Multiplicity Dependence Of Charged Pion, Kaon, And (anti)proton Production At Large Transverse Momentum In P-pb Collisions Root S-nn=5.02 Tev

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269316303914

DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2016.07.050

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©2016 by Elsevier. All rights reserved.

DIRETORIA DE TRATAMENTO DA INFORMAÇÃO

Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz Barão Geraldo

CEP 13083-970 – Campinas SP

Fone: (19) 3521-6493

http://www.repositorio.unicamp.br

Multiplicity

dependence

of

charged

pion,

kaon,

and

(anti)proton

production

at

large

transverse

momentum

in

p–Pb

collisions

at

√

s

_NN

=

5

.

02 TeV

.

ALICE

Collaboration



a

r

t

i

c

l

e

i

n

f

o

a

b

s

t

r

a

c

t

Articlehistory: Received16January2016

Receivedinrevisedform13July2016 Accepted20July2016

Availableonline22July2016 Editor:L.Rolandi

The productionofchargedpions,kaonsand(anti)protons hasbeenmeasuredatmid-rapidity(−0.5< y<0) inp–Pbcollisions at√sNN=5.02 TeV usingthe ALICEdetector atthe LHC. Exploitingparticle

identification capabilitiesathightransversemomentum(pT),thepreviouslypublished pTspectrahave

been extended toinclude measurements upto 20 GeV/c forseven event multiplicity classes.The pT

spectraforppcollisionsat√s=7 TeV,neededtointerpolateappreferencespectrum,havealsobeen extendedupto20 GeV/c tomeasurethenuclearmodificationfactor(RpPb)innon-singlediffractivep–Pb

collisions.

At intermediate transverse momentum (2<pT<10 GeV/c) the proton-to-pion ratio increases with

multiplicityinp–Pbcollisions,asimilareffectisnotpresentinthekaon-to-pionratio.ThepTdependent

structure ofsuchincreaseisqualitatively similar tothoseobserved inppandheavy-ion collisions.At high pT(>10 GeV/c),theparticleratiosareconsistentwiththosereportedforppandPb–Pbcollisions

attheLHCenergies.

AtintermediatepTthe(anti)protonRpPbshowsaCronin-likeenhancement,whilepionsandkaonsshow

littleornonuclearmodification.AthighpTthechargedpion,kaonand(anti)protonRpPb areconsistent

withunitywithinstatisticalandsystematicuncertainties.

©2016TheAuthor.PublishedbyElsevierB.V.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBYlicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).FundedbySCOAP3.

1. Introduction

In heavy-ion collisions at ultra-relativistic energies, it is well establishedthatastronglycoupledQuark–Gluon-Plasma(sQGP)is formed[1–5].Someofthecharacteristicfeatures ofthesQGPare strongcollectiveflowandopacitytojets.Thecollectivebehavioris observedbothasanazimuthalanisotropyofproducedparticles[6], wherethemagnitudeisdescribed byalmostideal(reversible) hy-drodynamics,andasahardeningofpTspectraforheavierhadrons,

such as protons,by radial flow [7].Jet quenchingis observed as a reduction of both high pT particles [8,9] and also fully

recon-structedjets[10].TheinterpretationofthesesQGP properties re-quirescomparisonswithreferencemeasurementslikeppandp–A collisions. Recentmeasurements in highmultiplicity pp,p–A and d–Acollisions atdifferentenergies haverevealedstrongflow-like effects even in these small systems [11–20]. The origin of these phenomenaisdebated[21–29]andthedatareportedhereprovide furtherinputstothisdiscussion.

 _{E-mailaddress:alice-publications@cern.ch.}

In a previous work, we reported the evidence ofradial flow-like patternsin p–Pbcollisions [30].Thiseffect was foundto in-crease with increasing event multiplicity and to be qualitatively consistent with calculationswhich incorporatethe hydrodynami-cal evolution of the system. It was also discussed that in small systems, mechanisms like color-reconnection mayproduce radial flow-like effects. Thepresent paperreportscomplementary mea-surements coveringtheintermediate pT region(2–10 GeV/c)and

thehigh-pTregion(10–20 GeV/c)exploitingthecapabilitiesofthe

High MomentumParticle IdentificationDetector(HMPID)andthe Time ProjectionChamber (TPC). Inthis way,highprecision mea-surementsare achievedintheintermediate pT regionwherecold

nuclear matter effects like the Cronin enhancement [31,32] have beenreportedbypreviousexperiments[33,34],andwherethe par-ticle ratios, e.g., the proton(kaon) production relative to that of pions,areaffectedbylargefinalstateeffectsincentralPb–Pb col-lisions[35].Particleratiosareexpectedtobemodifiedbyflow,but hydrodynamicsistypicallyexpectedtobeapplicableonlyup toa few GeV/c [36].Athigher pT,ideas suchaspartonrecombination

havebeenproposed leadingtobaryon–meson effects[37].Inthis waythenewdatasetcomplementsthelower pT results.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2016.07.050

0370-2693/©2016TheAuthor.PublishedbyElsevierB.V.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBYlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Fundedby SCOAP3_.

Inaddition,particleidentificationatlargetransversemomenta inp–Pbcollisions providesnewconstraintsonthenuclearparton distributionfunctions(nPDF) whicharekeyinputsininterpreting a large amount ofexperimental data like d–Au anddeep inelas-ticscattering [38]. Finally,the measurement is alsoimportant to studytheparticlespeciesdependencyofthenuclearmodification factor

(R

pPb

)

,tobetterunderstandpartonenergylossmechanisms

inheavy-ioncollisions.

In this paper, the charged pion, kaon and (anti)proton RpPb

are reportedfor non-singlediffractive (NSD) p–Pb collisions. The pp reference spectra for this measurement were obtained us-ing interpolations of data at different collision energies. The al-ready published pT spectra for inelastic (INEL) pp collisions at

√

s

=

7 TeV [39] were extended up to 20 GeV/c and the results are presented here for the first time. These measurements to-gether with the results for INEL pp collisions at

√

2

=

2

.

76 TeV (pT

<

20 GeV

/c)

[35]wereusedtodetermineppreferencespectra

at

√

s

=

5

.

02 TeV usingtheinterpolationmethoddescribedin[40]. Thepaperisorganized asfollows.InSec.2theALICEdetector aswellastheeventandtrackselectionsarediscussed.The analy-sisprocedures forparticleidentificationusingtheHMPIDandTPC detectorsareoutlinedinSec. 3andSec. 4,respectively.Section5 presentstheresultsanddiscussions.Finally,Sec.6summarizesthe mainresults.

2. Datasample,eventandtrackselection

The results are obtained using data collected with the ALICE detectorduring the 2013 p–Pbrun at

√

sNN

=

5

.

02 TeV. The

de-taileddescription oftheALICEdetectorcanbe foundin [41] and the performance during run 1 (2009–2013) is described in [42]. Becauseofthe LHC 2-in-1 magnetdesign,it isimpossibleto ad-justtheenergy ofthe protonandlead-ionbeams independently. Theyare 4 TeV per Z which gives different energies due to the differentZ

/A of

thecollidingprotonsandleadions.Thenucleon– nucleoncenter-of-masssystemismoving inthelaboratory frame with a rapidity of yNN

= −

0

.

