❆❉❘■❆◆❖ ▲■▼❆ ❆❇❘❆◆❚❊❙
❇✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s ■♥❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣♦r ▲✐♠✐t❡s ♥♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡
❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡✲ ♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❊❧étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ P♦tê♥❝✐❛✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✉ís ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❈♦st❛ ❆❧✲ ❜❡rt♦
❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ✷✵✶✻
AUTORIZO A REPRODUÇÃO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTE TRABALHO, POR QUALQUER MEIO CONVENCIONAL OU ELETRÔNICO, PARA FINS DE ESTUDO E PESQUISA, DESDE QUE CITADA A FONTE.
Abrantes, Adriano Lima
A158b Bifurcações Induzidas por Limites no Contexto de Estabilidade de Tensão / Adriano Lima Abrantes; orientador Luís Fernando Costa Alberto. São Carlos, 2016.
Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica e Área de Concentração em Sistemas Elétricos de Potência -- Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos da Universidade de São Paulo, 2016.
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ♣♦r t♦r♥❛r❡♠ t✉❞♦ ✐ss♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳
➚ ❋ê✱ ▲✉✱ ❉♦❧❢♦ ❡ ❙②❧✈❡tt❡✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛t✉r❛♠ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s✉♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❤á ❛♥♦s✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛✱ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✉ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ s♦❣r❛✱ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ s♦❣r♦ ❡ s✉❛s ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s✱ ❛ q✉❡♠ s♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛t♦ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜♦✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ▲✉ís ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❈♦st❛ ❆❧❜❡rt♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❏♦ã♦ ❇♦s❝♦ ❆✳ ▲♦♥❞♦♥ ❏r✳✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡✐✳
❆♦ ▼♦✉ss❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✳ ❆♦ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
➚ ❊❧❛✐♥❡✱ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ❡ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♥✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ♣ós✲ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❆♥❛ ❈❡❝í❧✐❛✱ ❇r❡♥♦✱ ❈❛♠✐❧❛ ✭❋❛♥t✐♥ ❡ ❱✐❡✐r❛✮✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧✱ ❊❞s♦♥ ●❡r❛❧❞✐✱ ❊❞s♦♥ ❚❤❡♦❞♦r♦✱ ❏✉❧❧✐❛♥✱ ❏ú❧✐♦✱ ▲❡❛♥❞r♦✱ ▲✉❛♥❛✱ ▲✉❝❛s✱ ❚❛②❧♦♥ ❡ ❛ t❛♥t♦s ♦✉tr♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ♥❡st❛ ❢❛s❡✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r❛♠ ♠✐♥❤❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆❜r❛♥t❡s✱ ❆✳ ▲✳ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s ■♥❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣♦r ▲✐♠✐t❡s ♥♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦✳ ✷✵✶✻✳ ✼✽ ❢✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦✱ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❯♥✐✲ ✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
❆ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✭❙❊Ps✮ r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♣r❡ssõ❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✱ ♦s s✐st❡✲ ♠❛s tê♠ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♦s s❡✉s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛s✲ s♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞♦ ❙❊P✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❧✐♠✐t❡ ✭❇■▲✮✱ t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛s✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ é ❡st✉❞❛r ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❇■▲s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦ss❛ tr❛t❛r ♠❡❧❤♦r ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❖✉tr♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛r❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ✭▼❊❚✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❇■▲✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛❞❛ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♠♣❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ▼❊❚ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ s❡❧❛✲♥ó ✭❇❙◆✮ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✱ ♦ ❡q✉❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ▼❊❚ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❇■▲ é ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣♦✐s✱ ♥ã♦ só ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❡ ✐♥st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s❡✉s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❙❊Ps✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ q✉❛✐s ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s❡rã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③❡s ♥❛ ♠❛♥✉✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❊❚ ❡ q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛s s❡rã♦ ♠❛✐s s❡✈❡r❛s✳ ■st♦ é✱ q✉❛✐s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❛ ▼❊❚✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ só ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ▼❊❚ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇❙◆✱ ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❇■▲✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r q✉❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦s tr❛t❡♠ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❛ ❇■▲✱ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ s✐♠✐❧❛r à ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✉s✉❛❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❇❙◆✳
❖✉tr❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ s✉❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❣❡r❛❞♦✲ r❛s✳ ❆ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❇■▲ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❇❙◆ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❥á ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦✱ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ■♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ▲✐♠✐t❡✱ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❙✉❛✈✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♠✐t❡s
❆❜str❛❝t
❆❜r❛♥t❡s✱ ❆✳ ▲✳ ▲✐♠✐t ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ❙t❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ✷✵✶✻✳ ✼✽ ♣✳ ▼❛st❡r✬s ❚❤❡s✐s✱ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ✷✵✶✻✳
