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Abstrac Mainstre instrume regarded relegated and inte political between perspect private p regulatio Keywor JEL: J0 DINÂ Tel. 2 ct: eam econom ental activity d: as a relati d to the priv rsubjective c and public the public tive. Major n practices to on. rds: concept 1, J50, J81 ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. mists and so y. This instru ion between vate, non-pol character, w dimension. and the pri normative im
public matte
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The str
Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
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ers and that
blic sphere, H ruggle over w udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i phers like A nception of w nature rather n. Converse s work, as e lytical claim ntemporary d are that wor
participator
Hannah Aren
what gets inc for ju udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d
Claiming
Arendt and work results than a relat ly, we argue experienced ms lead us t democratic s rk-related iss ry workplace ndt, democra cluded in the stice and freonómica e o Ter PORTUGAL
inamiacet.iscte-g publicn
Habermas c from the w tion between e that work e by workers, to question societies and sues should es should be cy at work e public agen eedom (Seyla rritório -iul.pt/ness for
conceive wo way in which n men. Wor entails a co-, with an ine the strict d d adopt a n be transform e promoted b nda is itself a a Benhabib, 12
r work
ork as an h work is k is then operative escapable istinction normative med from by public a struggle 1992:79).1. I
In a time life dete economi have larg long-stan economi desired s T explaine economi which s philosop work, su public sp the priva its conse ruling it T arenas a against t Honneth public ch and endi F nature bu work acc Yet, wor which, p approach normativ precisely T as conce DINÂ Tel. 2INTRODU
e when work eriorates alm ists, includin gely been ha nding libera ists had reno social and ec This state of ed by theore ists and sociocially dis-e phers, like H upposed to p phere is defin ate, non-polit equent exclus out of the “e The aim of t and that work
the dominant h (1982), Fer haracter of w ing with a no Firstly it is p ut not with e companies th rk activities pace Haberm hes assume s ve concerns y that it deals The second p eived by Ha ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax.
UCTION
k goes throu most everyw ng heterodox anded over to al contention unced to stu conomic outc f affairs no etical reason ial philosoph embedded in Hannah Aren put men in r ned by free n tical domain sion from the elevated” aca the present p k has an irre t contention, rreras (2007) work. We dev ormative one pointed out each other. In he eviction o are almost mas, are no since long th and justice a s with collec part of the p abermas and Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força217940042 E-m ugh an unpre where, work x economists o manageria n that work dy the world comes. doubt stems ns, related t hers. For ma ndividuals e ndt and Jurge relation with non-strategic n. In our view e public sphe ademic matte paper is to ar educible poli we are not ) or Dejours velop our arg
.
that the inst n economics, of the relatio always unde ot of a stra hat work is a aspirations. N tive activitie paper examin Arendt, are udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i ecedented pro issues are . Normative al sciences, a governance d of work and s from histor to the way ainstream eco engage solel en Haberma h nature and c interaction w, this instrum
ere has contr ers. rgue that wo itical and pu alone in our (2009) have gument in th trumental co , for instance ons between ertaken with ategic nature collective, c Now, a majo es marked by nes the exten e met in priv udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d ocess of dep a very mu claims abou a process that is an exclu d promote th
rical and ide in which w onomists, wo ly to have a s, emphasize d in strategic among equa mental, depo ributed to un orkplaces are ublic dimensi endeavour. e also been a hree steps, be onception reg e, the margin men from t hin a network e. Institution co-operative or constitutiv y key normat nt in which th vate business onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-reciation and uch secundar ut how work t contributes usively priva he changes th eological fact work is con ork is an ins access to co e also the in c relations w l individuals oliticized, con nderrate work e political (in ion. Althoug Authors such advocating t eginning with gards work nalist (instrum he domain o k of social i nal econom venture endu ve feature of ive challenge he condition s workplace rritório -iul.pt/ d the quality rized subjec k should be o s to legitimat ate matter. It hat would br
ctors but may nceptualized strumental a onsumption. nstrumental with others. S s, work is rel onception of w k and is prog n the arendti gh this appro ch as Patema the recogniti h an analytic as relating m mental) conc of economic interactions, mics and soc uringly perm f the public es.
ns for a publi es, and wheth
3
y of work ct among organized tizing the t is as if ing about y also be by most activity in Leading nature of Since the legated to work and gressively an sense) oach runs n (1970), on of the cal stance men with ception of analysis. many of ciological meated by sphere is ic sphere, her thesecondition us to qu criterion T political are henc scrutiny. competit unquesti 2006) ar business policies is recogn that appl S contra A Haberma dimensio work as
2. R
Work as Mainstre workers, entertain consump marginal between human n A social pr1 Instituti simply a m 2011). DINÂ Tel. 2 ns are effect uestion the n for a public The third pa issue. Some ce explored. . We point tiveness are ioned. For in re hardly den s practices to aimed at pro nized that w lies to the pu Section two Arendt (1958 as (1989) to on. Section public and s
RECOGN
s an instrum eam econom , an unpleas n an instrum ption1. Non lists, are als men and na nature”, that i Although ma references inional economi means to cons ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. tively require private/publ c sphere. art assumes e of the norm Firstly, mak out that the rendering th nstance, the c nounced. Lik o matters of omoting the workplaces ha ublic sphere, briefly pres 8), that work examine the four develop ection five c
NIZING T
ental and so mists portray sant activity mental relati -incidentally so those wh ature. For th is, self-intere ainstream ec nto utility fuists, by contra sumption; it c Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m
ed for an are ic distinctio
that the “pu mative count king an issue e opposite is he changes be current inten ke pay and h public conce democratizat ave a public namely the m sents the con
k is a politi e extent in w ps the norm concludes.