465 in the direction of the proton

beamrapidity.Inthefollowing, ylab(ηlab)areusedtoindicatethe

(pseudo)rapidityinthelaboratoryreferenceframe,whereas y (

η)

denotesthe (pseudo)rapidityin thecenter-of-massreference sys-temwherethePbbeamisassignedpositiverapidity.

In the analysis of the p–Pb data, the event selection follows that used in the analysis of inclusive charged particle produc-tion[43].The minimumbias(MB)triggersignal wasprovided by theV0 counters[44],which contain two arraysof32 scintillator tileseach coveringthefullazimuthwithin 2

.

8

<

η

lab

<

5

.

1 (V0A)

and

−

3

.

7

<

η

lab

<

−

1

.

7 (V0C). The signal amplitude and arrival

timecollectedineachtilewererecorded.Acoincidenceofsignals inboth V0Aand V0Cdetectors was required to remove contam-inationfrom single diffractiveand electromagneticevents.In the offlineanalysis,backgroundeventswerefurthersuppressedby re-quiring the arrival time of signals on the neutron Zero Degree CalorimeterA,whichispositionedinthePb-goingdirection,tobe compatiblewith a nominal p–Pbcollision occurringclose to the nominalinteractionpoint.Theestimatedmeannumberof interac-tionsper bunch crossingwas below1% inthe sample chosenfor thisanalysis.Duetotheweakcorrelationbetweencollision geom-etryandmultiplicity,theparticleproductioninp–Pbcollisions is studiedineventmultiplicityclassesinsteadofcentralities[45].The multiplicity classes are defined using the total charge deposited in the V0A detector as in [30], where V0A is positioned in the Pb-going direction. The MB results have been normalized to the totalnumberofNSDeventsusingatriggerandvertex reconstruc-tionefficiencycorrection whichamountsto3

.

6%

±

3

.

1% [46].The multiplicitydependentresultshavebeennormalizedtothevisible

Table 1

Transverse momentum ranges(GeV/c) covered bythe individual and combined analysesforppcollisionsat√s=7 TeV andp–Pbcollisionsat√sNN=5.02 TeV.

Analysis π++π− K++K− p+ ¯p pp Published[39]a _{0.1–3.0 0.2–6.0 0.3–6.0} TPC dE/dx rel. rise 2–20 3–20 3–20 p–Pb Published[30]b _{0.1–3.0 0.2–2.5 0.3–4.0} HMPID 1.5–4.0 1.5–4.0 1.5–6.0 TPC dE/dx rel. rise 2–20 3–20 3–20 a _{Includeddetectors:ITS,TPC,Time-of-Flight(TOF),HMPID.Theresultsalso} in-cludethekink-topologyidentificationoftheweakdecaysofchargedkaons.

b _{Includeddetectors:ITS,TPC,TOF.}

(triggered) cross-section correcting for the vertex reconstruction efficiency (this was not done in [30]). This correction is of the order of 5% for the lowest V0A multiplicity class (80–100%) and negligiblefortheothermultiplicityclasses(

<

1%).

Inthe

√

s

=

7 TeV ppanalysistheMB triggerrequireda hitin the two innermostlayers of the Inner TrackingSystem(ITS), the SiliconPixelDetector(SPD),orinatleastoneoftheV0 scintilla-torarraysincoincidence withthe arrivalofprotonbunchesfrom both directions.The offline analysisto eliminate backgroundwas done usingthetime informationprovidedby theV0 detectorsin correlationwiththenumberofclustersandtracklets1_intheSPD.

TracksarerequiredtobereconstructedinboththeITSandthe TPC.Additionaltrackselectioncriteriaarethesameasin[47]and basedonthe numberofspacepoints,thequality ofthetrackfit, and the distance of closest approach to the reconstructed colli-sionvertex. Chargedtracks wheretheidentityofthe particlehas changeddueto aweakdecay, e.g.,K−

→

μ

−

+ ¯

ν

μ, areidentified bythetrackingalgorithmduetotheirdistinctkinktopologies[48] andrejectedinthisanalysis. Theremainingcontaminationis neg-ligible (



1%). In order to have the same kinematic coverage as used in the p–Pb low pT analysis [30], the tracks were selected

in the pseudorapidity interval

−

0

.

5

<

η

<

0. In addition, for the HMPID analysisit isrequired that thetracks are propagated and matchedtoaprimaryionizationclusterintheMulti-Wire Propor-tionalChamber(MWPC)gapoftheHMPIDdetector[39,47].

The published results of charged pion,kaon and(anti)proton production at low pT for pp [39] and p–Pb [30] collisions at

√

s

=

7 TeV and

√

sNN

=

5

.

02 TeV,respectively,useddifferent

Par-ticleIDentification (PID) detectorsandtechniques.A summary of the pT rangescoveredbythepublishedanalysesandtheanalyses

presentedinthispapercanbefoundinTable 1.

In the following, the analysis techniques used to obtain the identified particle pT spectra in the intermediate and high-pT

rangesusingHMPIDandTPCwillbediscussed. 3. HMPIDanalysis

TheHMPID detector[49]islocated about5 mfromthebeam axis, covering a limited acceptance of

|

η

lab

|

<

0

.

5 and 1

.

2◦

<

φ <

58

.

5◦, that corresponds to

∼

5% of the TPC geometrical

ac-ceptance (2π in azimuthal angle and the pseudo-rapidity inter-val

|

η

|

<

0

.

9 [50]) for high pT tracks. The HMPID analysis uses

∼

9

×

107 minimum-bias p–Pb events at

√

sNN

=

5

.

02 TeV. The

eventandtrackselectionandtheanalysistechniquearesimilarto thosedescribedin[39,47].Itisrequiredthattracksarepropagated andmatchedtoaprimaryionizationclusterintheMulti-Wire Pro-portionalChamber(MWPC)gapoftheHMPIDdetector.ThePIDin theHMPIDisdonebymeasuringtheCherenkovangle,

θ

Ch[49]:

1 _{TrackletsarepairsofhitsfromthetwolayersoftheSPDwhichmakealine} pointingbacktothecollisionvertex.

Fig. 1. (Coloronline.)CherenkovanglemeasuredintheHMPIDasafunctionofthe trackmomentuminp–Pbcollisionsat√sNN=5.02 TeV forthe0–5%V0A multiplic-ityclass(seethetextforfurtherdetails).Thedashedlinesrepresenttheexpected curvescalculatedusingEq.(1)foreachparticlespecies.

cos

θ

Ch

=

1 n

β

=⇒ θ

Ch

=

arccos



p2

₊

_m2 np



,

(1)

wheren istherefractive indexofthe radiatorused(liquid C6F14

withn

=

1

.

29 atEph

=

6

.

