!"#! *
% & ' **
"#() * ' ***
# + , " ) ' ***
* !
** !
***
! ""#
- . % :
21 / 10 / 89 & 6 . % :
11 / 2 / 90
7" 8
" :
! " # $% & ' ( )
$* + $$,
. /0 .
In-Ceram Alumina
23 4 ' 5 6
",
7$ , 8 5 "
, " .
9 : Turkom-Cera
; < * 23 " * ،
=
7$ 4* 4>
> .
?
@ A , 4: " 4 ' "/2 7
9 : 7 B " *
-.
& :
#C D ( E6 -40
" * E6 - "6 H6 I "
20 9 :' .
@ A , 4* #
E6
-- - K 2 L
I " > MI .
"6 * , &H/2 N
-6 # 9 : Turkom-Cera
In-Ceram Alumina #
20
- - " * @ A , 5
4 D " O " 8 H * < PQ
Comparative Evaluation of Fracture Resistance between Two Alumina
Ceramic Copings
AhmadHasan Ahangari*, Kianoosh Torabi**, Milad Motamedi***#, Saeed Salehi*** * Assistant Professor, Dept of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ** Associate Professor, Dept of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
*** Postgraduate Student, Dept of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Received: 11 January 2011; Accepted: 1 May 2011
Introduction: In spite of ceramics’ desirable esthetics and compressive strength, they are inherently prone to fracture and are weak against tensile and torsional loads. In-Ceram Alumina is a type of reinforced alumina which has been used as a core material for crowns and three units anterior bidges since 90s. Turkom-Cera is presented in the market recently which uses a simple method to produce single and multiple unit anterior and posterior restorations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the fracture resistance of copings made by these systems.
Materials & Methods: 40 brass dyes were prepared and divided into two groups. To make the copings, impression was taken and model dyes were made. 20 ceramic coping were prepared according to manufacturers instructions for each group, cemented to brass dyes and kept in 100% moisture for one week. Load to fracture test was performed by Universal testing machine and load was applied by a speed of 0.5 mm/min. Fracture load was recorded for each specimen. Data were collected
and entered to the SPSS software and t-test was done.
Results: The average fracture load for Turkom-Cera was 1273 N and was 1079 N for In-Ceram Alumina. The maximum and minimum values for the first group was 2490, 530 N and for the second group was 1490, 714 N respectively. According
to t-test results with P-value<0.05 there was no significant difference between the two groups.
Conclusion: According to the close results for both groups, clinical performance of the Turkom-Cera ceramic copings would be similar to In-Ceram Alumina and a wide range of clinical use could be anticioated for this system.
Key words: Fracture load, ceramic coping, alumina, Turkom-Cera, In-Ceram Alunina.
# ##
#Corresponding Author: info@drmotamdedi.net J Mash Dent Sch 2011; 35(3): 147-56.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
# ## #
%& ' ( )*' :
,- : 09171131793
)+. /0 1&2 2) ... !"# $" %& ' % ( ) &* ( +'
3 /
(
100 % 6 - >K6 .
4: ( E6 - TU Load to fracture
K Universal testing machine 45 6 " % I L
mm/min 5
/ 0
8 - 6 >63
4 X K B "6 H6 4: I
.
8 3 # - 3 YH TA
t-test I O - 3 Z 2 63 4> .
(9 :
@ A , 7 : - ( ; - 6 7 K6
-Turkom-Cera 484 ± 1273 @ A , - 7 6 -In-Ceram Alumina 3 / 218 ± 1079 7 6 .
_ " ` I - 4 X - 6 7 H, 7 $
2490 7 6 530 # 7 6
_ " ( I - 5 7 ", 2 a 1490
7 6 714 4 X 7 6 .
Z 2 63 t-test 7 % I b6 05
/ 0 P<
$6 4% I 7 - / O
.
: ; ( :
3 " " # I - - 3 b6 " $
8 4: " 4 ' @ A ,
-Turkom-Cera
& L
": ' In-Ceram Alumina " % I b6
"E 6
7 - Z E - :I . D
4 b 6 9 :
. < 7 " = :
# 23 # @ A , #4: " 4 '
Turkom-Cera # In-Ceram Alumina . / 1390 35 / 3 : 56 147 . " ! ) 1 (
%&! ' ( )* + ,
- .! / &!0 1 23 ,
&4 5 6 7' 89
)*' .