❚❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ♣♦✇❡r s②st❡♠s ✭❊P❙s✮ ❧❡❞ t♦ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛s✲ s❡ss♠❡♥t ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t②✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s✱ ❊P❙s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❝❧♦s❡r t♦ t❤❡✐r tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❧✐♠✐ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❛✐s❡s t❤❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛s✲ s❡ss♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ st❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ■♥ t❤✐s s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❊P❙ ♣♦✇❡r tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❧✐♠✐t ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛t✐♦♥ ✭▲■❇✮✱ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❜r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ♦❢ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦♦❧s✳
❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣♦❛❧s ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✐s t♦ st✉❞② t❤❡ ▲■❇ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡❡♣❧②✱ s♦ ✐t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ st❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐s t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❢♦r ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧♦❛❞ ♠❛r❣✐♥ ✭▲▼✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♦❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ▲■❇s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ▲▼ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❞✉❡ t♦ s❛❞❞❧❡✲♥♦❞❡ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛t✐♦♥ ✭❙◆❇✮ ♣❧❛②s ❛ ❤✐❣❤❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r♦❧❡ ✐♥ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ st❛❜✐❧✐t② st✉❞✐❡s✱ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ▲▼ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❞✉❡ t♦ ▲■❇ ✐s ♦✉r t❤✐r❞ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡✳
❚❤❡ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛❜✐❧✐t② ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❢♦r ❊P❙ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛ss❡ss✲ ♠❡♥t✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✐t ♠❛② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛❝t✐♦♥s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♠♦r❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ▲▼ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝✐❡s ♠❛② ❜❡ ♠♦r❡ s❡✈❡r❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤✐s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ♦♥❧② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ▲▼ ✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❙◆❇ ♣♦✐♥t✱ ♥♦t ❢♦r t❤❡ ▲■❇ ❝❛s❡✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ ♣r❡✲❡①✐st✐♥❣ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧s t♦ tr❡❛t t❤❡ ▲■❇ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥✱ ❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ▲■❇ ♣♦✐♥t s✐♠✐❧❛r❧② t♦ ✇❤❛t ✇❛s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙◆❇✳
❆♥♦t❤❡r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s ❛ s♠♦♦t❤✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ❧✐♠✐ts t❤❛t ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ r❡❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣♦✇❡r ✐♥❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ ✉♥✐ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠s✱ ❛t ❧❡❛st ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ▲■❇ ✐♥ ❛ ❙◆❇✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ❙t❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ▲✐♠✐t ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ▲✐♠✐t ❙♠♦♦t❤✐♥❣
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❊Ps ✼
✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✸✳✶ ▼❛r❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛s ❈❛r❣❛s✱ P▼❈ ❡ ❛ ❇❙◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸✳✸ ■♥st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ■♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ▲✐♠✐t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s ▲♦❝❛✐s ❡♠ ❙❊Ps ✶✾
✸✳✶ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✷ ❋♦r♠❛s ◆♦r♠❛✐s ❞❡ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ❙❡❧❛✲◆ó ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❍♦♣❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ❚r❛♥s❝rít✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✸ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ■♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ▲✐♠✐t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❛r❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✸✸ ✹✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❊stát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙❊P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❣❛ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✷ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❊❚ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❇❙◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✸ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❊❚ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❇■▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✹ ❖✉tr❛s ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❊❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
①✈✐ ❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✺ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❙✉❛✈❡ ❞❡ ▲✐♠✐t❡s ✹✺
✺✳✶ ❙✉❛✈✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♠✐t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✺✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❚❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✻ ❇■▲✿ ❘♦❜✉st❡③ ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✺✼
✻✳✶ ❘♦❜✉st❡③ ❡ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✻✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✻✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✻✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✶ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✻✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✻✳✹ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✻✳✹✳✶ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✈✐❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ s✉❛✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✻✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✼ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✼✶
✼✳✶ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❙✉❛✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✼✳✷ ❘♦❜✉st❡③ ❡ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✼✳✸ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❋✉t✉r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❙❊Ps✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❑✉♥❞✉r ❡t ❛❧✳
✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✸ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❊❚ ❡ ❞♦ P▼❈ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✉r✈❛ P✲❱✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✹ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ P✲❱ ❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✺ ❈♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡
❣❡r❛❞♦r❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝✉r✈❛ P✲❱✳ ❊♠ ✭❛✮ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ P✲❱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛rr❛ P◗✱ ❡♠ ✭❜✮ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ P✲❱ ❞♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ❝✉❥♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ é ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✻ ❖❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❇■▲ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡r❛❞♦r❛✳ ❊♠ ✭❛✮
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ P✲❱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛rr❛ P◗ ❡ ❡♠ ✭❜✮ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ à ❜❛rr❛ P❱✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✶ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✈❛❧♦r❡s✳ ❙❡ λ∗
1 6=λ6=λ
∗
2✱ t❡♠✲s❡
❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ tr✐✈✐❛❧(x1, x2) = (0,0)✳ ▼❛s s❡ λ é ✉♠ ❛✉t♦✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ A❝♦♠♦
λ∗
1 ♦✉λ
∗
2✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ tr✐✈✐❛❧ t❡♠✲s❡ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉t♦✈❡t♦r
❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❛✉t♦✈❛❧♦r λ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸✳✷ ❘❡tr❛t♦s ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞❛ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ s❡❧❛✲♥ó✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❇❙◆✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛
{(x, λ); ˙x = 0✳ ❆ ♣❛rt❡ só❧✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❝✉r✈❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s ❡♥✲
q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ tr❛❝❡❥❛❞❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ✐♥stá✈❡✐s✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝✐♥③❛ ♥❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇❙◆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✹ Ór❜✐t❛s ❡♠ R2 ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❇❙◆✱ ❊♠ (a)✱ λ > 0 ❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s✱ ♦ ✐♥stá✈❡❧
✭s❡❧❛✮ ❡ ♦ ❡stá✈❡❧ ✭♥ó✮✱ ❝♦❡①✐st❡♠✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡λ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐✱ ♦s ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s s❡ ❛♣r♦✲
①✐♠❛♠✳ ❊♠ (b)✱ λ = 0 ❡ ♦s ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❝♦❛❧❡s❝❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦
❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ✐♥stá✈❡❧ ♥ã♦ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝♦✳ ❊♠ (c)✱ λ < 0 ❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐
❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✺ Ór❜✐t❛s ❡♠ R2 ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤♦♣❢ s✉♣❡r❝rít✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✻ Ór❜✐t❛s ❡♠ R2 ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤♦♣❢ s✉❜❝rít✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✼ ❘❡tr❛t♦s ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞❛ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ tr❛♥s❝rít✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✽ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❛ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❞❛ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ tr❛♥s❝rít✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✾ ❈✉r✈❛ P✲❱ ❞❛ ❜❛rr❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣❡r❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❛t✐♥❣❡ ♦ ◗✲❧✐♠✐t❡ ❡ ♣❡r❞❡
r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❆ ❝✉r✈❛ tr❛❝❡❥❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛r✐❛ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❝❛s♦ ♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ✐♥❥❡t❛ss❡ s✉❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ ♠á①✐♠❛✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❜❛rr❛ P◗✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✶✵ ❈✉r✈❛ P✲❱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛rr❛ P◗ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡r❛❞♦r❛✳ ◆❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ♣ós✲❧✐♠✐t❡ ♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r é ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❜❛rr❛ P◗ q✉❡ ✐♥❥❡t❛ s✉❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ ♠á①✐♠❛✳ ◆❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ♣ré✲❧✐♠✐t❡ ♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r é ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❜❛rr❛ P❱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ✜①❛ ♥♦ s❡t♣♦✐♥t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
①✈✐✐✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
✸✳✶✶ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❇■▲ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝✉r✈❛s P✲❱✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✶ Pr❡❞✐t♦r t❛♥❣❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✷ Pr❡❞✐t♦r s❡❝❛♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✸ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❡ Σ❡ ♦ ✈❡t♦r ♥♦r♠❛❧ n∗✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✹ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❊❥❡❜❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❆ ❝✉r✈❛ tr❛❝❡❥❛❞❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛
❝✉r✈❛ P✲❱ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ✈✐❛ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❞❛ ❝✉r✈❛ r❡❛❧✳ ❆ ❝✉r✈❛ ♣r❡t❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✺ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ▲♦♦❦✲❆❤❡❛❞✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ✭❈❤✐❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❖ ♠é✲
t♦❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❞✉❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦ ✈❡t♦r t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r t♦❞❛ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✻ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ◗▲♦♦❦✲❆❤❡❛❞✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ✭▼❛♥s♦✉r ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❆❜❛✐①♦
