INF2706 – Introdução a IHC

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INF2706 – Introdução a IHC

Fundamentos da Intera

Fundamentos da Interaçção Humanoão Humano--ComputadorComputador

Profa. Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza

Semiotic Engineering Research Group www.serg.inf.puc-rio.br

21/03/2012

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Intera

Intera ç ç ão ão

Humano

Computador Computador

Contexto f

Contexto fíísicosico

Contexto s

Contexto sóóciocio--culturalcultural Contexto hist

Contexto históóricorico meios

meios modos

modos

partípartícipescipes

… …

identidade identidade valores

valores

preferências preferências

… …

rederede custo

custo integraçintegraçãoão

… … … …

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• Trechos selecionados do artigo

“Human-computer interaction (HCI) is an area of research and practice that emerged in the early 1980s, initially as a specialty area in computer science embracing cognitive science and human factors engineering.”

“… the continuing synthesis of disparate conceptions and approaches to science and practice in HCI has produced a dramatic example of how

different epistemologies and paradigms can be reconciled and integrated in a vibrant and productive intellectual project.”

http://www.interaction

http://www.interaction--design.org/encyclopedia/design.org/encyclopedia/

human_computer_interaction_hci.html human_computer_interaction_hci.html

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“Human-computer interaction (HCI) is an area of research and practice that emerged in the early 1980s, initially as a specialty area in computer science embracing cognitive science and human factors engineeringcognitive science and human factors engineering.”

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“ …in the later 1970s [personal] computing [...] made everyone in the world a potential computer user, and vividly highlighted the deficiencies of deficiencies of

computers with respect to

computers with respect to usability usability for those who wanted to use computers as tools.”

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“Human factors […] was moving to address interactive system contexts in which human operators regularly exerted greater problem-solving

discretion. Documentation development was moving […] toward a cognitive approach incorporating theories of writing, reading, and media, with

empirical user testing. Documents and other information needed to be Documents and other information needed to be usable also

usable also. ”

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“The way forward for computing entailed understanding and better understanding and better empowering users.

empowering users.”

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Uma nota histórica: as “perspectivas” sobre IHC

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Exemplos das perspectivas, seus acertos e desacertos

• • Perspectiva de SistemaPerspectiva de Sistema

– http://www8.caixa.gov.br/siopiinternet/simulaOperacaoInternet.do?method=inicializarCasoUs o&isVoltar=true (Simulador Online CEF)

• • Perspectiva de Parceiro de DiáPerspectiva de Parceiro de Diálogologo

– http://www.virtuoz.com/customers/ (chatbots)

http://www.michelin.com/corporate/group/michelin-man (michelin man)

• • Perspectiva de FerramentaPerspectiva de Ferramenta

– http://www.html.am/html-editors/online-html-editor.cfm

• • Perspectiva de MPerspectiva de Mídiaídia

– http://www.extra.com.br/CentraldeAtendimento/home.aspx (Extra)

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“The original and abiding technical focus of HCI was and is the concept technical focus of HCI was and is the concept

of usabilityof usability. This concept was originally articulated somewhat naively in the slogan "easy to learn, easy to use". […] However, inside HCI the concept of usability has been re-articulated and reconstructed almost continually, and has become increasingly rich and intriguingly problematic. Usability now Usability now often subsumes qualities like fun, well being, collective effica

often subsumes qualities like fun, well being, collective efficacy, cy, aesthetic tension, enhanced creativity, flow, support for human aesthetic tension, enhanced creativity, flow, support for human development, and others.

development, and others. ”

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“A result of this growth is that HCI is now less singularly focused with respect to core concepts and methods, problem areas and assumptions about

infrastructures, applications, and types of users. Indeed, it no longer Indeed, it no longer makes sense to regard HCI as a specialty of computer science; HC makes sense to regard HCI as a specialty of computer science; HCI I has grown to be broader, larger and much more diverse than

has grown to be broader, larger and much more diverse than computer science itself.

computer science itself. HCI expanded from its initial focus on individual and generic user behavior to include social and organizational computing, accessibility for the elderly, the cognitively and physically impaired, and for all people, and for the widest possible spectrum of human experiences and activities. ”

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ihc@inf

• O enquadramento, papel e contribuição de IHC na Informática, Engenharia e Ciência da Computação, Sistemas de Informação

…… e se a resposta e se a resposta for dada, o que for dada, o que

decorre dela?