68 eV andtemperatureT

=

20◦C), p and

m are the momentum and the mass of the given particle, re-spectively. The measurement of the single photon

θ

Ch angle in

theHMPIDrequirestheknowledgeofthetrackparameters,which areestimatedbythetrackextrapolationfromthecentral tracking detectors up to the radiator volume, where the Cherenkov pho-tons are emitted. Only one charged particle cluster is associated to each extrapolatedtrack, selected as the closest cluster to the extrapolatedtrackpoint on thecathode plane. Toreject thefake cluster-matchassociations inthe detector,a selectionon the dis-tanced(track-MIP)computedonthecathodeplanebetweenthetrack

extrapolationpointandthereconstructedcharged-particle cluster position is applied. The distance has to be less than 5 cm, in-dependent oftrack momentum. Starting fromthe photon cluster coordinates on the photocathode, a back-tracking algorithm cal-culatesthe correspondingemissionangle.TheCherenkovphotons areselectedbytheHoughTransformMethod(HTM)[51]that dis-criminatesthe signal fromthe background.Foragiventrack, the Cherenkovangle

θ

Ch is then computed asthe weighted mean of

the single photon angles selected by the HTM. Fig. 1 showsthe

θ

Ch asa function ofthe trackmomentum.The reconstructed

an-gledistributionforagivenmomentuminterval isfittedbya sum ofthreeGaussiandistributions, correspondingto thesignalsfrom pions,kaons,andprotons.The fittingisdone intwosteps.Inthe firststeptheinitialvaluesoffitparametersaresettotheexpected values.Themeanvalues,

θ

Ch

i,are obtainedfromEq.(1),tuning

therefractiveindextomatchtheobservedCherenkovangles,and theresolutionvaluesare takenfromaMonteCarlosimulation of thedetectorresponse.Afterthisfirststep,the pT dependencesof

themeanandwidtharefittedwiththefunctiongivenby Eq.(1) anda polynomialone,respectively. Inthesecondstep,the fitting isrepeatedwiththeyieldsastheonlyfreeparameters, constrain-ingthemeanandresolutionvaluestothefittedvalue.Thesecond iteration is particularly important at high pT where the

separa-tionbetweendifferentspeciesisreduced.Fig. 2givesexamplesof fitstothereconstructedCherenkovangledistributionsintwo nar-rowpTintervalsforthe0–5%multiplicityclass.Therawyieldsare

then correctedby thetotal reconstructionefficiency givenbythe convolution of the tracking,PID efficiency, anddistance cut cor-rection. The tracking efficiency, convoluted with the geometrical

Fig. 2. (Color online.) Distributions of the Cherenkov angle measured in the HMPID for positivetracks having pT between2.5–2.6 GeV/c (left)and between 3.8–4.0 GeV/c (right),inp–Pbcollisionsat√sNN=5.02 TeV forthe0–5%V0A mul-tiplicityclass(seethetextforfurtherdetails).

acceptanceofthedetector,hasbeenevaluatedusingMonteCarlo simulations. Forall threeparticle speciesthisefficiencyincreases from

∼

5% at1.5 GeV/c upto

∼

6%at high pT.The PIDefficiency

isdetermined bytheCherenkovanglereconstruction efficiency.It has been computedby means of Monte-Carlo simulations and it reaches

∼

90%forparticleswithvelocity

β

∼

1,withnosignificant difference betweenpositive andnegative tracks.The distancecut correction,definedastheratiobetweenthenumberofthetracks that pass thecut ond(track-MIP) andall thetracksin thedetector

acceptance, has been evaluated from data. It is momentum de-pendent,andit is equalto

∼

53% at1.5GeV/c, reaches

∼

70%for particles withvelocity

β

∼

1.Asmalldifference betweenpositive and negative tracks is present; negative tracks having a distance correction

∼

2%lower thanthepositiveones.Thiseffectiscaused by aradialresidualmisalignmentoftheHMPIDchambersandan imperfect estimation ofthe energyloss inthe materialtraversed by the track. Tracking efficiency, PID efficiency and distance cut correctiondonotshowvariationwiththeeventtrackmultiplicity. 3.1. Systematicuncertainties

ThesystematicuncertaintyontheresultsoftheHMPID analy-sishascontributionsfromtracking,PIDandtracksassociation[39, 47].Theuncertaintiesrelatedtothetrackinghavebeenestimated by changingthe trackselectioncutsindividually,e.g. thenumber of crossed readout rowsin the TPC and the value of the track’s

χ

2 _{normalizedtothenumberofTPCclusters.ToestimatethePID}

contribution,theparameters(meanandresolution)ofthefit func-tion used to extract the raw yields were varied by a reasonable quantity,leavingthemfreeinagivenrange;therangechosenfor the mean values is [

θ

Ch

−

σ,

θ

Ch

+

σ

] andfor the resolution

[σ

−

0

.

1σ,

σ

+

0

.

1σ].A variationof10% oftheresolution corre-sponds to its maximum expected variation when takinginto ac-countthedifferentrunningconditionsofthedetectorduringdata takingwhichhaveanimpactonitsperformance.Whenthemeans are changed,the resolution values are fixed to the defaultvalue andvice versa.The variation ofparameters isdone forthe three Gaussians(correspondingtothethreeparticlespecies) simultane-ously.Inaddition,theuncertaintyoftheassociationofthetrackto thechargedparticlesignalisobtainedbyvaryingthedefaultvalue ofthe distancecutrequiredforthematchby

±

1 cm.These con-tributions do notvary withthecollision multiplicity.A summary ofthedifferentcontributionstothesystematicuncertaintyforthe HMPIDp–PbanalysisisshowninTable 2.

4. TPCdE

/

dx relativisticriseanalysis

The relativistic rise regime of the specific energyloss, dE

/

dx, measuredbytheTPCallowsidentificationofchargedpions,kaons,

Table 2

MainsourcesofsystematicuncertaintiesfortheHMPIDp–Pbanalysis. Effect π++π− K++K− p+ ¯p

pTvalue (GeV/c) 2.5 4 2.5 4 2.5 4

PID 6% 12% 6% 12% 4% 5%

Tracking efficiency 6% 6% 7% Distance cut correction 6% 2% 6% 2% 4% 2%

Fig. 3. (Coloronline.)Specificenergyloss,dE/dx,asafunctionofmomentump in

thepseudorapidityrange−0.5<η<−0.375 forminimumbiasp–Pbcollisions.In eachmomentumbinthedE/dx spectrahavebeennormalizedtohaveunitintegrals andonlybinswithmorethan2%ofthecountsareshown(makingelectronsnot visibleinthefigure,exceptatverylowmomentum).ThecurvesshowthedE/dx responseforpions,kaons,protonsandelectrons.

and(anti)protons up to pT

=

20 GeV

/c.

The results presentedin

this paper were obtained using the method detailed in [47]. In thisanalysis, around 8

×

107 ₍₄

_.

₇

_×

₁₀7_{) p–Pb(pp) MB triggered}

eventswere used.Theeventandtrackselection hasalreadybeen discussedinSection2.

Asdiscussedin[47],thedE

/

dx iscalibratedtakingintoaccount chambergainvariations,trackcurvatureanddiffusion,toobtaina response that essentially only dependson

β

γ

. Inherently, tracks atforwardrapiditywillhavebetterresolutionduetolonger inte-gratedtrack-lengths,soinordertoanalyzehomogeneoussamples theanalysisisperformedinfour

η

intervals.Samplesof topolog-icallyidentified pions (fromK0_S decays),protons (from



decays) andelectrons (from

γ

conversions)wereusedtoparametrizethe Bethe–Blochresponse,



dE

/

dx

(β

γ

)

, andthe relative resolution,

σ

dE/dx

(



dE

/

dx

)

[47]. For the p–Pb data, these response

func-tionsarefoundtobeslightlymultiplicitydependent(the



dE

/

dx

changes by

∼

0.4% and the sigma by

∼

2.0%). However, a single setof functionsisused forall multiplicity intervals, andthe de-pendenceisincludedinthesystematicuncertainties.Fig. 3shows dE

/

dx as afunction ofmomentumforp–Pb events.The

charac-teristic separation power between particle species in number of standard deviations (Sσ ) as a function of p, is shown in Fig. 4 forminimumbiasp–Pbcollisions. Forexample, Sσ forpionsand kaonsiscalculatedas:

Sσ

=



dE dx



π++π−

−



dE dx



K++K− 0

.