%&! '
; /
* ) * <&/=
> 8 ? @2 *
' ' * )* ) >>@A B C D , 5 ! * E' ! F&< G'H
>A . ) 2 ( J , K 5&/6 ! @&! ' ? ;
L>G & ! ,MN4 & ! ! , 9 9* G ? O &>P; /3 J ; ? O ,
)'&
& ! ! * !* & 8Q ? O
>A . ) 4 3 ( &>P;
& +A 2. ,T 1 23
(Translucency) *
<&/= * )* U .!
G G D ' V 1 23 , A
* > G W&X 5 6'&Y ,)* X * <&/=
*. ) 5 ( ; %&! ' , A ) A 9 <&/= *
) >>@A ! /3 >A !
C 4 &!0 5@
5Q 5 6 , G ' )* ! % .
! )* !
G ' [ ? @2 / %&! ' , A
.
) 6 (
7 * !
* < ! G
) A '<! A]9 * = %&! ' ? ; * ! '&9 .
K !
^ 8& ' !
7 E '
' [ * 5;O (Processing) Pressable , Slip-Casting , Milling Sintering ) 7 (
`& ' E '
a &;&A )
& 4 & 3 [ & 3 (
EN9 ,
%&! ' ) @&! ? & &3 C @& & * (
) A
) & ' &>! , >&! 3 (
^&8 * ; > .
) 8 (
%&! ' @& @! C &D cG & ' >&! 3
> 9 * ! ,[ )* + / >!
+ G Q * @&! ' ? ; >O
)*' d'.! .
) 3 (
In-Ceram Alumina )
G Vita ( %&! ' O
3 ) A ! >&!
* 5 A 90
,
J ' )* ! >O
g ' Q
! ! 6
*.
) 9 (
? &>&! 3 &8 )
?
Corundum (
,[ !* ! ! 5&/6 D G *
, 'Q @ ' @3 U O ,J ! !
G * )* 9 9* G ! !
& P; * < !
7' 5 , 9
> a;
! *
* .
* !
* 2! ^ 8& J
+ G ! 6 @
g '
6 Q
@&>& g )* !
& ! *' &! 15
) A 7 9 K .
% & h 5 6 @&! ' ? ; ^ 8&
! E 8Q + G Q * )* + >&;= * A
.
'
)* ! * *
, 8@A ' [ ! !
%&! ' Turkom-cera
7 % ) A '<!
G )* 3 ;<!
, @
' g Q + G ! 6 5!
%
! )' & *'
. @&! ' T>&4 ^ 8& @&! '
W3 G ? &>&! 3 &8 )
98 / 99 % ( 'L ) A 5&@
'4 ( ! A '& 5 6 ,* !
A .
k ! '& &
11 150 7 9 &
) A
'& 'L Q ' '
N 200 , ! 6 &Q *
N 350 + G &Q * N
1000 C * O * * ' *
)* @ 4
.
) 10 (
= * ^&!' %
K ;<! '&
J& N 200
! !
* A
? l> *
* *' H '6 *
,^
&! N
1221 ! ^ 3 ;<! '& ! ,
& , > 8 ! m '4 150
N 665
! A .
) 11 (
> ' + G Q
! >A * '& ! 8 '
&; @&! ' * ! @& @! C &D cG ! * G' 8 A
. ^ 8& * * ' * !
<3 .! ) >< In-Ceram Turkom-Cera
( 7
* C + ! G * ' ! ,
High
alumina ) A G
U '= Crystal hardenning
Glass infiltration A > G
. nNG'
In-Ceram T>&4 &
* 6 n'D ? 8! , A ! ' [ E 8Q ) &P&4 5Q '!
Turkom-Cera ; * 9* '
> @;! !
&3 & 4 ! G ' K cQ C D * ' > * A
! ,- .! g )*' 89 *'
' o;.! '
* ; &D ^ 8& .
K Q ' !
A 4 ' > '4 JA 4 >! & )* %4 >&! 3 &>P;
'p * ! G ^ '
! >A .
) 12 (
'&q ! % > '9 'p * <3 .! * ! ! ' 'mr! '&q ! ' * ; *
8 ! ' , 8@A ! !
8@A
T>&4 ^ 8& k ) A G @&! '
Turkom-Cera ^ 8& In-Ceram Alumina
sN! k 'A *
) A G *'4 * !
.
&
G ! <3 .! * ,
40 ' * ;
) 13 (
* * < ' c
1 ) A WX !