HE POLI
olitary activit work as a p which peop ion with wo y, the autho ho restricted hem, econom est and the se conomics ha unctions, theast, have alwa ould also be a udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i ena to be con on in contem ublicness” of terparts of th e public mea s presently eing undergo nsification of health, such q
ern and issue tion of work dimension, maximum po nceptions of ical activity. which workp mative coroll
ITICAL C
ty production f ple would av ork, which ors who fo the object mics would e earch for ma as meanwhile rational eco ays challenge a privileged m udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d nsidered publ mporary soc f work is no he recognitio ans making i observed co one in the wo f work and d questions sho es of justice k become req they should ossible partic f work releva Section thr laces can be laries generaCHARACT
factor for firm void if they is merely a ormalized th of economi exclusively d aterial wealth e largely bro onomic agen d this view, h eans for huma
onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL
inamiacet.iscte-lic. Our conc ieties and d ot solely a t n of the pub it accessible oncerning wo orld of work declining wo ould be trans . Secondly, p quired and le d be subject t cipation of al ant for our p ree builds on e regarded as ated by the
TER OF W
ms and a so could. Wor a means to his vision ics to the st deal with the h. oadened its s nt still acts in highlighting th an flourishing rritório -iul.pt/ ception of w discuss equa theoretical b blic character to debate an ork: the dem k almost invi ork autonomy sformed from public regul egitimate. Ind to the same ll those invol purposes an n Arendt (1 s embodying acknowledgWORK
ource of disu rkers are ass the “real” of work, t tudy of the e “lower ele scope by int nstrumentall he fact that w (Spencer, 2004
work leads ality as a ut also a r of work nd public mands of isible and y (Green, m private ation and deed, if it principle lved. d argues, 958) and g a public ement of utility for sumed to end, i.e. the early relations ements of troducing ly toward work is not 09; Lopes,others. H utility-m worker a by the w In turn, dismantl 2007). T mainstre F environm nature; i Though work an enter wh action w establish adequate then, ind resource governed than dire norms sh in work activity, cement o But for h of work, H three act sense tha their bio condemn and wom
2 For the not differ DINÂ Tel. 2
His social rel maximization as a produce worker as a co contemporar le the emanc The theoreti eam economi For Haberm ment. Work it is hence ty he recogniz d interaction hile at work which consist hed at work, e to one’s go dividuals are es, likely to d by the dikt In contrast w ected to a g hared by the individuals marked by of social ord him commun , in the publi Habermas’ f tivities: labou at they are d ological cond ns modern s men compel
sake of simp significantly f ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. ations are ju and the ind er embedded
onsumer. ry social phi cipatory statu
cal mileston ics, work inv mas, work br k is regulated ypically and es that work n (Habermas belong to t ts in finding , in turn, are oals while kn e assumed t be manipul tats of instrum with work, i oal and is a interacting i primarily re interaction der; a society nicative actio c sphere. framework m
ur, work and directed to a dition; so, me ocieties for themselves
licity, we only from that of la Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m st means by dividualistic in a social p ilosophy is m us of the 19 nes along th volves the rel roadly refer d by the tech necessarily k activity is s, 1968). Wo he domain o the best tech e regarded a nowing that to view thei lated if nece mental reaso interaction i associated to individuals a elate with na and identity would not h on is only po meets Arendt d (political) a goal other t en as laboure them having to the never y consider here abour concern udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i which, or co ground of r productive c marked by t 9th-century co
his path are lations betwe rs to the wa hnical rules t an externally immersed in ork as an ac of instrumen hnical means as strategic others are a ir co-worker essary. Work on. is oriented b communica and character ature, comm y formation. hold together ossible among t’s theorizati action. Labo than themsel ers are boun g become so r-ending cyc re Arendt’s con ing what is of udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d onstraints wit rational choi ontext had b the underatin oncept of wo Arendt and een men and ay individua that govern t y regulated a n social inter ctivity and th ntal/strategic s in the pursu action – con also pursuing rs as if they kplaces, like y the mutua ative action. rized by the municative ac For Haberm r with instrum g free and eq ion of the hu ur and work lves. Labour d to necessit ocieties of la cle of produc ncept of labou f specific intere onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-thin which, h ice theory is been replaced ng of work, ork (Honneth d Habermas nature. als control a the interactio and controlle ractions, he he relations action. Wor uit of predef nsisting in c g their own g y were objec e all other e al search for The latter is absence of c ction is a fun mas, commun mental and s qual individu uman condit 2 are instrum is forced up ty and depriv abourers/cons ction and rep
ur because he est to us. rritório -iul.pt/ he pursues th s left untouc d in econom which contr h, 1982 and s, for whom and manipul ons between ed type of b sharply disti in which in rk is an inst fined goals. R choosing the goals. In wo cts or organ economic af understandi s governed coercive forc undamentally nicative acti strategic acti uals, which m tion as const mental activit pon human b ved of liberty sumers: mod production, er concept of w
5
he goal of ched. The mic theory ributed to Ferreras, m, like in late their men and ehaviour. inguishes ndividuals trumental Relations e strategy orkplaces nizational ffairs, are ng rather by social ce. While y dialogic on is the on alone. means out tituted by ties in the beings by y. Arendt dern men endlessly work doesproducin not purs ends bec Arendt a With reg “L wi to the ide aw bu That is, stuck to contrast, distinctio through their ind of who.” Beyond So, Aren work is individu to remin than a m creative alienatin decided paper is workplac DINÂ Tel. 2 ng in order to ue any end; cause the me and her Arist
gard to social
Labouring is a ith his body, f bring men to ey were one entifiable, rea wareness of in ut on samenes in the realm o materiality , Arendt’s no on because action and s dividuality an ” instrumenta ndt and Hab an instrum uals who only nd that promi mere instrum powers and ng activity in and controll s to discuss ces? ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. o consume a the end lies eans to achi totelian inspi
l interactions
an activity in w facing the nak
gether in the f e’. […] But ality for each ndividuality an s” (Arendt, 19 m of labour, ; they thus otion of actio action goes speech, that i nd display th ality bermas, like mental activit y relate instr inent thinker ment to some d hence ach n itself; rather led by manag s the second Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m
and consumin s in the activ eve the ends iration there s at work, Ar which man is n ked necessity t form of a labo this ‘collectiv member of t nd identity. [… 958, pp. 212-2 human bein are intercha on, like Hab
on directly is, in the pub heir virtue an mainstream ty and ii) w rumentally to rs, among wh thing else, b hieve self-re r, it has been gers, and thi d assertion: udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i ng in order t vity itself. A s – that is, t is nothing hi rendt’s positi neither togeth to keep himse our gang wher ve nature of the labour gan …] The socia 213). ngs are all al angeable ins bermas’ comm between m blic sphere a nd character; economics, workplaces a o each other hich Marx, b because throu ealization (S n so because is puts subjec do individu udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d to produce. I Action lies ou the virtues – igher to obta ion is even m
her with the w lf alive. […] I re any numbe f labour’, far ng, requires o ability arising like because stead of uni municative a men without and not in w the principa make two d are inhabited . Regarding believed that ugh work hu Spencer, 200 within capit ctivity in dan uals only n onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-In contrast, ( utside the ca – are already in than the e more radical t
world nor with It is indeed in r of individua from establ on the contrar out of [labou they are me ique and dis action, is def the intermed workplaces, th al trait of act distinct but re d by indistin the first asse t work is val uman beings 09). For Ma talism the or nger. But the nurture instru rritório -iul.pt/ (political) ac ategory of m y the end; in exercise of vi than Haberm h other people, n the nature of
als ‘labour tog lishing a reco ry the actual l ur] rests not o
ere living or stinct indivi fined by equ diary of thin hat individua tion is “the d related conte inct, un-indi ertion, it is i luable in itse s could exer arx, work i rganization o e focus of th rumental rel
6
tion does means and ndeed, for irtue. mas’: , but alone f labouring gether as if ognizable, loss of all n equality rganisms, duals. In uality and ngs. It is als reveal disclosure ntions: i) viduated, important elf, rather cise their s not an of work is he present ations inMore th action di conceive does not work is isolation addition, work to-O first that cooperat T democra work env unquesti rationale wider po interactio (Martuce morally integrity to fairne accordin T character which, u conceive rejects th “D tow ind ex However most mo DINÂ Tel. 2
han three dec irected exclu ed as separat t solely consi subjectively n, this implie , since the co -day must sit