5



σ

_π+_+π−

+

σ

K++K−

 .

(2)

Theseparationinnumberofstandarddeviationsisthe largest (smallest) betweenpions andprotons(kaonsandprotons)andit isnearlyconstantatlargemomenta.

Themainpartofthisanalysisisthedeterminationofthe rela-tive particleabundances,hereafter calledparticlefractions,which are definedasthe

π

+

+

π

−, K+

+

K−,p

+ ¯

p and e+

+

e− yields normalized to that for inclusive charged particles. Since the TPC dE

/

dx signalisGaussiandistributedasillustrated in[47],particle fractions are obtainedusingfour-Gaussian fits to dE

/

dx distribu-tions in

η

and p intervals.The parameters (mean and width) of thefits arefixed usingtheparametrizedBethe–Blochand resolu-tioncurvesmentioned earlier.Examplesofthesefitscan beseen in Fig. 5 for two momentum intervals, 3

.

4

<

p

<

3

.

6 GeV

/c and

8

<

p

<

9 GeV

/c.

Theparticlefractionsina pTrange,areobtained

astheweightedaverageofthecontributingp intervals.Since the particlefractionsasafunctionof pT arefoundtobe independent

of

η

,they are averaged. The particlefractions measured in p–Pb and pp collisions are corrected forrelative efficiency differences usingDPMJET[52] andPHOJET[53]MonteCarlo(MC) generators, respectively.Furthermore,therelativepionandprotonabundances werecorrectedforthecontaminationofsecondaryparticles (feed-down),moredetailsofthemethodcanbefoundin[47].

Theinvariantyields,1

/(

2πpT

)

d2N/d ydpT,areconstructed

us-ingtwo components:thecorrectedparticlefractionsandthe cor-rected invariant charged particle yields. For the pp analysis at

√

s

=

7 TeV,thelattercomponentwastakendirectlyfromthe pub-lished results forinclusive chargedparticles [40].However, anal-ogous resultsfor p–Pb data are neither available for neither the kinematic range

−

0

.

5

<

y

<

0 nor for the different multiplicity classes [54], they were therefore measured here and the results usedtodeterminetheinvariantyields.

4.1. Systematicuncertainties

Thesystematicuncertaintiesmainlyconsistoftwocomponents: thefirstisduetotheeventandtrackselection,andthesecondone isduetothePID.Thefirstcomponentwasobtainedfromthe anal-ysisofinclusivechargedparticles[40,54].ForINELppcollisionsat 7TeV,thesystematicuncertaintieshavebeentakenfrom[40].For p–Pb collisions, thereare no measurements in the

η

interval re-portedhere(

−

0

.

5

<

η

<

0);however,it hasbeenshownthat the systematicuncertaintyexhibitsa negligibledependenceon

η

and multiplicity [45].Therefore, thesystematic uncertainties reported

Fig. 4. Separationinnumberofstandarddeviationsbetween:pionsandprotons(leftpanel),pionsandkaons(middlepanel),andkaonsandprotons(rightpanel).Resultsfor minimumbiasp–Pbdataandfortwospecificpseudorapidityintervalsareshown.Moredetailscanbefoundin[47].

Fig. 5. (Coloronline.)Four-Gaussianfits(lines)tothedE/dx spectra(markers)fortrackshavingmomentum3.4<p<3.6 GeV/c (toprow)and8.0<p<9.0 GeV/c (bottom

row)within−0.125<η<0.Allofthespectraarenormalizedtohaveunitintegrals.ColumnsrefertodifferentV0Amultiplicityclasses.Individualsignalsofchargedpions, kaons,and(anti)protonsareshownasred,green,andbluedashedareas,respectively.Thecontributionofelectronsisnotvisibleandisnegligible(<1%).

Table 3

Summaryofthesystematicuncertaintiesforthechargedpion,kaon,and(anti)protonspectraandfor theparticle ratios.NotethatK/π= (K++K−)/(π++π−)and p/π= (p+ ¯p)/(π++π−).

pT(GeV/c) π++π− K++K− p+ ¯p K/π p/π

2.0 10 3.0 10 3.0 10 3.0 10 3.0 10

pp collisions Uncertainty

Eventandtrackselectiona _{7.3% 7.3% 7.3% – –}

Feed-downcorrection 0.2% – 1.2% 0.2% 1.2%

Efficiencycorrection 3.2% 3.2% 3.2% 4.5% 4.5%

Correctionformuons 0.3% 0.5% – – 0.3% 0.5% 0.3% 0.5% ParametrizationofBethe–Bloch

andresolutioncurves

1.8% 1.9% 20% 6.9% 24% 15% 17% 9.0% 17% 19%

p–Pb collisions Uncertainty

Eventandtrackselectiona _{3.3% 3.6% 3.3% 3.6% 3.3% 3.6% – –}

Feed-downcorrection ≤0.2% – 2.6% 0.7% ≤0.2% 2.6% 0.7%

Efficiencycorrection 3.2% 3.2% 3.2% 4.5% 4.5%

Correctionformuonsb _{0.3% 0.4% – – 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4%}

ParametrizationofBethe–Bloch andresolutioncurves Multiplicity classes 0–5% 1.7% 1.9% 17% 8.0% 15% 13% 16% 10.4% 12% 11% 5–10% 1.7% 2.0% 17% 5.6% 16% 12% 18% 7.2% 14% 24% 10–20% 1.6% 1.9% 16% 7.2% 16% 12% 18% 9.5% 16% 15% 20–40% 1.6% 2.0% 16% 6.7% 17% 15% 18% 8.0% 17% 18% 40–60% 1.5% 1.9% 15% 6.5% 17% 12% 18% 8.3% 18% 13% 60–80% 1.6% 1.8% 16% 6.3% 20% 13% 21% 8.3% 22% 18% 80–100% 1.4% 1.5% 13% 5.9% 20% 13% 16% 7.3% 23% 21% a _{Commontoallspecies,valuestakenfrom[40,54].}

b _{Foundtobemultiplicityindependent.}

in [54] have been assigned to the identified charged hadron pT

spectraforalltheV0Amultiplicityclasses.

Thesecond componentwas measuredfollowingtheprocedure described in [47], where the largestcontribution is attributedto theuncertainties in theparameterization ofthe Bethe–Blochand resolutioncurvesusedtoconstrainthefits.Theuncertaintyis cal-culatedby varyingthe



dE

/

dx

and

σ

dE/dx intheparticlefraction

fits(Fig. 5)withintheprecisionofthedE

/

dx responsecalibration,

∼

1% and5%for



dE

/

dx

and

σ

dE/dx,respectively.Asmallfraction

ofthisuncertaintywasfoundtobemultiplicitydependent,itwas estimatedasdoneinthepreviousALICEpublication[30].