) 14 (
, k
7 ' >;A &A ! CNC
U&;O '+;H & ! 1
&! ' ! G A . * ) '9 * 20
^&8
A . T>&4 ,) '9 % ' Turkom Cera
'
T>&4 ,'l * ) '9 In-Ceram Alumina
'6
'9 .
' c 1 :
)* + * ! ' * ; ) d'=
<3 .! *
)+. /0 1&2 2) ... !"# $" %& ' % ( ) &* ( +'
3 /
(
T>&4 G ' Turkom-Cera
, *
' ; ' @& & '&l/3 6 * ! &
) u &a Coltene Swiss
( A '&l/3 6 *
P9
v k
IV u@&! K )
'A G
GC Fujirock EP-Belgium (
*'9 & .
U .!
T>&4 G ,) G 5;<3 *
Turkom-Cera * ,
% K ) '9 P9 5
! X !'6 @& N4 mm
1 / 0 Kw * A ) A 4
)*' ' x cX! >&! 3 A
. Kw *' % G u4
>&! 3 P9 * !'6 @& N4 5 T>&4 ,
) * A A *'
(Programat P300
Ivoclar-Vivadent) C !
5 !* * &6* C
° 1150 A X4 .
K 8 ' * 4 ) A ' >& T>&4 Turkom-cera
X
A . K 8 ' * 4 `& ' Turkom-Cera
-
' A y X! '6 ) A ' >& T>&4
'9
C ! ! ) *
30 !* * &6* C
° 1150
C 'Q A )* * . K 8 ' ! '@&! k
' [ NSK-Ultimate 500, Kanuma, Japan
'
A A *' & 4 O' G E ;3 ' [
T>&4 ! X 'p * !
mm 6 / 0 )* !
A ) ' c 2 (.
) 15 (
' c 2 :
T>&4 )* ! 5Q '!
Turkom-cera
5! A ? * ) '9 ' 20
@&! ' T>&4 ;
In-Ceram Alumina @& & '&l/3 6 * ! k ,*
* ,5/6 ) '9 ! ; '
A '&l/3 6 '
) '9 ! k
* ,K A & P9
.
,) G 5;<3 * U .!
Vita In-Ceram
interspace varnish
* '
'9 '6 P9 .
* ua
) G 5;<3 * U .! P9
A &@& 4 * X ^ 8& x cX! ' N4 k
A . ua ; ;86 * Base
sN! ) A n D
)'.6 `8H 5c ! X4 x cX! '
A
- .! ! X ) X3* d'= * u4
mm 6 / 0 * ,
) Vita In-Ceramat
) G * U .!
A X4 .
J& Interspace *
P9
T>&4 U . A A *' D *
D
A %H . &6 K 2! ua EN9
d . ' k
A )* * '6 G )
&Q * '6 / & !
! '9 ( T>&4 s * ! X4
A . Q'! =
(Glass Infiltration) !* ,
C ° 1120 A )*' [ .
EN9
) A A *' G ;3 & k u4
!* * N > C
° 1000 s * ! A X4
*'9 N > .
>O 2 ,? * X4 Glass control
firing ! * 56 Q 8 X4 'G * A ?
> '4 '& A ]9 5/6 &
! , X4 8 Glass
control A
. & ! U . 8 ' u4
- .! ! X mm
6 / 0 T>&4 In-Ceram
Alumina A )* ! ! * '
.
; ! F&< U .
&
! X ' ; ' &
6 / 0 > <3 .! ' ! &!
A A ]9 T>&4 ' ! *
U .
'9 ? G >@ ! X - .! .
; k GC plus
) G > '! > EN9 ;
G GC ( * 5c ! '
A . C
A A *' ; .
,5! 8 >&;=
T>&4 C ! 10
]9 2 &6* 5
!'9 &
'6 '9 > . T>&4
* ' ) A ;
C ! ,* G x cX! + %
= * 100
%
A l
.
) 16 (
ua ; U&6* C D
l 8@A * C D * ) A ' 3 ; Q
8 ? ' , * ^3 Load to fracture
* )'&9
x cX! ) l *
Universal testing machine zwick 20
'9 '6
A m
. O' '& 5
/ 0 mm/min 18
' * * ;O 2! *
' h. k
T>&4 K ! * )* '& A *
/m ) l * k ; ' 8@A *'9
. )* *
z; ; ' ! &3 ' A
! ' * SPSS k A t-test
! A .