Our argumen t workers to tive behaviou The first clai acies pervade
vironments, ioned. Demo e underlying olity and tha on context elli, 2002) a able individu y and dignity
ess and justic ng to such no
The second r of work. unlike coord es workplace hat work enta
Division of lab ward each ot dicates the u xchangeable” ( r, if well-def odern produc ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. cades ago, H usively at the ted from sub ist in a series y experienc es that work oncepts of w tuate it in the nt, that socia o-day aspire ur. im consists in es all interp even though ocracy does human inter at of subject is hierarchi and fair treat uals. Expecti y, means expe ce principles orms imply g claim and d Indeed, mos dination, mo es as inhabi ails some for
bour is based ther as thoug unity of the (Arendt, 1958 fined tasks ca ctive activitie Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m Honneth (198 e practical do bjectivity. So s of tasks car ed, perceive kplaces must
ork are alwa e contempora al interaction to egalitaria n acknowled ersonal exch h democracy not abolish ractions and status in the ical, there i tment. Work ing interactio ecting behav s, such as th oing beyond decisive theor st contempor obilizes mor ited by indis rm of co-ope d on the fact t gh they were species with 8, p. 123). an be efficie es require a h udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i 82) denounc omination of ociology of w arried out in a ed and inter t be conceiv ays informed ary context o ns at work go an, democrat
dging that the hanges, inclu stops at the the existenc creates a ten e workplace is an inesca kers expect ons at work t viours to be d he norm of r d instrumenta retical point rary work a ral and norm
stinct and in eration:
that two men one. This on h regard to ently coordin high level of udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d
ced the narro f nature. Acc work actually an objective rpreted. As ved as intersu d by their hist of democratic o beyond inst tic interactio e egalitarian uding intera firms’ doors ce of bosses nsion betwee that must b apable aspir to be treated to be egalitar driven by soc reciprocity. T ality. t is the ackn activity invo mative abilit nterchangeab
n can put thei ne-ness is the which every nated by tech f interdepend onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-owing of the cording to hi y and forcefu world; work work is se ubjective int torical contex c societies. trumentality, ns, and seco interaction r ctions at wo s, hierarchica and employ en the norm be acknowled ration to rel d and recogn rian, or at lea cial norms, m Treating othe owledgemen lves some f ties (Lopes, ble individua r labour powe e exact oppos y single mem nical or hiera dence betwee rritório -iul.pt/ e concept of im, work mu fully shows t k is also mad eldom under teraction con xts, the conc , rests on tw ond that wor
regime speci ork. In conte al decisions d yees, but it a of equal stat dged. Even w lational hori nized as dis ast respectful most of whic ers and bein
nt of the co-form of co-o 2011). Bec als, Arendt e wer together an site of co-op mber is the archical mec en workers a
7
f work to ust not be that work de of how rtaken in ntexts. In ception of wo claims: rk entails fic to our emporary do not go alters the tus in the when the izontality stinct and l of one’s ch related ng treated operative operation cause she explicitly nd behave eration, it same and chanisms, and entailhigh lev independ of the pr each me (a) the w expectat one’s de strategic Neoclass economi the bedro – that is, no doub individu simply n I been sho for the b A with eac co-opera Arendt aspiratio environm political and furth grounded philosop The poli Arendt e
3 Two di cooperati cooperati cooperati DINÂ Tel. 2 vels of task dently and ex roblem to be mber contrib workers invo tions about o esire to chea c interactions sical econom ic affairs, bu ock of co-op , people are a bt entails a c uals. The con
not met in rea In a totally d own to be at best and the w
Acknowledg ch other as di
ation, that is, and commu ons and co-op
ments are a sphere, also ther develop d on how w phy and econ
itical dimens explicitly sta
fferent types on between w on between on are relevan ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. and role am xogenously; e solved and bution is end olved must b others’ behav at or exploit s. mists also re ut they have b peration is m assumed to c calculative fa nditions requ al-world con different stran least as impo worst, a vital ging, contra A istinct, uniqu virtues and unicative act perative beha arenas where o take place. s the idea th work is actua nomics. sion of work
ates that labo
of cooperatio workers involv
workers and nt for our argu
Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m mbiguity. Th instead, the d of how this dogenous to e subjectivel viour acquire t co-operativ esisted recog been admitti made of calcu co-operate fo acet, it also uired to sus ntexts (Kotzeb nd of literatu ortant as that ingredient f Arendt, that ue and moral moral conce tion by Hab aviour mean e individuati
The next sec hat work ha ally experien ur is an “ant on are here ved in collectiv d the organi ument. udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i he workers’ workers mus s can be don the group. W ly committe re crucial im ve partners, gnizing the e ing it in the l ulations of th or self-interes inevitably r stain co-oper bue and Wig ure, the role o
t of coercion for the functi workers do l individuals erns, are thos bermas. Con ns going beyo ion and dis ction briefly as a politica nced by wor ti-political w at stake. Wh ve endeavours ization. Desp udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d ’ goals and st, together, d ne. In collect What ensues d and (b) co mportance. Co which mean existence an last decades. he relative co sted, instrum requires the ration in the gger, 2010). of consent an n (Burawoy, oning of pro co-operate m s. In fact, the se assigned e nceiving wo ond instrume stinctiveness, presents Are l dimension rkers – a pe way of life” (A
hile the parag s, Burawoy re ite their sub
onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-effort level develop a co tive endeavo from this int ompliance wi o-operating i ns going bey nd importanc In mainstre osts/benefits mental reason relational an e formal ma nd co-operati 1979)3. Co-o ductive orga means recogn e very abilitie exclusively to ork as perm entality and r , the proces endt’s defini . Again, the erspective se Arendt, 1958 raphs above efers to the “m bstantial diffe rritório -iul.pt/ ls cannot be ommon unde ours, the defi nterdependen with commitm implies givin yond instrum ce of co-ope eam accounts of alternativ ns. But if co-o nd moral ca ainstream mo ion at workp operating wo anizations. nizing that th es required t o (political) meated by eg recognizing t sses assigne ition of the “p e argument i eldom taken 8, p. 212) be alluded to “h manufactured” erence, both
8
e defined rstanding finition of cy is that ments and ng up on mental or eration in s, though, ve actions operation apacity of odels are places has rkers are, hey relate to sustain action by galitarian that work ed to the political” is mostly in social ecause, as horizontal” ” “vertical” forms ofmentione only thro is, only world, so Through personal oneself” organiza F man’s c dimensio environm themselv virtue is by hund Spector, largely e rationale Workers economi I empirica study of most rep most ma egalitaria particula some wo where “ counterp (Bruni, 2 treated a I though c
4 Arendt principle, DINÂ Tel. 2 ed above, sh ough (politic action make omething rel h action and l identities. rather than ation of the p For Arendt, apacity to a on in work ments. Indee ves, “act and
precisely th dreds of inst
2001) on th explored by e that all acts s are not alw ic models. In private bu al studies rev f supermarket petitive and anagers try to an dimensio arly insist on orkers at the “ego establis part is seen o 2005, p. 226 and demand t In democrat caution must
distinguishes which she ex ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. he assumes th cal) action th es man a po lated to the w speech, whic When Arend communicat people as it ar the organizin act together4 k, it logica ed, as mentio d speak toge he motive un titutional eco he prevalenc managers. s and behavio ways the ef usiness firms veal that work
t check-out c dull tasks, th o impose a hi on in their n the fact th expense of o shes a relati only as a mea 6), the super that the timet ic societies, t be taken fo
the division clusively assig Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m
hat labour d hat men can olitical being
way men live ch are alway dt speaks of ting somethin rises out of a ng principle . Yet, once ally follows oned above, ether” and b nderlying act onomists, so ce of justice It is not be ours in the ec ffort-avoiders s, work orga kers do want clerks, Ferrer he workers a ierarchical ty interactions hat managers others. Contr on with alte ans in order t rmarket clerk tables, for in the subjecti r it not to ob of labour, wh gns to the pub udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i
does not take distinguish t g. Acting me e together an ys linked, me f speech she ng or in orde acting and sp itself derive we recogni that the o co-operating behave “virt tion in Aren ociologists an and other m ecause the e conomic sph s and oppor anization is d t to have a sa ras (2007) do are confront ype of intera s with coll s’ behaviour rary to the ty
ter only whe
to achieve so ks denounce nstance, be de ive dimensio bscure the ob hich is a princ blic/political sp udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d place betwe themselves a eans, for Ar nd which tran en show who e is referrin er to obtain s peaking toget es from the p ze that there organizing g implies by tuously” tow dt’s framew nd social ps moral motive economic sp here endorse rtunistic ind decided by m ay on the wa ocuments tha ted with diff