A summary of the main systematic uncertainties on the pT

spectraand theparticle ratios forp–Pb andpp collisions can be

found inTable 3fortwo pT intervals. Forpions,themain

contri-bution is related toevent andtrackselection andthe associated commoncorrections. Inthe caseofkaonsandprotonsthelargest uncertainty isattributedto the parametrizationof thedE

/

dx re-sponse.Forkaons,theuncertaintydecreaseswithpT andincreases

withmultiplicitywhileforprotonsthemultiplicitydependenceis opposite.Thisvariationmainlyreflectsthechangesintheparticle ratioswithpT andmultiplicity.

5. Resultsanddiscussions

The totalsystematicuncertaintyforallthe spectraforagiven particlespeciesisfactorizedforeach pT interval intoa

multiplic-Fig. 6. (Coloronline.)TheratioofindividualspectratothecombinedspectrumasafunctionofpTforpions(left),kaons(middle),andprotons(right).Fromtop-to-bottom therowsshowtheV0Amultiplicityclass0–5%,20–40%and60–80%.Statisticalanduncorrelatedsystematicuncertaintiesareshownasverticalerrorbarsanderrorbands, respectively.OnlythepTrangeswhereindividualanalysisoverlapareshown.Seethetextforfurtherdetails.

Fig. 7. (Coloronline.) Transversemomentumspectraofchargedpions(left),kaons(middle),and(anti)protons(right)measuredinp–Pbcollisionsat√sNN=5.02 TeV. Statisticalandsystematicuncertaintiesareplottedasverticalerrorbarsandboxes,respectively.Thespectra(measuredforNSDeventsandfordifferentV0Amultiplicity classes)havebeenscaledbytheindicatedfactorsinthelegendforbettervisibility.

ityindependentandmultiplicitydependentsystematicuncertainty. Thetransversemomentum distributionsobtainedfromthe differ-ent analyses are combined in the overlapping pT region using a

weightedaverage.The weightforthe combinationswasdone ac-cordingtothetotalsystematicuncertaintytoobtainthebest over-allprecision.Sincethesystematicuncertaintiesdueto normaliza-tionandtrackingarecommontoalltheanalyses,theywereadded directly to the final combined results. The statistical

uncertain-tiesaremuchsmallerandthereforeneglectedinthecombination weights.Themultiplicitydependentsystematicuncertaintyforthe combinedspectrais alsopropagated usingthesameweights. For theresults showninthispaperthe fullsystematicuncertainty is always used,butthemultiplicitycorrelated anduncorrelated sys-tematicuncertaintiesaremadeavailableatHepData.Fig. 6shows examples of the comparisons amongthe individual analyses and the combined pT spectra, focusingon the overlapping pT region.

Fig. 8. (Coloronline.)Transversemomentumspectraofchargedpions(left),kaons(middle),and(anti)protons(right)measuredinINELppcollisionsat√s=2.76 TeV andat

√

s=7 TeV.Statisticalandsystematicuncertaintiesareplottedasverticalerrorbarsandboxes,respectively.Thespectrumat√s=5.02 TeV representsthereferenceinINEL ppcollisions,constructedfrommeasuredspectraat√s=2.76 TeV andat√s=7 TeV.Seethetextforfurtherdetails.Panelsonthebottomshowtheratioofthemeasured yieldstotheinterpolatedspectra.Onlyuncertaintiesoftheinterpolatedspectraareshown.

Withinsystematicandstatisticaluncertaintiesthenewhigh-pT

re-sults, measured with HMPID and TPC, agree with the published results [30]. Similar agreement is obtained forthe pT spectra in

INELppcollisionsat7 TeV[39].

5.1. Transversemomentumspectraandnuclearmodificationfactor Thecombined chargedpion,kaonand(anti)proton pT spectra

inp–Pbcollisions fordifferentV0Amultiplicity classesare shown inFig. 7. Asreported in [30], for pT below2–3 GeV

/c the

spec-tra behave like in Pb–Pb collisions, i.e., the pT distributions

be-comeharder asthemultiplicity increasesandthechangeismost pronounced forprotons andlambdas. Inheavy-ion collisions this effectiscommonlyattributedtoradial flow. Forlargermomenta, thespectrafollowapower-lawshapeasexpectedfrom perturba-tiveQCD.

In order to quantify any particle species dependence of the nuclear effects in p–Pb collisions, comparisons to reference pT

spectrain pp collisions areneeded. In theabsence ofpp data at

√

s

=

5

.

02 TeV,thereferencespectraareobtainedbyinterpolating datameasuredat

√

s

=

2

.

76 TeV andat

√

s

=

7 TeV.Theinvariant crosssectionforidentifiedhadronproductioninINELppcollisions, 1

/(

2πpT

)

d2

σ

ppINEL

/

d ydpT, isinterpolated ineach pT interval,

as-sumingapowerlawdependenceasafunctionof

√

s.Themethod was cross-checked using events simulated by Pythia 8.201 [55], wherethedifference betweentheinterpolated andthesimulated referencewas found tobe negligible.The maximum relative sys-tematicuncertaintyofthespectraat

√

s

=

2

.

76 TeV and at

√

s

=

7 TeV hasbeenassignedasa systematicuncertainty tothe refer-ence.Inthetransversemomentuminterval3

<

pT

<

10 GeV

/c,

the

totalsystematicuncertainties forpions andkaons arebelow8.6% and10%,respectively.Whilefor(anti)protonsitis7.7%and18%at 3 GeV/c and10 GeV/c,respectively.Theinvariant yieldsareshown inFig. 8,wheretheinterpolated pTspectraarecomparedtothose

measuredinINELppcollisionsat2.76TeVand7TeV. Thenuclearmodificationfactoristhenconstructedas:

RpPb

=

d2NpPb

/

d ydpT

TpPb

d2

σ

INEL pp

/

d ydpT (3)

Fig. 9. (Coloronline.)Thenuclearmodificationfactor RpPbasafunctionof trans-verse momentum pT for differentparticle species.Thestatisticalandsystematic uncertainties areshownas verticalerror barsandboxes, respectively. Thetotal normalization uncertainty is indicated bya verticalscale ofthe empty boxat

pT=0 GeV/c and RpPb=1.Theresultforinclusivechargedhadrons[54]isalso shown.

where, for minimum bias (NSD) p–Pb collisions the average nu-clear overlap function,

TpPb

, is 0

.

0983

±

0

.

0035 mb−1 [43]. In absenceofnucleareffectstheRpPb isexpectedtobeone.