sã♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛r✐❛♠ ♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❛♦s s❡✉s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ r❡❛t✐✈❛✳ ❆❝✐♠❛ ❡stã♦ ❛s ❝✉r✈❛s λ✲❱ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛
❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ s❛t✉r❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✶ ❘❡str✐çã♦ s✉❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❝♦♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡s r❡❛t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✶ ✲ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✸ ❙✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✷ ✲ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ s✉❧✲❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✹ ❚❡♥sã♦✱ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✷ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❙◆✳
❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ✭❝♦❧♦r✐❞❛✮✳ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ s✉❛✈❡ ✭♣r❡t❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✺ ❚❡♥sã♦✱ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✷ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲✳
❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ✭❝♦❧♦r✐❞❛✮✳ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ s✉❛✈❡ ✭♣r❡t❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✻ P❛rt❡ r❡❛❧ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡Dxf(x, λ)❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✶ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲
r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ à ✜❣✉r❛ ✺✳✺✳ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ✭❛③✉❧✮✳ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ s✉❛✈❡ ✭❜r❛♥❝❛✮✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✼ ❚❡♥sã♦✱ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✸✻✾ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❙◆✳
❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ✭❝♦❧♦r✐❞❛✮✳ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ s✉❛✈❡ ✭♣r❡t❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✽ ❚❡♥sã♦✱ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✸✻✾ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲✳
❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ✭❝♦❧♦r✐❞❛✮✳ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ s✉❛✈❡ ✭♣r❡t❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✻✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✶ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦s r❛♠♦s
❡♠ pu✿ y12 =y23= (0.2 +j1.0)
−1
❀ bsh = 0.01❀ tap= 1.0✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✻✳✷ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ λ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲
❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛ bsh ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✸✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ♦
❡rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♠λ ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ bsh✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✻✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✶✳ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦λ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠
t❛♣ ✜❝tí❝✐♦ tap2−3 ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ 2−3✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ♦ ❡rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♠ λ ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡♠tap2−3✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✻✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✶✳ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦
❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ λ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦
s❡t♣♦✐♥t ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦Vset ❞♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✷✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ♦ ❡rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♠λ
❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡♠Vset✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✻✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✶✳ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ λ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛
♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❛t✐✈❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✷✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ♦ ❡rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♠
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ①✐①
✻✳✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✶✳ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ λ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛
♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✸✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ♦ ❡rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♠λ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦
❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡♠Pcarga✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✻✳✼ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✷✳ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ λ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛
❛❞♠✐tâ♥❝✐❛bsh ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✸✼✵✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ♦ ❡rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♠λ
❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡♠bsh✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✻✳✽ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✷✳ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦λ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❛♣
❞♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❧✐❣❛ ❛s ❜❛rr❛s ✸✻✾ ❡ ✸✼✵✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ♦ ❡rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♠
λ ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❛♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✻✳✾ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✷✳ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ λ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦
s❡t♣♦✐♥t ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦Vset ❞♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✸✻✾✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ♦ ❡rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♠
λ ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ Vset✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✻✳✶✵ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✷✳ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ λ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛
♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❛t✐✈❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✸✻✾✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ♦ ❡rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♠ λ ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ Pgerada✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✻✳✶✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✷✳ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ λ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛
♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ✸✼✵✳ ➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ♦ ❡rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♠ λ ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✺✳✶ ❇❛rr❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✷ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✸ ◗✲❧✐♠✐t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✷ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❙◆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✹ ◗✲❧✐♠✐t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡st❡ ✷ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✻✳✶ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ▼❊❚ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✳ ❊rr♦s ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡∆λ(p)❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡0.1pu❡♠ p✳ ❚♦❞♦s
♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s sã♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ pu✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✻✳✷ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ▼❊❚ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✳ ❊rr♦s ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡∆λ(p)❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡0.1pu❡♠ p✳ ❚♦❞♦s
♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s sã♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ pu✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❉❡s❞❡ ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■❳✱ ♦s ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❊❧étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✭❙❊Ps✮ ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r✐✲ ♠♦r❛❞♦s ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ✈ê♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♥♦✈♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ s✉❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦✳ ❆ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❛❧✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛ ❤✉♠❛♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ t❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ♣r♦❝✉r❛r ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ r❡❝✉rs♦✳
❆ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❊Ps é ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ♠❛✐♦r s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♣❛ss❛✲s❡ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦r ❞❛ ❛ss✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦♣❡r❛r ♦ ❙❊P ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s❡r✈❛ ♠❡♥♦r✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ✭❑✉♥❞✉r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✹✮✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛çã♦ é ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛ s✉❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦rt❡ ♠✉♥✐❞♦s ❞❡ r❡❧és ❝♦♠ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦♥❣♦s ✜③❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ tr❛♥s✐tór✐❛ ♦✉ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❣❛♥❤❛ss❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❙❊Ps✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❧❡♥t✐❞ã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❢❛③✐❛♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ tr❛♥s✐tór✐❛ ❢♦ss❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭❑✉♥❞✉r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✹✱ ❚❛②❧♦r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✹✮✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♥♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ♥♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ tê♠ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛❞♦ ❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ tr❛♥s✐tór✐❛✱ ❛✉♠❡♥✲ t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ♣r❡ssõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥✲ t❛✐s ❝♦♥trár✐❛s à ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❣❡r❛❞♦r❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❙❊Ps ♦♣❡r❡♠ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❞❡ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣♦✉✲s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❧✐♠✐t❡ ✭❇■▲✮ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✲ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ✈✐❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❡stát✐❝❛s✳ ❊st❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦✱ q✉❡ s❡rá ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♥♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✱ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦✲ tê♥❝✐❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛❧❣✉♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❙❊P✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r✱ ❡st✐♠❛r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❜✐✲
✷ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✶
❢✉r❝❛❧çã♦ s❡❧❛✲♥ó ✭❇❙◆✮ ❡♠ ❙❊Ps ✭❈❛♥✐③❛r❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✷✱ ❈❤✐❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼✱ ❉♦❜s♦♥ ❡ ▲✉ ✶✾✾✷❛✱ ❉♦❜s♦♥ ❡ ❈❤✐❛♥❣ ✶✾✽✾✱ ●r❡❡♥❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼✮✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❇■▲ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❇■▲✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ s❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ❛ ❇■▲ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❇❙◆ ❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❛r❜✐trár✐♦s✳
✶✳✶ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❇✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s