(9
U .! K
1 8@A ' ? [ '& &l &!
T>&4 Turkom-Cera
' ' 484 ± 1273 &
T>&4 ' In-Ceram Alumina
' '
3 / 218 ± 1079 & * . /m '& ' ; ' &
`& ' K ) '9 ' ) A 2490
& 530 &
' ' `& ' ? * ) '9 ' * O 3 Q * ,* 1490 & 714
* & .
E ' ! !
t-student ><! C +
) '9 * & *
) 105 / 0 P-value= (.
* ; 1 > * <3 .! ) '9 * ' '& * ; ,
! 'l @
* :
K 1 :
) '9 * * & `8Q ' 8@A ! ! &<! n '2 &l &!
) '9 ; * <
56 Q 'L Q &l &! &<! n '2
Turkom Cera
20 0
/ 530 0
/ 2490 1
/ 1273 0
/ 484
In-Ceram Alumina
20 0
/ 714 0
/ 1490 0
/ 1079 3
/ 218
* ; 1 :
z * ;
8@A ! ! ;
& `8Q '
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Turkom-Cera
)+. /0 1&2 2) ... !"# $" %& ' % ( ) &* ( +'
3 /
(
>+
? @2 J > ' D G * 7
J * < ! 5! O * * @&! '
7 ,J ! X ,%&! ' u> ,7 ' d'= 5&/6
G'H , /8H
Preload G'H , l; 'Q
! & ' > >A ]9'&m ) ! *
.
) 17 (
* * < ! C <3 .! ' >
J C 4 ' *
G )*' )* + *
* * ! @ & G >@ 5&/6 ! A )* ! * )* + /8
<&/= ! * A . ) 18 (
<3 .! * Chai @; ) 19 ( '
J ? @2 * )* + @&! '
; ;& * Q , > * 52! * 8@A H*
* ) A {
]3 * ' Q <3 .! * '
* ? |& A )* + /& ,J ! = *
. * )* + /3 &/A ><! ^
'A 5! ; * k A
. 'H %& [ ` '
& 4 } O '
)* g ' E' & *
J G * h. * A' ' ; k 'A @&>& ! A . ) 20 (
E ' &>P; Scherrer ) 21 ( )* + * ' ' & '& ,' [ %& [ ` '
%&! ' 8@A !
/ = { 'l *
,k 'A *
J> &;&A @ & * } O &! 5; 2!
; ' 5 6 ) > /8H )* ! A
.
) 22 (
5&/6 * < !
! G '
Q '= , @&! ' )*
,T>&4 ! X ,7 ' K ;O '& 52!
7 ,) A l k 'A &>P; , /8H
' l; , 8@A ' >! '& * * J&4 g ! ! J 8@A
'&m0 @&! '
! ]9 . ) 24 23 (
' g <3 .! Al-Makramani @; ) 15 ( * * * .!
><! C + T>&4 8@A ! ! & *
Turkom-Cera In-Ceram Alumina
>H' ,
<3 .! g &l &! )
2184 2042
' &
Turkom-Cera In-Ceram Alumina
( ' ) `& ' 1273 1079 & ( * ' [ &8 .
! C + > ; )* + 5&3*
; 8 ! * <3 .! * * ' * EN9
A ' Q .
'l * <3 .! * &>P;
) 25 ( ! ! , 8@A Turkom-Cera ' ' 126 ± 4 / 1294 & *
' & ! )
1273 & ( % * &8
. Al-Wahadny
8@A ! ! @;
In-Ceram Alumina
IPS Empress-2 * )* +
*' ' > ; EN9 ; ( .
) 26 (
*
O' '& <3 .! mm/min
10 ; A *
20 ! ' Q <3 .! ' ' A
. ' 5D Q g
In-Ceram Alumina EN9 ;
, 390 * & .
EN9 > ; )* + *
! ,* ) A 8@A ! ! J ~O
><! ! 'p J * / *
. &>P; In-Ceram
Alumina ><! =
' [ 8@A ! ! *
/8 IPS Empress-2
! * * . /m '& ) A
' ' * In-Ceram Alumina
EN9 ;
) 390 & ( ' Q <3 .! 8 ! * ,
>< 1079
& , pQN! 5 6 nN G * *
. @
! nN G , <3 .! * ' * ; ( *
l k 'A * nN G 5&3* )
,T>& @ !'
]9 %& @
( * u> , '& *' * O' ,
; ! X A . &>P; Borges @; ) 27 (
J 8@A ! ! > G *'4 @&! '
.