Fig. 9 showsthe identified hadron RpPb compared to that for

inclusivechargedparticles (h±)[54] inNSDp–Pbevents.Athigh pT (

>

10 GeV

/c),

all nuclear modification factors are consistent

withunity withinsystematicandstatisticaluncertainties. Around 4 GeV

/c,

where aprominent Croninenhancement hasbeen seen atlowerenergies[33,34],theunidentifiedchargedhadron RpPb is

above unity, albeitbarely significantwithin systematic uncertain-ties [54]. Remarkably, the (anti)proton enhancement is

∼

3 times largerthanthatforchargedparticles,whileforchargedpionsand kaons the enhancement is below that of charged particles. The STAR andPHENIXCollaborations have observeda similar pattern at RHIC,where thenuclear modification factorforMB d–Au

col-Fig. 10. (Coloronline.) Kaon-to-pion(upperpanel)andproton-to-pion(bottompanel)ratiosasafunctionofpT fordifferentV0Amultiplicityclasses.Resultsfor p–Pb collisions(fullmarkers)arecomparedtotheratiosmeasuredinINELpp collisionsat2.76TeV[35](emptycircles)andat 7TeV[39](fullcircles).Thestatisticaland systematicuncertaintiesareplottedasverticalerrorbarsandboxes,respectively.

lisions, RdAu, in the range 2

<

pT

<

5 GeV

/c,

is 1

.

24

±

0

.

13 and

1

.

49

±

0

.

17 forchargedpionsand(anti)protons,respectively[20]. Anenhancement of protons inthe same pT rangeis also

ob-served in heavy-ion collisions [35,47], whereit commonlyis in-terpretedasradial-flowandhasastrongcentralitydependence.In thenextsection, westudythemultiplicitydependenceofthe in-variantyield ratiostoseewhetherprotonsaremoreenhancedas afunctionofmultiplicitythanpions.

5.2.Transversemomentumandmultiplicitydependenceofparticle ratios

The kaon-to-pion andthe proton-to-pion ratios asa function of pT fordifferent V0Amultiplicity classes are shownin Fig. 10.

The results for p–Pb collisions are compared to those measured forINELpp collisions at2.76 TeV [35] andat7TeV [39]. Within systematicandstatisticaluncertainties,thepTdifferential

kaon-to-pionratiosdonot show anymultiplicitydependence.In fact,the

resultsaresimilartothoseforINELppcollisionsatbothenergies. The pT differentialproton-to-pionratiosshow aclearmultiplicity

evolution at low and intermediate pT (

<

10 GeV

/c).

This

multi-plicityevolutionisqualitativelysimilartothe centralityevolution observedinPb–Pbcollisions[35,47].

Itisworthnotingthattheaveragemultiplicitiesatmid-rapidity for peripheral Pb–Pb collisions (60–80%) and high multiplicity p–Pb collisions (0–5% V0A multiplicity class) are very similar,



dNch

/

dη

∼

50.Evenifthephysicalmechanismsforparticle

pro-duction could bedifferent, it seems interesting tocompare these systemswithsimilarunderlyingactivityasdoneinFig. 11,where INEL

√

s

=

7 TeV ppresultsareincludedasanapproximate base-line. Withinsystematic andstatistical uncertainties, the kaon-to-pion ratiosare the same forall systems. Onthe other hand,the proton-to-pionratiosexhibitsimilarflow-likefeaturesforthep–Pb andPb–Pb systems,namely,the ratiosare belowthepp baseline for pT

<

1 GeV

/c and

above for pT

>

1

.

5 GeV

/c.

Quantitative

Fig. 11. (Coloronline.)Particleratiosasafunctionoftransversemomentum.Three differentcollidingsystemsarecompared,pp(opensquares),0–5%p–Pb(open cir-cles)and60–80%Pb–Pb(fulldiamonds)collisionsat√sNN=7 TeV,5.02TeVand 2.76TeV,respectively.

Fig. 12. (Coloronline.)ParticleratiosasafunctionofdNch/dη ineachV0A mul-tiplicityclass(see[30]formoredetails).Threedifferentcollidingsystemsare com-pared:pp,p–PbandperipheralPb–Pbcollisions.

canbeattributedtothedifferencesintheinitialstateoverlap ge-ometryandthebeamenergy.

Theresultsfortheparticleratiossuggestthat themodification ofthe(anti)protonspectralshapegoingfrompptop–Pbcollisions couldplaythedominantroleintheCroninenhancementobserved forinclusivechargedparticleRpPbatLHCenergies.Toconfirmthis

picture one would have to studythe nuclear modificationfactor asa functionof multiplicity aswe didin [45], where,the possi-blebiasesintheevaluationofthemultiplicity-dependentaverage nuclearoverlap function

TpPb

werediscussed. Theseresultswill becomeavailableinthefuture.

InFig. 12wecomparetheparticleratiosathighpT(10

<

pT

<

20 GeV

/c)

measured inINEL

√

s

=

7 TeV pp collisions,peripheral Pb–Pb collisions and the multiplicity dependent results in p–Pb collisions.Withinstatisticalandsystematicuncertainties,theratios donotshowanyevolutionwithmultiplicity.Moreover,sinceithas beenalreadyreportedthat inPb–Pb collisionsthey are centrality independent[47]we concludethatthey aresystem-size indepen-dent.

The strongsimilarity ofparticle ratios asa function of multi-plicityinp–PbandcentralityinPb–Pbcollisionsinthelow, inter-mediate,andhigh-pTregionsisstriking.Ingeneral,theresultsfor

p–Pbcollisions appeartoraise questionsaboutthelong standing ideas ofspecificphysics modelsforsmallandlarge systems[56]. For example, in the low pT publication [30], hydrodynamic

in-spired fits gave higher transverse expansion velocities (

β

T

) for

p–PbthanforPb–Pbcollisions.Hydrodynamics,whichsuccessfully describesmanyfeatures ofheavy-ioncollisions, hasbeenapplied tosmall systemsandcan explain thiseffect [21],but careneeds to be taken since its applicability to small systemsis still under debate [56]. On the other hand, models like color reconnection, wherethesoftandhardcomponentsareallowed tointeract,

pro-showconstituentquarkscalinginp–Pbcollisions [60]. 6. Conclusions

We havereportedon thechargedpion, kaonand(anti)proton productionuptolargetransversemomenta(pT

≤

20 GeV

/c)

inp–

Pb collisions at

√

sNN

=

5

.

02 TeV. The pT spectra in

√

s

=

7 TeV

ppcollisionswerealsomeasuredupto20 GeV

/c to

allowthe de-terminationofthe

√

s

=

5

.

02 TeV ppreferencecrosssectionusing theexistingdataat2.76 TeVandat7 TeV.

At intermediate pT (2

<

pT

<

10 GeV

/c),

the(anti)proton RpPb

for non-singlediffractivep–Pb collisions was found tobe signifi-cantlylarger than thoseforpions andkaons, inparticularin the region where the Cronin peak was observed by experiments at lowerenergies.Hence,themodestenhancementwhichwealready reportedforunidentifiedchargedparticlescanbeattributedtothe modification ofthe protonspectral shape going fromppto p–Pb collisions. Athigh pT thenuclearmodificationfactorsforcharged

pions, kaons and (anti)protons are consistent with unity within systematicandstatisticaluncertainties.