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Questões INF & COMP como foco e orientação

Questões básicas subjacentes à pesquisa:

• Quem? O quê?

• Como?

• Quando?

• Onde?

• Para quê?

• Por quê?

• E se?

• E então?

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Questões INF & COMP como foco e orientação

Questões básicas subjacentes à pesquisa:

• Quem? O quê?

• Como?

• Quando?

• Onde?

• Para quê?

• Por quê?

• E se?

• E então?

As respostas dadas por um As respostas dadas por um

pesquisador de ihc@inf têm de pesquisador de ihc@inf têm de

ser “ser “atraatraídas inexoravelmente paraídas inexoravelmente para”” Inf & Comp.

Inf & Comp.

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“Even though, and to some extent because the technologies and human the technologies and human activities at issue in HCI are continually co

activities at issue in HCI are continually co--evolvingevolving, the domain has served as a laboratory and incubator for theory. The origin of HCI as an a laboratory and incubator for theory early case study in cognitive engineering had an imprinting effect on the character of the endeavor.”

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“This dialectic of theory and applicationdialectic of theory and application has continued in HCI. It is easy to identify a dozen or so major currents of theory, which themselves can by grouped (roughly) into three eras: theories that view human-three eras: theories that view human-computer computer interaction as information processing, theories that view intera

interaction as information processing, theories that view interaction as ction as the initiative of agents pursuing projects, and theories that vi

the initiative of agents pursuing projects, and theories that view ew interaction as socially and materially embedded in rich contexts interaction as socially and materially embedded in rich contexts.”.

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“The challenge of integrating, or at least better coordinating descriptive and coordinating descriptive and explanatory science goals with prescriptive and constructive des

explanatory science goals with prescriptive and constructive design ign goals is abiding in HCI

goals is abiding in HCI. There are at least three ongoing directions:

1. traditional applicationapplication of ever-broader and deeper basic theories,

2. development of local, sometimes domain dependent protolocal, sometimes domain dependent proto--theoriestheories within particular design domains, and

3. the use of design rationale as a mediating level of descriptiondesign rationale as a mediating level of description between basic science and design practice. ”

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“Somewhat ironically, designers were welcomed into the HCI community just in time to help remake it as a design discipline. A large part of this transformation was the creation of design disciplines and issues that did not exist before. […] analysis of the productive tensions between creativity and rationale in design required a design field like HCI in which it is essential it is essential that designs have an internal logic, and can be systematically

that designs have an internal logic, and can be systematically evaluated and maintained, yet at the same time provoke new evaluated and maintained, yet at the same time provoke new experiences and insights

experiences and insights. ”

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Discussão na turma

Questões de IHC na sua pesquisa:

• Quem? O quê?

• Como?

• Quando?

• Onde?

• Para quê?

• Por quê?

• E se?

• E então?

Sua resposta Sua resposta éé

apenas uma apenas uma

primeira primeira aproxima aproximaçção.ão.

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Para a aula que vem:

• Leituras:

1. Carroll, John M. (2009): Human Computer Interaction (HCI). In: Soegaard, Mads and Dam, Rikke Friis (eds.). "Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction".

The Interaction-Design.org Foundation.

Available online at http://www.interaction-

design.org/encyclopedia/human_computer_interaction_hci.html

2. Capítulo Introdutório do Livro Where the Action is (Paul Dourish, 2001: MIT Press)