura 5: Filtro equalizador de 1ª ordem.
■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦r❡s
−
+ ❘
❈
❱♦(s)
❱✐(s)
Figura 6: Integrador Miller
❚(s) = −✶/❘❈ s − + ❘ ❈ ❘ ❈
❱♦(s)
❱✐(s)
Figura 7: Integrador positivo
❙❆❇ ❝♦♠ ♣♦❧♦s ❡ ③❡r♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s
❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❧tr♦s ❝♦♠ ♣♦❧♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ✭t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s✮ sã♦✿
❊str✉t✉r❛ ❑❘❈✿ ♦ ❛♠♣♦♣ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❑❀
❊str✉t✉r❛ ✲❑❘❈✿ ♦ ❛♠♣♦♣ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ✲❑❀
❊str✉t✉r❛ ❘❈✲∞✿ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✲❑❘❈ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛
♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✳
❊st❛s t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♣❛r❛✿
❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞♦s ♣♦❧♦s ω✵❀ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ◗❀ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ω✵/◗❀
❋♦r♠❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❑❘❈✱
−
❑❘❈ ❡ ❘❈
− ∞
−
+
❩❜ ❩❛
❘❈
❱♦(s)
❱✐(s)
Figura 8: Estrutura SAB KRC.
−
+
❘ ❘❢
❘❈
❱♦(s)
❱✐(s)
❋♦r♠❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❑❘❈✱
−
❑❘❈ ❡ ❘❈
− ∞
−
+
❘❈
❱♦(s)
❱✐(s)