Theenhancement ofprotonswithrespecttopionsat interme-diate pT showsastrongmultiplicitydependence.Thisbehavioris

not observed for the kaon-to-pion ratio. At high transverse mo-menta (10

<

pT

<

20 GeV

/c)

the pT integratedparticleratios are

system-size independent for pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions. For a similar multiplicity at mid-rapidity, the pT-differential particle

ratios are alike for p–Pb andPb–Pb collisions over the broad pT

rangereportedinthispaper. Acknowledgements

The ALICECollaboration would like to thank all its engineers andtechniciansfortheirinvaluablecontributionstothe construc-tion ofperformanceofthe LHCcomplex.TheALICECollaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centresandthe WorldwideLHC ComputingGrid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the follow-ing funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICEdetector:State CommitteeofScience,WorldFederation of Scientists (WFS)and Swiss Fonds Kidagan, Armenia; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq), Fi-nanciadora de Estudose Projetos(FINEP),Fundaçãode Amparoà Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP); National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China (NSFC), the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (CMOE) and the Ministry of Sci-ence and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (MSTC); Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic; Danish Natural Science Research Council, the Carlsberg Founda-tion andtheDanish NationalResearchFoundation;The European ResearchCouncilundertheEuropeanCommunity’sSeventh Frame-work Programme; Helsinki Institute of Physics and the Academy of Finland; French CNRS–IN2P3, the ‘Region Pays de Loire’, ‘Re-gion Alsace’, ‘Region Auvergne’ and CEA, France; German Bun-desministerium fur Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und

Tech-nologie(BMBF)andtheHelmholtzAssociation;GeneralSecretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Development, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH), Hungary;DepartmentofAtomic Energy,GovernmentofIndia and DepartmentofScience andTechnology of theGovernment of In-dia;InstitutoNazionalediFisicaNucleare (INFN)andCentroFermi – Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Italy; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI and MEXT, Japan; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna;NationalResearchFoundation ofKorea(NRF);Consejo Na-cional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Direccion General de AsuntosdelPersonalAcademico(DGAPA),México,AmeriqueLatine Formationacademique–EuropeanCommission(ALFA-EC)andthe EPLANETProgram (EuropeanParticle PhysicsLatin American Net-work);StichtingvoorFundamenteelOnderzoekderMaterie(FOM) andtheNederlandseOrganisatievoorWetenschappelijkOnderzoek (NWO),Netherlands; ResearchCouncil ofNorway (NFR);National Science Centre, Poland; Ministry of National Education/Institute forAtomic Physics andNational Council ofScientific Researchin Higher Education (CNCSI-UEFISCDI), Romania; Ministry of Educa-tion and Science of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federal Agency of Atomic Energy, Russian Fed-eralAgency for Science andInnovation and the Russian Founda-tionforBasicResearch;MinistryofEducationofSlovakia; Depart-mentofScienceandTechnology,RepublicofSouthAfrica;Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT),E-InfrastructuresharedbetweenEuropeandLatin Amer-ica(EELA),Ministeriode EconomíayCompetitividad(MINECO)of Spain,XuntadeGalicia(ConselleríadeEducación),Centrode Apli-cacionesTecnológicasyDesarrolloNuclear(CEADEN),Cubaenergía, Cuba,andIAEA(InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency);Swedish Re-search Council (VR) and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW);MinistryofEducationandScienceofUkraine;United King-domScienceandTechnologyFacilitiesCouncil(STFC);TheU.S. De-partmentofEnergy,theUnitedStatesNationalScienceFoundation, theStateofTexas,andtheStateofOhio; MinistryofScience, Ed-ucationandSportsofCroatiaandUnitythroughKnowledgeFund, Croatia; Council of Scientific andIndustrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi,India;PontificiaUniversidadCatólicadelPerú.