ction, the wo leagues but rs and decisi ype of relatio
en and if th
ome goal tha e the unfair ecided collec on of work bjective circu ciple ruling la phere. onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-een unique a as distinct an rendt, initiati nscends mer o they are an g to the act something. “ ther” (Arend political realm e is an ines principle al definition th ward each ot ork. Evidenc ychologists es in behavi here is dom the same ins ividuals dep managers, no ay work is or at even when ferent norma orkers’ aspira also with ions are ofte ons typical o he one need at is external way in whic ctively. experience umstances of
bour and wor
rritório -iul.pt/ and distinct m nd unique be ing somethin re productive nd reveal the t of “commu “The polis [ dt, 1958, p. 1 lm; it is relat scapable co-lso permeat that workers ther. The ex ce has been (Cohen-Cha iour at work minated by t strumental ra picted in ma ot by worker rganized. In a n work consi ativity source ation is to in managers. en unjust, be f instrument ds the other, l to the relati ch some col cannot be d f work. All e rk, from the
9
men. It is ings, that ng in the e activity. eir unique unicating …] is the 98). ted to the operative tes work organize xercise of collected arash and k – a trait the profit ationality. ainstream rs, but all a detailed ists of the es. While nstitute an Workers enefitting tal action, , and the on itself” lleague is discarded, empirical organizingstudies r even wh one hand reasons the egali supervis political also in w
3. T
E
Before w public d sections instrume action (f authors, of the pu and whe depends, which in The disti For Aren debate in the polit governm oppositio dominati scrutiny, visible a DINÂ Tel. 2 report that th hen the engagd, workers v (Lopes, 201 itarian intera ors, combine dimension o workplaces, w
THE DEF
EXTENT
we can answ dimension? – broadly set ental and str for Arendt) a notwithstand ublic sphere erever “men , according t nteractions ta tinction betw ndt, public is n political ph tical also ap ment among on to the p ion and gov , which deal and open to ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. e workers ar gement takes value and see 1). On the ot action regime ed with the m of work. It s which wouldFINING F
IN WHIC
wer the ques – some defi the stage. F rategic action and commun ding their th is the type o act together to Arendt an ake place.
ween the pub
s almost syno hilosophy; se pplies to wo distinct and rivate spher verned by n ls with produ all, engage Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m re deeply sub s the negativ ek interperso ther hand, th e. The worke many co-ope suggests that d mean that w
EATURE
CH THEY
tion to whic ining feature For Arendt a n, workplace nicative actio eoretical div of interaction r in concert” nd Habermaslic and the p
onymous wit ee Frazer, 20 ork and the d equal indiv re – househo necessity. Th uction and r ed in deliber udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i bjectively – a ve form of d onal interact hese interper ers’ claim to erative facets t action, in t work entails a
ES OF TH
Y APPLY
ch we now t es of what i and Haberm es are defini on (for Habe vergence on o n herein esta ”. In other w s, on the way private in Ar th political (b 09). Therefo public. Aren viduals free olds and ec he private is reproduction rating about udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://dand hence int deliberate wit tions for thei rsonal interac o interact dem s of work, c the arendtian a public, as w
E PUBLIC
TO THE
turn - to wh is a public mas, to the ex itely exclude ermas) belon other aspects ablished; the words, the e y individuals rendt and Habut the relati ore, what has ndt characte d from the conomic unit s an intimat , while the p how one sh onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-tersubjective thdrawal (De ir own sake, ctions are ex mocratically onstitute def n sense, does well as politi
C SPHER
WORK S
hat extent do sphere must xtent that th ed from the ng to the pub s, the basic d public spher xtent to whi interact and abermas on between t been said ab erizes the pu bonds of ne ts, character e realm she public denot hould live to rritório -iul.pt/ ely - engaged ejours, 2009 , not for inst xpected to co with co-wor finite instanc s or could ta ical, dimensiRE AND T
PHERE
o workplaces t be given. hey are domi public spher ublic sphere. defining char re emerges w ich a realm d on the cond the two is a bout work, a ublic sphere ecessity; it rized by rel eltered from tes a collecti together. The10
d at work, ). On the trumental onform to rkers and ces of the ake place on.THE
s entail a Previous inated by re. Only For both racteristic whenever is public ditions in perennial action and by self-stands in ations of external ive body, ere is noparticula common T interact work, th dimensio equality. requisite L individu and the n and delib constrain “e eq ex rel To re In the pu deliberat capitalist defend participa arenas. deliberat shared b H organiza thematiz persuadi democra egalitaria not base DINÂ Tel. 2 ar location o n action coor The develop as distinct, here is a poli on. However . If the disti e of the publi Like Arendt uals, named c non-manipul berate about nts include th each participan qual chance to xpress their w lations that in ogether these ciprocity” (Be ublic sphere, te as peers, i t workplace their views, ative work en Of course, tive processe y firm owne However, on ational value zation of pow ing others” atic societies, an interactio ed on “priva ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. or institution rdinated throu pments in the individuated itical dimens r, Arendt de inctness qual ic sphere, tha , Habermas communicati lative use of t their comm hat nt must have o make asser wishes, desires n ordinary con conditions s enhabib, 1992 then, compe in a search f s do not sat , or when nvironments, consensus es marked b ers and emplo ne must not es and princi wer relations (Frazer, 200 , workers are on regime and ate” values o Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m n associated ugh speech a e sections ab d individuals sion of work efines the pu lity of work at of equality defines the p ive action, w language. Fo mon affairs un an equal chan rtions, recomm s and feelings ntexts would c specify a nor 2, p. 89). eting particul for consensu tisfy these c they are co , capitalist w are sometim by subordina oyees may w elude the fa iples, that is . To “carry o 09, p. 216) e always con d the actual h or opinions w udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i to the publi and persuasio bove were m s able and w k. From this ublic by two kers has been
y, has yet to b
public spher which is mar or him, the p nder the con
nce to initiate mendations an s; and finally, constrain the w rm of commu lar interests us over the c criteria. Even onsulted on workplaces ca mes reached ation, since p well be a mys
act that the w s, on norma on judging a is the very nfronted with hierarchical with a regar udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d ic sphere; a on happens ( meant to argu wanting to p may be infe o basic const n addressed be examined re by a partic rked by the public sphere nstraints of a and continue nd explanatio , speakers mu wholly free ar unication that
are given equ common inte n when wor organizatio an never be r d about giv postulating t stification. workers’ view ative claims and attemptin y activity of h a conflict b setting of bu rd only to th onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-place becom Benhabib, 1 ue that, to the participate in erred that wo titutive featu in previous d. cular type of search for m is a theatre w an “ideal spe e communicat ons; all must ust be free to rticulation of t can be nam
ual considera rest. It is mo rkers are allo onal matters regarded as c ven issues the existence ws and sugg that represe ng to validate f the public between their usiness firms heir individu rritório -iul.pt/ mes public w 992). e extent that n the organi ork also has ures: distinct sections, th f interaction mutual unde where citizen eech situation tion; each mu have equal c thematize tho opinions and med that of e ation and pa ore than obv owed to exp s, even in t collective del but always e of a comm gestions are ent a – cons e one’s judg c political sp r aspiration t . Their judgm ual, private
11
whenever t workers zation of s a public tness and he second n between rstanding ns debate n”. These st have an chances to ose power positions. egalitarian rticipants vious that press and the most liberation through mon good based on trained – gments by phere. In oward an ments are situation;rather, t concepti condition psycholo (Dejours of justice N debated societies private c to public citizens reciproci normativ workplac H Haberma equality. by which arenas. I public ch criticized Equality In the ar requires citizens others, a easy then seems th criterion
5 Arendt, necessari DINÂ Tel. 2
they are form ions of justic n, they do n ogical diseas s, 2009). Wo e concerns. Now, justice in the publi s, justice is claim and pu c, from ‘I’ to when they ity”, the inte ve abilities o ces have a pu However, the as were obvi . We may no h we mean p It is because haracter is se d for its illus
y as a criterio rendtian worl having an i – to the exte and having th n; as put by hat most peo n rather parad
in contrast to ly deals with e ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. med by con ce (Ferreras, not abdicate ses testifies th ork is a norm e is, for mo ic sphere, fo precisely ab ublic policy; o ‘we’” (Pitki enter work eraction regim f individuals ublic dimens e existence o iously right i onetheless ho plausible in a e the criterio eldom discus sory or elitist on for a pub ld, (political) idea of the w ent that it inv he courage t Frazer (2009 ople are not doxical.