%&! ' p>! ' , >&! 3 ) A
Q %&! ' EN9 %&! ' C @& & * ^& &3
& 3 ) A EN9 ; ) ';
Resin-modified A )* + > ;
. J •4 *
><! = > ;
! ! [ ~O *
* ) A 8@A .
&>P; Cyclic loading k&2! *
! ; 8@A ! ! ! & 4 ~O - ='!
; * ) A .
* 2! 'l * ? O , <3 .!
)* + @!
* <&/= € 3 F X! C /& ' * *
! , <! g '
' A ]9'&m
.
%&! ' ' ) A 7 9 [ ! ! * < 8! ! '! * ! , >&! 3
Fatigue failure
> 8 G'H 'm *
* 'Q * < !
* A ! .
) 31 30 (
' > '=' * ! '&m ' n
* 2! *' )* + &>P; ,* !
7 5&/6 Finite element analysis (FEA)
'
%&! ' @ & ' < C <3 .! *
! * > &4 * A
. * ><! C + ? [ '& & ! *
! , ' * ! ) '9 * * 8@A '
C + ! 'l @ 8@A ? l> * ) '9 * *.
! ) ! ' * ; * = ;
,* A
; ' '& >2>! , 8@A ? l> * K ) '9
/8 ' & ( >
! * G ? * ) '9
* .
? * ) '9
In-Ceram Alumina
K ) '9 Turkom-Cera
* ;
2 :
<3 .! ) '9 * 8 ! 5@A '&&q '& z * ; )* +
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0. 4 0.5
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Deformation in mm
F
o
rc
e
i
n
N
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Deformation in mm
F
o
rc
e
i
n
)+. /0 1&2 2) ... !"# $" %& ' % ( ) &* ( +'
3 /
(
!
* ; 2 ) * ; '& • 5@A '&&q (
G >@ C D C +
' J&4 5 6
>& ' In-Ceram 8 ! *
Turkom-Cera * ; &
.
8& h >H '! O ! !
'= G
G @&>@ & 8Q Turkom-Cera
' ; '
&8>@ A ^ 8& y / *
..
s[ ; Q ><! M'
G * G * * !
Turkom-Cera %&! ' 8@A 5! O
> 8
) 23 (
,
* )* * G >@ '&Y 9 > '4 &
s /8 '& ' ' * %&! ' >& J&4 5 6 '&Y
! ; . ,'l * 308! )* + * ! ; ( '&m
.
; )* + ? l> * @;! >
* <&/=
, &;&A * @!
> ; B ? @2 & , * } O ; &
,'! EN9 /8
g ; ' + ! .
) 25 (
; ' [ ^ Q <3 .! ? g K cQ
>&;= 5 6 '
! &D ! 'p **'9
.
: ; (
* 2! , <3 .! * * !
g ! 5& 2
) ! *
,) '9 * '
! ><! C + *
8@A ! ! & *
T>&4 Turkom-Cera
In-Ceram Alumina *
* ! T>&4
^ 8& *
@&! ' 'p
8 ! 5 6 'l @
'p *
'9 * ! )*' 89 F&= ^ 8& '
V Turkom-Cera A * p
.
"? @%
;Q & >
•4 ?' 2! A
•4 <! ) Q '&A @A a * ) @ * 6 - > &>P; '&A @A 4 ? O ) l * ? ^ G ' ;<! E > ! ? * T> '
! 5;O '@ ' <3 .! .
A
1. Donovan TE, Chee WW. Conservative indirect restorations for posterior teeth. Cast versus bonded ceramic.
Dent Clin North Am 1993;37(3):433-43.
2. Craig RG, Powers JM. Restorative Dental Materials. 11th ed. St. Louis:Mosby Co; 2002. P. 551-92.
3. Seghi RR, Sorensen JA. Relative flexural strength of six new ceramicmaterials. Int J Prosthodont 1995;8(3):
239-46.
4. Rosenblum MA, Schulman A. A review of all-ceramic restorations. J AmDent Assoc 1997;128(3):297-307.
5. Kelly JR, Nishimura I, Campbell SD. Ceramics in dentistry: Historical roots and current perspectives. J
Prosthet Dent 1996;75(1):18-32.
6. Campbell SD. A comparative strength study of metal ceramic and all ceramic esthetic materials: Modulus of
7. Anusavice KJ. Reducing the failure potential of ceramic-based restorations. Part 2: Ceramic inlays, crowns,
veneers and bridges.Gen Dent 1997;45(1):30-5.
8. Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramicbiomaterial. Biomaterials 1999;20(1):1-25.
9. Probster L, Diehl J. Slip-casting alumina ceramics for crowns and bridge restorations. Quintessence Int 1992;
23(1):25-31.
10. Hidaka O, Iwasaki M, Saito M, Morimoto T. Influence of clenching intensity on bite force balance, occlusal
contact area, and average bite pressure. J Dent Res 1999; 78(3): 1336-44.
11. Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Zanotti G, Tartaglia GM. Maximal bite forces in healthy young adults as predicted by
surface electromyography. J Dent 2004; 32(6): 451-7.
12. Webber B, McDonald A, Knowles J. An in vitro study of the compressive load at fracture of Procera AllCeram
crowns with varying thickness of veneer porcelain. J Prosthet Dent 2003; 89(2): 154-60.
13. Reich S, Petchelt A, Lohbauer U. The effect of finish line preparation and layer thickness on the failure load
and fractography of ZrO2 copings. J Prosthet Dent 2008; 99(5): 369-76.
14. Sundh A, Sjögren G. Fracture resistance of all-ceramic zirconia bridges with differing phase stabilizers and
quality of sintering. Dent Mater 2006;22(8): 778-84.
15. AL-Makramani BM, Razak AA, Abu-Hassan MI. Comparison of the load at fracture of Turkom-Cera to
Procera AllCeram and In-Ceram all-ceramic restorations. J Prosthodont 2009; 18(6): 484-8.
16. Snyder MD, Hogg KD. Load-to-fracture value of different all-ceramic crown systems. J Contemp Dent Pract
2005; 6(4): 54-63.
17. Friedlander LD, Munoz CA, Goodacre CJ, Doyle MG, Moore BK. The effect of tooth preparation design on
breaking strength of Dicor crowns. Part 1. Int J Prosthodont 1990; 3(2): 159-68.
18. Yoshinari M, Derand T. Fracture strength of all-ceramic crowns. Int J Prosthodont1994; 7(4): 329-38.
19. Chai J, Takahashi Y, Sulaiman F, Chong K, Loutenschlager EP. Probability of fracture ofall-ceramic crowns.
Int J Prosthodont 2000; 13(5): 420-4.
20. Potiket N, Chiche G, Finger IM. In vitro fracture strength of teeth restored with different all-ceramic crown
systems. J Prosthet Dent 2004; 92(5): 491-5.
21. Scherrer SS, de Rijk WG. The fracture resistance of all-ceramiccrowns on supporting structures with different
elastic moduli. IntJ Prosthodont 1993; 6(5): 462-7.
22. Sobrinho LC, Cattell MJ, Glover RH, Knowles JC. Investigation of the dry and wet fatigue properties of three
all-ceramic crownsystems. Int J Prosthodont 1998; 11(3): 255-62.
23. Dickinson AJ, Moore BK, Harris RK, Dykema RW. A comparative study of the fracture strength of aluminous
porcelain and all-ceramic crowns. J Prosthet Dent 1989; 61(3): 297-304.
24. Ku CW, Park SW, Yang HS. Comparison of the fracture strengths of metal-ceramic crowns and three ceromer
crowns. J Prosthet Dent 2002; 88(2): 170-5.
25. AL-Makramani BMA, Razak AAA, Abu-Hassan MI. Effect of luting cements on the compressive strength of
)+. /0 1&2 2) ... !"# $" %& ' % ( ) &* ( +'
3 /
(
26. Al-Wahadni AM, Hussey DL, Grey N, Hatamleh MM. Fracture resistance of aluminium oxide and lithium
disilicate-based crowns using different luting cements: An in vitro study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2009; 10(2):
51-8.
27. Borges GA, Caldas D, Taskonak B, Yan J, Sobrinho LC, de Oliveira WJ. Fracture loads of all-ceramic crowns
under wet and dry fatigue conditions. J Prosthodont 2009; 18(8): 649-55.
28. Azer SS, Drummond JL, Campbell SD, El Moneim Zaki A. Influence of corebuildup material on the fatigue
strength of an all-ceramic crown.J Prosthet Dent 2001; 86(6): 624-31.
29. Studart AR, Filser F, Kocher P, Gauckler LJ. In vitro lifetime of dentalceramics under cyclic loading in water.