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ALICECollaboration

J. Adam

40

,

D. Adamová

84

,

M.M. Aggarwal

88

,

G. Aglieri Rinella

36

,

M. Agnello

110

,

N. Agrawal

48

,

Z. Ahammed

132

,

S. Ahmad

19

,

S.U. Ahn

68

,

S. Aiola

136

,

A. Akindinov

58

,

S.N. Alam

132

,

D. Aleksandrov

80

,

B. Alessandro

110

,

D. Alexandre

101

,

R. Alfaro Molina

64

,

A. Alici

12

,

104

,

A. Alkin

3

,

J.R.M. Almaraz

119

,

J. Alme

38

,

T. Alt

43

,

S. Altinpinar

18

,

I. Altsybeev

131

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C. Alves Garcia Prado

120

,

C. Andrei

78

,

A. Andronic

97

,

V. Anguelov

94

,

T. Antiˇci ´c

98

,

F. Antinori

107

,

P. Antonioli

104

,

L. Aphecetche

113

,

H. Appelshäuser

53

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S. Arcelli

28

,

R. Arnaldi

110

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O.W. Arnold

37

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93

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I.C. Arsene

22

,

M. Arslandok

53

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B. Audurier

113

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A. Augustinus

36

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R. Averbeck

97

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M.D. Azmi

19

,

A. Badalà

106

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Y.W. Baek

67

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S. Bagnasco

110

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R. Bailhache

53

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R. Bala

91

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S. Balasubramanian

136

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A. Baldisseri

15

,

R.C. Baral

61

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A.M. Barbano

27

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R. Barbera

29

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F. Barile

33

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G.G. Barnaföldi

135

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L.S. Barnby

101

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V. Barret

70

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P. Bartalini

7

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K. Barth

36

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J. Bartke

117

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E. Bartsch

53

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M. Basile

28

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N. Bastid

70

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S. Basu

132

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B. Bathen

54

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G. Batigne

113

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A. Batista Camejo

70

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B. Batyunya

66

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P.C. Batzing

22

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I.G. Bearden

81

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H. Beck

53

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C. Bedda

110

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N.K. Behera

50

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I. Belikov

55

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F. Bellini

28

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H. Bello Martinez

2

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R. Bellwied

122

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R. Belmont

134

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E. Belmont-Moreno

64

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V. Belyaev

75

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P. Benacek

84

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G. Bencedi

135

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S. Beole

27

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I. Berceanu

78

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A. Bercuci

78

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Y. Berdnikov

86

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D. Berenyi

135

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R.A. Bertens

57

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D. Berzano

36

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L. Betev

36

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A. Bhasin

91

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I.R. Bhat

91

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A.K. Bhati

88

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B. Bhattacharjee

45

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J. Bhom

128

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L. Bianchi

122

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N. Bianchi

72

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C. Bianchin

134

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57

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J. Bielˇcík

40

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J. Bielˇcíková

84

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A. Bilandzic

81

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37

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93

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G. Biro

135

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R. Biswas

4

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S. Biswas

79

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S. Bjelogrlic

57

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J.T. Blair

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D. Blau

80

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C. Blume

53

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F. Bock

74

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94

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A. Bogdanov

75

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H. Bøggild

81

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L. Boldizsár

135

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M. Bombara

41

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J. Book

53

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H. Borel

15

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A. Borissov

96

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M. Borri

83

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124

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F. Bossú

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E. Botta

27

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C. Bourjau

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P. Braun-Munzinger

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M. Bregant

120

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T. Breitner

52

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T.A. Broker

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T.A. Browning

95

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M. Broz

40

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E.J. Brucken

46

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E. Bruna

110

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G.E. Bruno

33

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D. Budnikov

99

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H. Buesching

53

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S. Bufalino

36

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27

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P. Buncic

36

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O. Busch

94

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128

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Z. Buthelezi

65

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J.B. Butt

16

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J.T. Buxton

20

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D. Caffarri

36

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X. Cai

7

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H. Caines

136

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L. Calero Diaz

72

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A. Caliva

57

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E. Calvo Villar

102

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P. Camerini

26

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F. Carena

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W. Carena

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F. Carnesecchi

28

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J. Castillo Castellanos

15

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A.J. Castro

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E.A.R. Casula

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C. Ceballos Sanchez

9

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P. Cerello

110

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J. Cerkala

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B. Chang

123

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S. Chapeland

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M. Chartier

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J.L. Charvet

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S. Chattopadhyay

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S. Chattopadhyay

100

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A. Chauvin

93

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37

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V. Chelnokov

3

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M. Cherney

87

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C. Cheshkov

130

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B. Cheynis

130

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V. Chibante Barroso

36

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D.D. Chinellato

121

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S. Cho

50

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P. Chochula

36

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K. Choi

96

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M. Chojnacki

81

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S. Choudhury

132

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P. Christakoglou

82

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C.H. Christensen

81

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P. Christiansen

34

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T. Chujo

128

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S.U. Chung

96

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C. Cicalo

105

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L. Cifarelli

12

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28

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F. Cindolo

104

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J. Cleymans

90

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F. Colamaria

33

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D. Colella

59

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36

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A. Collu

74

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25

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M. Colocci

28

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G. Conesa Balbastre

71

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Z. Conesa del Valle

51

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M.E. Connors

136

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ii

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J.G. Contreras

40

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T.M. Cormier

85

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Y. Corrales Morales

110

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I. Cortés Maldonado

2

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P. Cortese

32

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M.R. Cosentino

120

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F. Costa

36

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P. Crochet

70

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R. Cruz Albino

11

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E. Cuautle

63

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L. Cunqueiro

54

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36

_,

_{T. Dahms}

93

,

37

_,

_{A. Dainese}

107

_,

_{M.C. Danisch}

94

_,

_{A. Danu}

62

_,

_{D. Das}

100

_,

_{I. Das}

100

_,

S. Das

4

,

A. Dash

121

,

79

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S. Dash

48

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S. De

120

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A. De Caro

12

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31

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G. de Cataldo

103

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C. de Conti

120

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J. de Cuveland

43

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A. De Falco

25

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D. De Gruttola

12

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31

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N. De Marco

110

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S. De Pasquale

31

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A. Deisting

97

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94

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A. Deloff

77

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E. Dénes

135

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i

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C. Deplano

82

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P. Dhankher

48

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D. Di Bari

33

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A. Di Mauro

36

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P. Di Nezza

72

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M.A. Diaz Corchero

10

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T. Dietel

90

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P. Dillenseger

53

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R. Divià

36

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Ø. Djuvsland

18

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A. Dobrin

62

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82

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D. Domenicis Gimenez

120

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B. Dönigus

53

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O. Dordic

22

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T. Drozhzhova

53

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A.K. Dubey

132

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A. Dubla

57

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L. Ducroux

130

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P. Dupieux

70

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R.J. Ehlers

136

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D. Elia

103

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E. Endress

102

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H. Engel

52

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E. Epple

136

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B. Erazmus

113

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I. Erdemir

53

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F. Erhardt

129

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B. Espagnon

51

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M. Estienne

113

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S. Esumi

128

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J. Eum

96

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D. Evans

101

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S. Evdokimov

111

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G. Eyyubova

40

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L. Fabbietti

93

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37

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D. Fabris

107

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J. Faivre

71

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A. Fantoni

72

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M. Fasel

74

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L. Feldkamp

54

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A. Feliciello

110

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G. Feofilov

131

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J. Ferencei

84

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A. Fernández Téllez

2

,

E.G. Ferreiro

17

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A. Ferretti

27

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A. Festanti

30

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V.J.G. Feuillard

15

,

70

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J. Figiel

117

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M.A.S. Figueredo

124

,

120

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S. Filchagin

99

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D. Finogeev

56

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F.M. Fionda

25

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E.M. Fiore

33

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M.G. Fleck

94

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M. Floris

36

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S. Foertsch

65

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P. Foka

97

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S. Fokin

80

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E. Fragiacomo

109

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A. Francescon

36

,

30

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U. Frankenfeld

97

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G.G. Fronze

27

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U. Fuchs

36

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C. Furget

71

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A. Furs

56

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M. Fusco Girard

31

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J.J. Gaardhøje

81

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M. Gagliardi

27

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A.M. Gago

102

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M. Gallio

27

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D.R. Gangadharan

74

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P. Ganoti

89

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C. Gao

7

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C. Garabatos

97

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E. Garcia-Solis

13

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C. Gargiulo

36

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P. Gasik

93

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37

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E.F. Gauger

118

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M. Germain

113

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A. Gheata

36

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M. Gheata

36

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62

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P. Ghosh

132

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S.K. Ghosh

4

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P. Gianotti

72

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P. Giubellino

110

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36

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P. Giubilato

30

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E. Gladysz-Dziadus

117

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P. Glässel

94

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D.M. Goméz Coral

64

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A. Gomez Ramirez

52

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V. Gonzalez

10

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P. González-Zamora

10

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S. Gorbunov

43

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L. Görlich

117

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S. Gotovac

116

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V. Grabski

64

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O.A. Grachov

136

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L.K. Graczykowski

133

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K.L. Graham

101

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A. Grelli

57

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A. Grigoras

36

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C. Grigoras

36

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V. Grigoriev

75

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A. Grigoryan

1

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S. Grigoryan

66

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B. Grinyov

3

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N. Grion

109

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J.M. Gronefeld

97

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J.F. Grosse-Oetringhaus

36

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J.-Y. Grossiord

130

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R. Grosso

97

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F. Guber

56

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R. Guernane

71

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B. Guerzoni

28

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K. Gulbrandsen

81

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T. Gunji

127

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A. Gupta

91

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R. Gupta

91

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R. Haake

54

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Ø. Haaland

18

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C. Hadjidakis

51

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M. Haiduc

62

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H. Hamagaki

127

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G. Hamar

135

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J.C. Hamon

55

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J.W. Harris

136

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A. Harton

13

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D. Hatzifotiadou

104

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S. Hayashi

127

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S.T. Heckel

53

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H. Helstrup

38

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A. Herghelegiu

78

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G. Herrera Corral

11

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B.A. Hess

35

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H. Hillemanns

36

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B. Hippolyte

55

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D. Horak

40

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R. Hosokawa

128

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P. Hristov

36

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M. Huang

18

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T.J. Humanic

20

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N. Hussain

45

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T. Hussain

19

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D. Hutter

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D.S. Hwang

21

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R. Ilkaev

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M. Inaba

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E. Incani

25

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M. Ippolitov

75

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80

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M. Irfan

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M. Ivanov

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V. Ivanov

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V. Izucheev

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N. Jacazio

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M.B. Jadhav

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J. Jadlovsky

115

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59

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C. Jahnke

120

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M.J. Jakubowska

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M.A. Janik

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P.H.S.Y. Jayarathna

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C. Jena

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S. Jena

122

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R.T. Jimenez Bustamante

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P.G. Jones

101

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P. Kalinak

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A. Kalweit

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J. Kamin

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V. Kaplin

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A. Karasu Uysal

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E. Karpechev

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36

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P. Khan

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,

P. Luettig

53

,

M. Lunardon

30

,

G. Luparello

26

,

T.H. Lutz

136

,

A. Maevskaya

56

,

M. Mager

36

,

S. Mahajan

91

,