o Aristotle, doe economic and
Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m nsidering the 2007). Even from being he pain and d mative experi ost political or it is throug
bout the con it is the con in, 1981, p. 3 kplaces, they me progressi s are the cent sion, too. of an aspirati in saying tha old from the analytical term
on of equality ssed. But Are t character. T
blic sphere
) action seem world and its volves speak to engage in 9, p. 221), “it up to it and es not conside social circums udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i e whole col n though wo g treated wit devastation t ience; worke philosopher gh it that th nflict betwee ncept “that en 347). Though y do not su ively establis tral institutio ion to equalit at the realm o argument de ms even thou y is so osten endt and Hab The issue de ms reserved t s future from king in the n risky and u t is a human d indeed are er justice a ke stances, it is i udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d lective of w rkers are per th justice. C
that often res ers live and j
rs, the good he common i en profit and nables us to h workers lo urrender the shed in demo on of politics ty does not m of work will eveloped so f ugh not actu
nsibly absent bermas’ assu serves furthe to particularl m a plurality name of othe uncertain ven n possibility, excluded fro ey political val nevitably depo onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-workers and rfectly aware linical evide sult from unf udge work e d that is pur interest can d right, effic make this tr ose most of th ir aspiration ocratic socie , and indeed
mean its effec never be a sp far that work
ally realized t from the w umption of st er examinatio y endowed p y of standpoi rs; having th ntures. Politic not the defau om it, which ue or principle oliticizing (Fra rritório -iul.pt/ grounded o e of their sub ence on wor fair treatmen events on the rsued in pol be promoted ciency and ransition from he rights they n to the “eg eties. If the m d of social or ctiveness. Ar phere of free kplaces are po d or realizable world of wor trict equality on. people. Indee ints; being tr he ability to cal action is ult setting”. h renders the e because, sin azer, 2009).
12
on public bordinate rk-related nt at work e grounds litics and d5.In our meaning, m private y have as galitarian moral and der, then, rendt and edom and otential – e - public rk that its has been ed, action rusted by persuade far from In fact, it e equality nce justiceHaberma entering that the might c participa cultural not powe T about th perspect the pote herself f capacitie equalizin action a (normati priori re the imple T boundari (in)justic (2009), oppositio
4. N
P
Contesti Up to n recogniz excluded with the private m free, disi DINÂ Tel. 2 as, in turn, co the public s “bracketing” contaminate ation. Furthe endowments er-neutral, “d The very po he possibility tive, decoupl entially equa for whom e es and statu ng institution and participa ive) light on equirement. W ementation o The adoptio ies and qua ce and demo in contempo on to each otNORMAT
PUBLIC C
ing and redef
now, we con zedly are the d from the pu subsistence matters; (b) interested an ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. onsiders that sphere for pe ” of inequali and perver ermore, assum s and speech deliberation ssibility of e y of a publi ling equality alizing outco equality is n s and need n is open ac ation in the n the equality We argue be of participato on of this p alify as publ ocratic aspira orary democ ther.
TIVE IMP
CHARAC
efining the pu ncentrated on e most theore ublic sphere of workers a decisions rel nd equal indiv Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força217940042 E-m
t social, econ eople to relat ties can resu rt deliberati ming equalit capacities. A can function equality in ex ic sphere its from the req ome of “goi not an origin to be “equa ccess to the public sphe y issue: equa elow that, in ory workplac perspective lic all arena ations. Workp cratic societi
PLICATIO
CTER OF
ublic-private n Habermas etically elabo because of ( and the econ lated to wor viduals “acti udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i nomic or stat te to one ano ult in effectiv ion, even w ty among pa As rhetorica n as a mask o xisting socie self (Fraser, quisite cond ing public”. nal conditio alized” (Are public spher ere rather th ality may be n the sphere o ces. implies loos as where soc places do sa ies, the publONS OF T
WORK
e boundaries s and Arend orated. We s (a) substanti nomic interes rk are not su ing in concer udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d tus differenc other as peer ve equality ( when nobod articipants m l skills are u of domination eties is hence 1992). We ition of publ This is par on; human b endt, 1958, p re. Equality han a prereq seen as an of work, “eq sening (as cial interacti tisfy such re lic and theTHE REC
s
dt’s conceptio saw that, for
ve and (b) p sts of firms, w ubject to pub rt”. onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-es must be h s. However, (Fraser, 1992 dy is form ay conceal th unevenly dist n” (Fraser, 19 e questioned may howev lic sphere an radoxically s beings are u p. 215). Now hence appea quisite to it, ongoing pro qualization” feminists do ions give ris quisite. As s private cann
OGNITIO
ons of the p r both author rocedural rea which are in blic deliberat rritório -iul.pt/ held in suspen it is illusory 2). Social ine mally exclud their actually tributed and 992, p. 119) d, which raise ver adopt a nd seeing it i suggested by unequal in r w, for her, ars as an ou which shed ocess rather t may be prom o) the publi se to experi sustained by not be underON OF TH
public spher ors, work is d asons: (a) w nstrumental a tion, that is,13
nse when y to think equalities ded from y unequal speech is . es doubts different nstead as y Arendt resources, the most utcome of ds a new than an a moted by ic/private iences of Mahajan rstood inHE
re, which definitely work deals and hence taken byBut ther Public c previous scrutiny; affect ev political, action al reflect on W what is p Benhabib previous as issues focus of nineteen O between private c been us producti protects assessed and the s B as citizen all, no d while it of social the publ and inte essential of equali
6 Feminist private (s between can plainl DINÂ Tel. 2 re are severa an mean i) p s sections; ii ; iv) subject veryone. The , and hence p lso drives be n the status o We advance public is not b (1992, p. sly been con s of justice, f public atte nth century. Of course, i the public character of w ed to restri on are priva them from p d from the sta
state6. But private o ns. Once one omain can b is by now w l interaction, ic. Redrawin erconnects w l to democra ity and justic
ts have been t see, among ot the private an ly be extended ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. al other dime public discus i) state-owne to public ac e aim of the public, dime ehaviour and of work at th ed above tha only an ana 84), “all stru sidered priva as sites of p ention, and a t is the priv and the priv work. Privat ct legitimate ately owned, public interfe andpoint of e ownership is e accepts the e sheltered f widely accept there has be ng the public with the othe
