❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❆❙P❊❈❚❖❙ ■◆■❈■❆■❙ ▼❖❉❊▲❆❉❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❯▼❆ ❊❳❚❊◆❙➹❖
❉❆ ❙❨❙▼▲
❑✃◆■❆ ❙❆◆❚❖❙ ❉❊ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❑✃◆■❆ ❙❆◆❚❖❙ ❉❊ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆
❆❙P❊❈❚❖❙ ■◆■❈■❆■❙ ▼❖❉❊▲❆❉❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❯▼❆ ❊❳❚❊◆❙➹❖
❉❆ ❙❨❙▼▲
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼✐❝❤❡❧ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❙♦❛r❡s
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛❝✉❧✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❆s♣❡❝t♦s ■♥✐❝✐❛✐s ▼♦❞❡❧❛✲ ❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲✑ ♣♦r ❑ê♥✐❛ ❙❛♥t♦s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✶✾ ❞❡ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼✐❝❤❡❧ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❙♦❛r❡s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❛✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❆✉t♦r✿ ❑ê♥✐❛ ❙❛♥t♦s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ■♥✐❝✐❛✐s ▼♦❞❡❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦
❆ ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦rç❛✱ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❡ ❛♠♣❛r♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❉♦③✐♥❡t❡ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ▲✉③ ❙❛♥t♦s ❘❡③❡♥❞❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❈❧❛②t♦♥ ❡ ❈áss✐♦✱ ♠✐♥❤❛s ❝✉♥❤❛❞❛s ❩é❧✐❛ ❡ ❙✐r❧❡♥❡✱ ❡ ♠❡✉s s♦❜r✐♥❤♦s ❆❞r✐❡❧❧✱ ❘❛q✉❡❧❧ ❡ ❊♠❛♥✉❡❧❧② ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞♦ ❏♦sé ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❋❛❜í♦❧❛✱ ❏♦②❝❡✱ ▲❡✐❧✐❛♥❡✱ ▲í❞✐❛ ❡ ❈í❝❡r♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❛ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ▼✐❝❤❡❧ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❙♦❛r❡s ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✐s♠♦✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❋❆❈❖▼ q✉❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❊r✐s✈❛❧❞♦ ❆r❛✉❥♦ ❋✐❛❧❤♦ ♣♦r s✉❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ✐♥t❡✲ r❡ss❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ Pr♦♣♦st❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❆r✲ q✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❍á ✈ár✐❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ r❡❞✉③✐r ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛r ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ r❛str❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❛s♣❡❝t✉❛✐s t❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥ã♦✲❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❛s♣❡❝t✉❛✐s ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ❡♥tr❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❛s♣❡❝t✉❛✐s✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈✐sõ❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ❆s ✈✐sõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s sã♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧✱ ❛ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ✰ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ❡ ❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦❜r❡♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♥ã♦ ❝♦❜r❡♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ r❛str❡✲ ❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✳ P❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❙②s▼▲ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❆s♣❡❝t ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ ❝r♦ss❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✲ ❝❡r♥s ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ♠❛♥♥❡r✳ ■♥✐t✐❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s ✐♥ t❤✐s ❛r❡❛ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ❝♦❞❡✳ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ ❛s♣❡❝ts ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ♣❤❛s❡s ♦❢ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t s✉❝❤ ❛s ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ✐♥ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ ❛s♣❡❝ts ❛t t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❞❡t❡❝t✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✢✐❝ts ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st✱ ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐t②✱ r❡✲ ❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❝♦sts ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❛✐♥t❡♥❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡r✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥♦t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛s♣❡❝ts ✐♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss ❡♥s✉r✐♥❣ tr❛❝❡❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t♦ ❞❡✲ ✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❛s♣❡❝ts ❛t t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ❚❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❡✜♥❡s t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛s♣❡❝t r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✱ ❜♦t❤ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧✱ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛s♣❡❝t r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥✢✐❝t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛s♣❡❝t r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ✈✐❡✇ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❢r♦♠ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s✱ t❤❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛❧❧♦✇s t♦ r❡✲ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✈✐❡✇s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛s♣❡❝ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✈✐❡✇s ❛r❡ str✉❝t✉r❛❧✱ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡ ✰ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ ♦t❤❡r ❛♥❛❧②s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s t❤❛t ♦t❤❡rs ♠♦❞❡❧s ❞♦ ♥♦t r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ tr❛❝❡❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❛s♣❡❝ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❡✲ q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❙②s▼▲ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①①✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✸
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✷✸ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✶✳✸ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✳✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✶✳✺ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✷ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❚❡ór✐❝♦ ✸✸
✷✳✶ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✷ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✸ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✹ ❙②s▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✹✶
✸✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✷✳✶ ◗✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❱❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡ P❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❙tr✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❈r✐tér✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ■♥❝❧✉✐r ✉♠ ❆rt✐❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✸ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❯s❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✹ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞❛ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹ ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ✺✶ ✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ à ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
①✐✈ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✹✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✸ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✹ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦ ◆í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❖✉tr♦s ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛
❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠ ❙②s▼▲ ✼✶ ✺✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ à ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✷ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠ ▼ú❧✲
t✐♣❧❛s ❱✐sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✸ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❛s ✈✐sõ❡s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❱✐sã♦ ❊str✉t✉r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❱✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❖✉tr♦s ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛
❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✻ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✽✶
✻✳✶ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✻✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✻✳✷✳✶ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✻✳✷✳✷ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✻✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✻✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✻✳✺ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❲❛t❝❤❡r ❊①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❖✉tr♦s ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✶✵✼
✼✳✶ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✼✳✷ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✼✳✸ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✼✳✹ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵
❆ ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❍❡❛❧t❤✲❲❛t❝❤❡r ✶✶✸
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ①✈
❆✳✷✳✶ ❯s❡ ❝❛s❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ❝✐t✐③❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ❆✳✷✳✷ ❯s❡ ❈❛s❡s ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❊♠♣❧♦②❡❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ❆✳✸ ◆♦♥✲❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✼✶ ❬❍✐❧✲ ❧✐❛r❞ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✷ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sõ❡s ✏✹✰✶✑ ❬❑r✉❝❤t❡♥ ✶✾✾✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❬❖▼●✲❙②s▼▲ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❬❖▼●✲❙②s▼▲ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❬❖▼●✲❙②s▼▲ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✸ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡r✐✈❡❘❡qt ❬❖▼●✲❙②s▼▲ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✹ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② ❬❖▼●✲❙②s▼▲ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✺ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♣② ❬❖▼●✲❙②s▼▲ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✻ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ s❛t✐s❢② ❬❖▼●✲❙②s▼▲ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✼ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❬❙♦❛r❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✽ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✾ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✶✵ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❡❢♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✶✶ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❢t❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✶✷ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛r♦✉♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✸ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥✢✐❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❬❖▼●✲❙②s▼▲ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✺ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✻ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝r♦ss❝✉t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✼ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❛s♣❡❝t✉❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥t ❬❖▼●✲❙②s▼▲ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✈✐sõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✷ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✹ ❊st❡r❡ót✐♣♦ ❡♠ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❬❖▼●✲❙②s▼▲ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✻ ❇❧♦❝♦ ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐♠❡♥t♦s ❬❖▼●✲❙②s▼▲ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
①✈✐✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✷ ❆rt✐❣♦s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✹ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥ã♦✲❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥ã♦✲❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠
✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ r❡✲
q✉✐s✐t♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛✲
t♦s ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠ ✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ❡♥tr❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❛s✲
♣❡❝t✉❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✻✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✻✳✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐t② ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✻✳✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✻✳✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✻✳✺ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✻✳✻ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✻✳✼ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✻✳✽ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ❡rr♦r ❛♥❞ ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❝♦♠
♦s ✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✻✳✾ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✻✳✶✵ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✻✳✶✶ ❈♦♥✢✐t♦s ❡♥tr❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❛s♣❡❝t✉❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻✳✶✷ ❱✐❡✇♣♦✐♥ts ❈r♦ss❝✉t ❜② ❡❛❝❤ ❊❛r❧② ❆s♣❡❝t ❬❙❛♠♣❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✻✳✶✸ ❚r❛❞❡✲♦✛ ♣♦✐♥ts ❬❙❛♠♣❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✻✳✶✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❖❘❊ ❆s♣❡❝t ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❆❖❙❉ ❆s♣❡❝t ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t
❇❘ ❇r❛s✐❧
❍❲ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❲❛t❝❤❡r ▼● ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆❡st❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s❡rã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦s ❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✶ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✷ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✸ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❛ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✹ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✺ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✳
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✲
✇❛r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s
P❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r s♦❢t✇❛r❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉✐r ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦r ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❡s❝♦♥❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥✲ t❡r❡ss❡ ✭❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✮ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬P❛r♥❛s ✶✾✼✷❪✳ ❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❡♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❜❡♠ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ✭s❡♣❛r❛✲ t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s✮ ❬❘❡❛❞❡ ✶✾✽✾❪✱ ❬❉✐❥❦str❛ ✶✾✾✼❪✳ ❊ss❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❢r❛❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞♦s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦s ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s tr❛t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬❚❛rr ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✾❪✳ ❆ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣♦❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♠✉✐t♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ♥❛ r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çõ❡s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s❡✉s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✱ s✉r❣✐✉ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✭❆s♣❡❝t ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✲ ❆❖❙❉✮ ❬❋✐❧♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦
✷✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✭❆s♣❡❝t ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✮ ❬❑✐❝③❛❧❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼❪✳ ❖ ❆❖❙❉ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❬P✐♥t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❪✳
❆ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s é ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭s❝❛tt❡r✐♥❣✮ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❧❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭t❛♥❣❧✐♥❣✮ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❬❑✐❝③❛❧❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼❪✳ ❊ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❬❚❛rr ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✾❪✳ ❆ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❧❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ♠❛♥t❡r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❡♠ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s✳
■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡♠ ❆❖❙❉ ❢♦❝❛r❛♠ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬❘❛s❤✐❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❛❪✱ ❬❙á♥❝❤❡③ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❪✳
❆ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❬❏✉r✐st♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✷❪✱ ❬❉❛♠✐❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪ ❡ ❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬◆❛❦❛❣❛♠❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❪ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❝r✉❝✐❛✐s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s é ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬❨✉ ✶✾✾✼❪✳ ❊❧❛ ❛t✉❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ é út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐③❛r ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ s✉❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s✳ ❚❡r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉✐r ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬❱❧✐❡t ✷✵✵✽❪✳
❆ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛❥✉❞❛♠ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❛s ❢❛s❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❢❛s❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞✐ss♦ sã♦ ❢❛s❡s ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❬❆✈❣❡r✐♦✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❪✱ ❬❙♦♠♠❡r✈✐❧❧❡ ✷✵✶✵❪✳
❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❬❇❛♥✐❛ss❛❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪✱ ❬❈♦♥❡❥❡r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❪ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ❞✉❛s ❢❛s❡s ❝♦♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳
✶✳✷✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✷✺
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ q✉❡stã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é q✉❡ ❈❛s♦s ❞❡ ❯s♦ sã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✳ ❖s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r r❛str❡❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❊ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ ❙②s▼▲ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞❛s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ❙②s▼▲ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡①t❡♥sí✈❡❧✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ❡ ❡st❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❙②s▼▲ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥tá✲❧♦s✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ é ❞❡✜✲ ♥✐❞♦ ✉♠ ♠❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛✲s❡ ♦❜t❡r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿
• ◗✶ ✲ ◗✉❛✐s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s tr❛③ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡
s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥ã♦✲❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s❄
❆ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛ q✉❡stã♦ é ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s❛❜❡r s❡ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s é ✈❛♥t❛❥♦s❛✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛ q✉❡stã♦✳ P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ sã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s q✉❛♥❞♦ é ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ s❡ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s é út✐❧ ♥❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
• ◗✷ ✲ ❈♦♠♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛
❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲❄
◆❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s t❛♠❜é♠ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❞✐✲ ❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❡s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s s❡rã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✳ ❖✉tr❛ q✉❡stã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s s❡❥❛♠ r❛str❡á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲✱ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛s q✉❡stõ❡s é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✳
• ◗✸ ✲ ❈♦♠♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✈✐sõ❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡
✷✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ❛rq✉✐t❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈✐sõ❡s ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦s ❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❬P❡rr② ❡ ❲♦❧❢ ✶✾✾✷❪✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✈✐sõ❡s é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈✐sõ❡s✳ ❆ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛çã♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ❞❛ ❙②s▼▲✳
❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❝✐t❛❞❛s✱ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦✿
• ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡
❛❜str❛çã♦❀
• ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ♥❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡❀
• ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✲
t❡t✉r❛❀
• ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦✳
• ❡st❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳
✶✳✸ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t❛
❖ ❆❖❙❉ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r s❡✲ ♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❉✐❥❦str❛ ❬❉✐❥❦str❛ ✶✾✾✼❪✱ ♥♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ q✉❡ é r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ é ♠❡❧❤♦r tr❛t❛❞♦ s❡♣❛r❛✲ ❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳ ❊ss❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♦ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ♥♦ r❡✉s♦ ❞♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
✶✳✸✳ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t❛ ✷✼
• ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ❛
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦❀
• ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ r❛str❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s
❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛❀
• ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s✱ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦✉ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥❛ ✐♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❤á ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛✳ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❬❘❛s❤✐❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❜❪✱ ❬❑✐❡♥③❧❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✾❪ ❡ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❬❲♦♦❞s✐❞❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✾❪✱ ❬❆❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❜❪✱ ❬P✐♥t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✷❪ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳
P❛r❛ ❬❙❛♠♣❛✐♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪ ❛ ❆❖❘❊ ✈✐s❛ tr❛③❡r ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ s❡♣❛✲ r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❆❖❘❊✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✱ ❞❡✲ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❊❆✲▼✐♥❡r✱ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♦r✐✲ ❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ❆ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❡str✉t✉r❛♥❞♦✲♦s ♥❛ ❧✐♥✲ ❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❳▼▲✳ ❊ss❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s s❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦✉tr❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❊♠ ❬❈❤✐t❝❤②❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❜❪ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s q✉❡✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝❡ ❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛s✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ sã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❡ss❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❛ s✐♥t❛①❡ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡ tr❛❞❡✲♦✛s ✭❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛✮✳
✷✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❝✉❥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ r❡✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❬▲♦♣❡s ✶✾✾✼❪✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❬❆❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❜❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t✲P❘■❙▼❆ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡✲ ❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♠❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦r✐✲ ❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ♠ó✈❡✐s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t✲P❘■❙▼❆◆❊❚✱ q✉❡ ♠❛♣❡✐❛ ♦ ♠❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳◆❊❚ ❡ s✉♣♦rt❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠ó✈❡✐s✳ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t✲P❘■❙▼❆ ❡st❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ P❘■❙▼❆ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬P❡r❡③ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪ ❡ ❬P❡r❡③ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ P❘■❙▼❆ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ✉♠ ♠❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ P❘■❙▼❆ ✐♥t❡❣r❛ ♦ ❆❖❙❉ ❡ ♦ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❊♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t✲P❘■❙▼❆ ♥ã♦ ❤á r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛ s❡r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦✳ ❆ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ s♦✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡✳
◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❬◆❛✈❛rr♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪ é ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❆❚❘■❯▼ ✭❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❚❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❘❡q✉■r❡♠❡♥ts ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❛ ❯♥✐✜❡❞ ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✮ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ r❛str❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ sã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ P❘■❙▼❆✳ ❆❚❘■❯▼ s✉♣♦rt❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛ss♦s q✉❡ ❣✉✐❛♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ P❘■❙▼❆ ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛❞♦✳
◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❬❋✉❡♥t❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❈❆▼ ✭♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✮✱ q✉❡ ✉s❛ ♦ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❉✐✲ r✐❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ▼♦❞❡❧♦s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❛♣♦✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ♥ã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ▼♦❞❡❧♦s é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♥ã♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❢♦✐ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r✲ ♠❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❯▼▲ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❉❆❖P✲❆❉▲ ✭❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❆s♣❡❝t✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ✲ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❯▼▲ ✷✳✵✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ r❛str❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❡ss❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ é tr❛t❛❞❛ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✳✸✳ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t❛ ✷✾
✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❆❙❙❊❚ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♥✲ ❝❧✉❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❊❙ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆❊❙ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳ ❍á ✉♠❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❆❊❙ ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✱ ❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦✲ ❜r❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♠❛s é ✉♠❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❯♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✭▲❉❆✲❖❆✮ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❳▼▲ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬P✐♥t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❛ ▲❉❆✲❖❆ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐✲ t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♠♣♦♥❞♦ ♦ ✭r❡✮✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t♦r❡s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦✳ ❆ ▲❉❆✲❖❆ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❛ ▲❉❆✲❖❆ ✐♥❝❧✉❛ tr❛♥s✲ ❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛s ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♦✉ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ◆ã♦ é ❝✐t❛❞♦ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳
❊♠ ❬◆❛✈❛s❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✾❪ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✲ ❆s♣❡❝t▲❊❉❆ ✲ é ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ❆ ♣r✐✲ ♠❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛s❡✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ s❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ❆s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❛ ❯▼▲✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦s ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆♣ós ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛s❡✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦s ❞❡ ❯s♦ é ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ t❛♠❜é♠ é ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ❆ss✐♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s sã♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ é ❞❡s✲ ❝r❡✈❡r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ❢❡✐t♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❆s♣❡❝t▲❊❉❆✳
❊♠ ❬❈♦st❛✲❙♦r✐❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✾❪ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡✲ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ♦ ❡♥tr❡❧❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞❡s✲ ❝r✐çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ é ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♦ r❡✉s♦ ❡ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✳