acy. In our so ce enunciated
the most activ hers, Benhabi nd the public f d to workers a
Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m ensions along ssion and de ed rather tha tion or contr e first parts ension, to the d interactions he light of the at workplaces alytical or the uggles again ate, non-pub power that n a subject of vate ownersh vate institute e property is e public con , workplaces erence and sc equality and not a legitim e principle, c from the con ed that publi een little effo c-private bou r rather than ocieties, all s d in the publi ve and effectiv b, 1992; Maha furthered the s and firms. udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i g which the eliberation of an private p rol; and v) o of the pape e extent that s in workpla e dimensions s are “poten eoretical mat nst oppressio blic, and non need discursi public inter hip of the m d by liberal s at the centr ntestation (F s are assume crutiny. For justice and m mate reason onstitutive o ncerns of just ic concerns o ort to re-artic undaries and n considerin social interac ic domain. ve in criticizing ajan, 2009). T subordination udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d public and t f shared inter property; iii) f common c er was to arg the type of aces. In the r s ii) to v). ntial” public
tter but also on in the wor -political iss ve legitimat rvention, aft means of pro thought tha re of a rhetor Fraser, 1992 ed to pertain liberal thoug must be plac
for the non-r of democraci
tice. Yet, as n of justice and culate the rel d reflecting o ng them as s ctions are ex
g the strict sep Their argumen of women to onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-the private m rests, in the visible and oncern becau gue that wor values speci remaining of arenas. Inde a major poli rld begin by ues as matte ion”. Work b ter the work
duction and at legitimize ric of privacy 2, p. 131). n to the priv ght, the priva ed outside th recognition o es, of equal noted by Ma d equality mu ationship bet on how each eparate and xpected to ab paration betwe nt, according t
the family and
rritório -iul.pt/
may be distin terms expos d open to ev use the cons rk inescapab ific to politic f the paper w
eed, the defi itical issue. A y redefining ers of public began to be kers’ struggle d the strict s to a great e y that has hi Since the m vate domain ate sphere is he scrutiny o of the worke and fair trea ahajan (2009 must apply to tween the pr h sphere com exclusive s bide by the p
een the public to which the d d protected pa
14
nguished. sed in the veryone’s sequences bly has a cal/public we briefly inition of As put by what has concern, come the es of the eparation extent the storically means of and this not to be of the law ers’ rights tment for 9, p. 139), all forms rivate and mplements pheres is principles c and the distinction atriarchy,Applied issues a Europea constitut Competi exclude scope of particula matter to A operation for publ For insta between voicing The latte interfere the right going pu and prom result is (Alvesso W work an organiza Recogni Work be labour la Declarat employe democra the publ matter o equal. T DINÂ Tel. 2 to the spher affecting them an diversity c te a legitim ition impera issues such f the public ar should, lik o become an Actually, fir n is required ic values in ance, some f workers and and build co er stand, thou ence in mana t to have a v ublic. Indeed mote the wo organization on and Willm What we ha d workplace ations and un
izing the pub
egan to prog aws. A deci tion of Phil ers, enjoying atic decision lic sphere as f common in his Declarati ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. re of work, t m and chal concerning t ate obstacle atives, owner as work int debate must ke health an issue of pub rms face a p d for the goo their manag firms combin d managers orporate cult ugh, in paten agement deci voice – are d, these disco orkers’ ident nal manipula mott, 1992). ave tried to e es may conce ndermine a so blic dimensio gressively en isive step w adelphia (IL g equal statu with a view conceived b nterest, subje ion was insp
Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m this means th lenge and r the workers’ to the wor rship prerog tensification, t not be rest nd safety at blic concern. permanent te od functionin gerial discou ne strict hier (Ferreras, 20 ures pervade nt contradicti isions. Norm hence broug ourses and pr tification wi ation and the
emphasize is eal the actua ound analysi
on of work
-nter the pub was the adop LO, 1994), us with those to the promo by Arendt an ect to public pired by the i udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i
hat the work redefine wha collective r rkers’ partic gatives and , for instanc tricted by ec work or wo ension betwe ng of produc urses and pra rarchical stru 007, p. 113-1 ed by values ion with the v mative elemen ght into play
ractices are s ith the organ e perpetuation s that the de al intertwinin is of its destr Towards pa blic sphere a ption in 194 which state e of governm otion of the c nd Haberma c deliberation industrial de udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d
kers have the at is or sho rights shows cipation at d managerial e, from pub conomic priv orking hours een a confli ctive organiz actices to en uctures with 124). Others s and princip values invok nts imported y, which per sometimes im nization rath n of oppress nial of the p ng of the pub ructive and co articipatory w at the end of 4, by all th es that “the ments, join w common wel as are presen n among part emocracy str onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-e right to rinamiacet.iscte-ef ould be pub that private different dec concerns ha lic and polit vacy. The qu s, cease to b cting set of zations, firms hance the w egalitarian in implement ples specific ked to legitim from the pu versely often mplemented t her than thei ion in the na
political and blic and the
onstructive p workplaces f the XIX ce e signatories representati with them in lfare”. All co nt: it is recog ticipants pre and of litera rritório -iul.pt/ flexively que blic and priv e ownership cision-makin ad been adv tical debate. uality of wo be a private f values. Bec s more and m workers’ invo nterpersonal systems of e of the publi mate privacy ublic sphere – n prevent w to avoid uni ir emancipat ame of overc d public dime private in pr potential. entury, with s of the ILO ives of wor n free discus onstitutive fe gnized that w esumed to be ature which a
15
estion the vate. The does not ng levels. vanced to Yet, the rk life in business cause co-more call olvement. relations employee ic sphere. and non-– such as work from onization tion. The coming it ension of roductive h the first O, of the rkers and ssion and eatures of work is a e free and advocatesthe estab relations through levels (w I increasin opinion t markets citizens threatene subjugat common B activity o for infl participa managem and brea alongsid our anal basic pri not just t T on the f organiza advanced provide an intim attitudes collectiv the deve then sug impact o B
7 Arendt a instrumen DINÂ Tel. 2 blishment of s systems w their represe workplace, fir Incidentally, ngly being s that labour r is now wide is becoming ed. Union po ted to econo n interest7.
But the prim of work itsel luencing de ation. Direct ment agenda ak their sol de with repre lytical argum inciple of the the elected re This normati fact that the ation of wor d long ago a major opp mate relation s of individu ve affairs, the elopment of t ggested that p on workers – Building on
and Habermas ntal reason, ca ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. f institutiona were set up t entatives, in rm, industry one might n seen as an i regulations co ely spread. A g a matter o ower is decl omic concern mary focus o lf, which is m ecision-makin voicing and (Ramsay, 19 idarity. We esentative pa ment, that w e public sphe epresentative ive contentio e way in wh rk has a pub by John St ortunity to a nship betwee uals interact ey widen the their capacit participation which led h Mill’s insig
s were right w ame to occupy Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m al mechanism throughout t the discussi , national). note that, in t impediment onstrain flex lso, the idea f public deb ining almost ns, that is, s of the presen more directly ng distinct d participato 983) on the g nonetheless rticipation w ork has a pu ere, namely t es. on follows fr hich work i blic impact, tuart Mill (1 acquire politi en the struct ting within eir horizons b ies for publi n in the “gov
im to see co-ghts, Patema
when they dep y the whole pu udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i ms for work the twentieth ion and deli
the two last to economi xibility, inflat that strikes i bate. In othe t everywhere submitted to nt paper is y associated t from unio ory schemes ground that t s argue in f whenever pos ublic dimens the maximum
from our ana is organized namely thr 1848/1969), ical abilities ture of insti them. Whe by taking the ic action and vernment” of -operatives a an (1970) ar plored that in c ublic space. udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d ker represen h century th beration on decades, the c and comp te labour cos interfere with r words, the e and work-r o private int the analysis to direct part on-related in have been they may we favour of d ssible – beca sion, is the m possible p alytical argum deeply affe rough its ed who claime and develop itutions and n individual e public inter d ability to w f workplaces as the ideal fo rgues that d contemporary onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-ntation. Quite hat allow wo work-related legitimated petitive perfo sts and prom h the exercis e publicness related decis terests rather s of the pub ticipation – th nstances – denounced a eaken unions irect particip ause the norm
application t articipation o
ment but mig ects life in ducative func ed that part p a public spi the psycho ls are induc rest into acco weigh interest s would hav orm of produ irect particip societies econ rritório -iul.pt/ te different i orkers to pa d matters at rights of wo ormance. Ind mote segment se of freedom of work is sions are inc r than regar
blic dimensio that is, voice than repre as an “integ s, manipulate pation of w mative count to workplac of all those ght be also g society. Tha ction. This ticipatory in irit. For Mill ological qual ced to parti ount, which ts not their o ve the same e uctive organi pation at wo nomic concern
16
industrial articipate, different orkers are deed, the ed labour m of other seriously creasingly rded as a on of the channels esentative rationist” e workers workers – terpart of es of the involved, grounded at is, the idea was nstitutions l, there is lities and cipate in results in own. Mill educative ization. ork is an ns, that is,essential organiza qualities cooperat practice more con they are thesis (K correlati study of and negl M argued h acquire a matters p D which c efficienc the man participa making c What Pa the work to increa desire am minority of the vi would ta effect. W opportun societies U autonom
8 That di participat would be DINÂ Tel. 2 l element of ation that affo s needed for
te. In additio in democrat ntrol and inf e to participa Karasek and on between f the articulat lected topic. Mill and Pat here, work ha and “train” p precisely bec Direct partic can be assoc cy. Practices nagement ar atory workpl ceases to be ateman really kplace level, ase demand mong all cat y of workers ital training ake up the op Workplaces nity to learn s. Unfortunatel my at work is
irect participa tion in decision the coexisten ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. democracy. ford workers r responsible on to these p tic and civic fluence indiv ate in comm d Theorell, work autono tion between teman’s claim as a political political skill cause it has a cipation mus ciated with used to pers re but form laces always the prerogat y, and in our that of the c for higher le tegories of w wants to par ground of lo pportunity of are essentia what is requ ly, observed s reported in
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217940042 E-m Participation a large scop e public acti psychologica c skills, whic viduals exerc munity life. E 1990; Schur omy and civi life at work ms meet the and public d ls and public a political an st not be co any form o suade emplo ms of pseud involve a m ive of manag view rightly ontent and m evel particip workers to in rticipate in hi ow level part ffered in a de al elements o uired for soci
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ined with aut ccompanied b nd union chan udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i n in decision pe of discretio ion - self-co al benefits, p ch results in cise over the Empirical ev r 2003; God ic participatio k and life in s e argument d dimension, w c spirit. Work nd public dim onfused with of work org oyees to acce do participa modification gement, even y, wants to em methods of w pation. Empi nfluence thei igher decisio ticipation, on emocratized of democrac ial evolution xactly agains es (Lopes et tonomy at wo by declining di nnels of partic udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d n-making, wh on over their onfidence, p participatory enhanced p eir work life vidence has dard 2007) on levels (Lo society remai developed in workplaces ar k plays an ed mension. h participati ganization an ept decisions ation (Patem of the ortho n if the latter mphasize is work, because rical studies ir job and w on-making le nly few work
system. Tha cy to the ex
and the adv
st the desired al., 2012) an ork is a cruci scretion at wo ipation and hi onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-hen combine r work8 contr public-spirite workplaces olitical parti , the more e been collect – for instan opes et al., 2 ins a regretta n the present re logically a ducative role on as a ma nd whose a s that have a man, 1970, p dox authority retains the f the importan e low level p show that t orking condi evels. For Pat kers (certain t is, participa xtent that th ent of more d evolution. nd workers, e al point. Inde ork (Green, 20 gh work auton rritório -iul.pt/ ed with forms ributes to de edness, dispo allow the g icipation. Th equipped and ted that supp nce, there is 2012). Regar ably under-re t paper. Inde arenas where e in political anagement te aim is organ already been p. 68-69). ty structure; final power t nce of partici participation there is a wi ditions but th teman, in the nly the best e ation is cumu hey may pro
advanced de A general d even when c eed, in some 006). The idea nomy.
17
s of work velop the osition to aining of hat is, the d inclined ports this s a clear dless, the esearched eed, if, as e workers and civic echnique, nizational made by Effective decision-o decide. ipation at is crucial idespread hat only a e absence educated) ulative in ovide the emocratic decline of consulted, countries al scenarioreport th appraisa untrustw (Dejours motivati public a solidariti the prod relations feeling o EU. T deeper in the inter common from soc B promotio regulatio necessar markedly national on the an organiza DINÂ Tel. 2
hat their voic l schemes worthiness an s, 2009). Fe on devices. S action and m ies. The fact duction of s s found at w of being disre The recent e n promoting rests of work n good. Con ciety in not a Because it e on of particip on is legitimi ry by the im y in the last policies and nalysis of th ation of work ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. ce is not act is destroyin nd disloyal co ear and san
Such evoluti may well be t is that, sinc social cohesi ork” (Clegho espected, neg evolution of particular in kers being di trary to wha attending the enables bene patory workp ized by the f mbalance of p decades. Ef d the features he relations b k should be p Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m tually taken ng former ompetition, a ctions are o on provokes at the root ce work has b ion: “society orn, 2007, p glected and e f capitalism, nterests over isregarded in at would be legitimate d efits to both places shoul fact that the power betwe ffective direc s of the indus between work promoted (De udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i into accoun complicities a situation w often replac s an erosion o t of the pres become one y itself is p p. 307). Now even humilia marked by the general n favour of t desirable fo demand for p the polity a ld be the obj organization een workers ct participatio strial relation k and democ ejours, 2009) udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d t. Besides, th s between which often r ing trust an of the “eleva sent politica of the main produced and w, with the ex ated is increa corporate g interest; in f those of shar or democracy articipation a as a whole a ect of public n of work ha and employ on is very m ns system (G cracy, a “pol ). onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-he introduct workers an results in dee nd rewards ated” traits of al desertion socializing a d reproduced xception of N asingly repor governance, firms, manag reholders, an y, firms are at work. and the indiv c intervention s a public im yers, an imba much influenc Gonzalez Men licy of work” rritório -iul.pt/ tion of indiv nd installing ep psycholog as managem f character n and erosion agents, it is c d along the Nordic coun rted by work seems to ha gement criter nd in detrime isolating th viduals invo n. Appropria mpact and is alance that i ced by work nendez, 201 ” concentrate
18
vidualized g instead gical pain ment and eeded for of civic critical to lines of ntries, the kers in the ave gone ia lead to ent of the hemselves olved, the ate public rendered increased k-oriented 1). Based ed on the5. C
The aim Arendt a dimensio it in con interactio which c instrume interactin public sp dominati sensu. W public ch claim as the form activity undermin T dimensio between of institu than wit thus sub analysis sphere, p O course, H were aim which th and instr thus invo instead t economi DINÂ Tel. 2CONCLU
m of the pres and Jurgen H on. Two maintemporary on regime p call for the entality and
ng with othe phere. Howe
ion and ineq
We were hen haracter of w ssociated to o m of more pa prevents se nes a sound The distincti on downplay individuals utional econ th each other btracting it fr allowed us primarily def Our aim was Habermas a med at deno he public sph rumentality, oluntarily re to re-dignify ists, and to r ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax.
UDING RE
sent paper w Habermas, th in arguments societies an permeates all moral abil commit to a ers with a vi ever, even tho quality that d nce led to co work as a po our analytica articipatory eeing the va analysis of it ive feature o yed by the in as the ultima nomics. In co r, mainstream rom the polito unveil th fined by the f s to repolitic nd Arendt’s ouncing the t here is being they contrib inforcing the y the concept retrieve its em Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m
EMARKS
was to argue, hat work go s ground our nd conseque l work exper lity of indiv a shared goa iew to “act i ough work, a define capita ontesting the litical as wel al arguments workplaces. arious confli ts destructive of our appro ndividualist f ate unit of an onceiving w m economist itical domain e intersubjec fact that it pu cize the conc purposes w transformatio taken over b buted to con e derogatory t of work, so mancipatory udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i , contra mai es beyond in r claim. First ently acknow rience. Secon viduals, tha al. Now, beh in concert” c as experience alist workplac e boundaries ll as an anal s and argued In fact, con ictualities it e and constru oach was th framework o nalysis const work as an ac ts discharged n. In contras ctive dimens uts “men tog cept of work were more th on of contem by economic ndemn the w y mainstream o central in y potential. H udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d instream eco nstrumentali tly, the conce wledge that ndly, work i at is, their having accor constitute pr ed by worke ces rule thems of the publ ytical trait. W d in favour o nceiving wor t conveys b uctive potent he focus on of mainstream titutes since l ctivity relatin d it from the st, concentrat sion of work gether” (Aren k and hence t han laudable mporary soc c concerns. B work concept m economics the works o However, the onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-onomists and ty and has a eption of wo the aspirati involves co-o ability and rding to nor recisely the m rs, entails a p m out of the ic and the p We then dev of the democ rk as a depo oth for wor tial.
the intersub m economics long the met ng individua e complexity ting on the i k and relate w ndt, 1958). to restore its e. Their theo cieties into c But in reduci to a subalte approach to f the ninetee e claims mad rritório -iul.pt/ d also contra a political an ork today mu ion to an eg operative en will to go rmative conc major featur public dimen public sphe private and s veloped the n cratization of oliticized an rkers and fi bjective dim s. Taking int thodological als with natu y of human interpersonal work with th s critical fun oretical cons consumer so ing work to ern theoretic o work. We a enth century de here call
19
a Hannah nd public ust situate galitarian ndeavours o beyond cerns and res of the nsion, the ere stricto eeing the normative f work in nd private firms and ension, a teractions hallmark ure rather relations, l level of he public nction. Of structions cieties in necessity cal status, attempted classical for muchfurther a In conce that “the ending recogniti undermin able to re DINÂ Tel. 2 analytical inv eiving work e trouble with …] in the ion of the p ned by the c everse the tre
ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. vestigation an as a mere in h modern th most sterile political and changes bein end. Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m nd their norm nstrumental a heories is not e passivity h public char g experience udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i mative implic activity, the r t that they ar history has racter of wo ed in the wor udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d cations shoul risk is, to us re wrong but ever known ork helps see rld of work onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-ld be more el e Arendt’s w t that they co n” (Arendt, eing that dem and may hop
rritório -iul.pt/ elaborated. words agains ould become 1958, p. 3 emocracy is pefully prom
20
st herself, e true [… 42). The seriously mpt actionREFER
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SON, Mats a ions. I, Benjamin ( Critical Revie DT, Hannah ( ABIB, Seyla ( as”, in Calho Luigino (2 n of econom ions, Cambri WOY, Micha oly Capitalism ORN, Steph y compared, N-CHARASH s”, Organiza , Christophe RAS, Isabell R, Nancy (1 phere, Camb R, Elizabeth ional Social ÂMIA’CET – IUL, ISCTE-IUL 217938638 Fax. and Willmott (2009): Disa ew of Interna (1958): The H (1992): “Mo oun, Greg (ed2005): “Hic mics”, in G idge, Cambri ael (1979), m, University hen (2007): C Sociologica H YOCHI, S tional Behav (2009): Trav e (2007): Cr 992): “Rethi bridge: The M h (2009): H and Politica Centro de Estu L – Av. das Força
217940042 E-m t, Hugh (199 agreement w ational Socia Human Cond odels of publ d.): Haberma sunt leones Gui, Benede idge Univers Manufactur y of Chicago Can workplac l Inquiry, 57 Spector Paul
vior and Hum vail Vivant – ritique Politiq inking the pu MIT Press. annah Aren al Philosophy udos sobre a Mu as Armadas, 16 mail: dinamia@i 92): Critical M without recon al and Politic dition, Chica lic space: Ha as and the pu s: interperso etto and Ro sity Press. ring Consen o Press. ce democrac 7(3): 304-315 (2001): “Th man Decision – Travail et É que duTtrava ublic sphere ndt: The risk y, vol 2(2):20 udança Socioeco 649-026 Lisboa, iscte.pt http://d Managemen ciliation: De cal Philosoph ago: Universi annah Arendt ublic sphere, nal relations obert Sugde nt : Change cy transform 5. he Role of J n Processes, Émancipation ail, Paris: Pr e” in Calhoun ks of the p 03-223. onómica e o Ter PORTUGAL inamiacet.iscte-t Sinamiacet.iscte-tudies, Lo emocracy, eq hy, 12(2):167 ity Chicago P t, the liberal Cambridge: s as unexplo n (ed.) Eco es in the L capitalist so Justice in Or vol. 86, nº 2 n, Paris: Payo resses de Scie n, Greg (ed. ublic realm, rritório -iul.pt/ ondon, Sage quality and th 7-181. Press. tradition, an : The MIT P lored territor onomics an Labor Proces ociety? Durk rganizations: 2:278-321. ot. ences Politiq ): Habermas , Critical R