➱ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❙❊Ps q✉❡ tê♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛♠❡❛ç❛ à ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ✭❱❛♥ ❈✉ts❡♠ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❊♠ ✭❑✇❛t♥② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✺✮ ❢♦✐ ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❙❊P ♣♦❞❡ s♦❢r❡r ✉♠ ❝♦❧❛♣s♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss✐✈♦s ❛✉♠❡♥t♦s ❧❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✳ ❊ss❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s✳ ◆✉♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡stát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙❊P tí♣✐❝❛✱ ❛s ❝❛r❣❛s sã♦ tr❛t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ✲ ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s q✉❡ ❛❧t❡r❛♠ ♦s ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭s❡❥❛ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♦✉ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s✮ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s✳
▼♦❞❡❧❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡stát✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡s♣r❡③❛♥❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ❣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦✱ ♦ P♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼á①✐♠♦ ❈❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭P▼❈✮ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇❙◆✶ ✭❑✇❛t♥② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❉♦❜s♦♥ ❡ ▲✉ ✭✶✾✾✷❜✮ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛ss♦❝✐✲
❛❞♦s à ✈✐♦❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛❞♦r❡s sí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❋❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♦s❝✐❧❛tór✐♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♠ ✭❑✇❛t♥② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✺✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥s❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛♥❞♦ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❍♦♣❢ ❝♦♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♦s❝✐❧❛tór✐♦s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❙❊Ps✳ ❋✐❝❛ ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s ❡①❡r❝❡ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❙❊Ps✳
❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ P▼❈ ♦✉ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡ ❡ ♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ é ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❉❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✱ ❞❡✜♥❡✲s❡ ❛ ▼❛r❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✭▼❊❚✮ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥♦ P▼❈ ❡ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳ ❆ ▼❊❚ ❞á ✉♠❛ ♥♦çã♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❙❊P✱ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳
❊st❛ ♠❛r❣❡♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❣❛ ♦✉✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❛✐s r♦❜✉st❛✱ ✈✐❛ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❣❛ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞♦ ✭❈❤✐❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ▼❊❚ ❞❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s rá♣✐❞❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳
❖✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ ▼❊❚ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛s✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✭▲♦❢ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✷✮ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞♦ ♠❡♥♦r ✈❛❧♦r s✐♥❣✉❧❛r ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❥❛❝♦❜✐❛♥❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✱ ❡♠ ✭❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ✶✾✾✽✮ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ✉♠
✶✳✷ ❊❙❚❆❇■▲■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❚❊◆❙➹❖ ❊ ❇■❋❯❘❈❆➬Õ❊❙ ✸
♠ét♦❞♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✈❡t♦r t❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ✭●✉❡❞❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺✮ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✈✐❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ é s✉❣❡r✐❞♦ ❡ ✭❉❡st❡r ✷✵✵✻✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ í♥❞✐❝❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s✳
❊♠ ✭❈❤✐❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼✮✱ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ▲♦♦❦✲❆❤❡❛❞✱ q✉❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✱ r❡q✉❡r ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞✉❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡✱ ♥❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇❙◆ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❙❊Ps ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r✐❞❛❞❡s rí❣✐❞❛s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛♠ ✉♠❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐á✈❡❧✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❡♠ ❡st❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ s✉❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ sã♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❣❡r❛❞♦r❛s ❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠ t❛♣ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳ ❈❛s♦ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❞❡ss❡s ❧✐♠✐t❡s s❡❥❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇❙◆✱ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛✲ t✐✈❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ✈✐❛ ▲♦♦❦✲❆❤❡❛❞ ✐♥❞✐❝❛rá ✉♠❛ ▼❊❚ ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛✳ ■st♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❙❊P ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉❞❛♠ ❜r✉s❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡✳ ❊st❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❜r✉s❝❛ ♥ã♦ é ♣r❡✈✐st❛ ♣❡❧♦ ▲♦♦❦✲ ❆❤❡❛❞✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s✉❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❜❛s❡✐❡✲s❡ ❡♠ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❥á ♥ã♦ sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛s✳ ❊♠ ✭❩❤❛♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ ✭▲✐ ❡ ❈❤✐❛♥❣ ✷✵✵✽❛✮ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ▲♦♦❦✲❆❤❡❛❞ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛ ✈✐♦❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡ss❡s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ✉♠❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❣r♦ss❡✐r❛✳
❊ss❛s ♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r✐❞❛❞❡s rí❣✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇❙◆✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛♦ P▼❈✱ ♦❝♦rr❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ♣♦r ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❛ ❇❙◆ ❡ s✐♠ ✉♠❛ ❇■▲ ❛ss✐♠ q✉❡ ♦ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ é ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ é ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐♦❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ P▼❈✳
❊♠ ✭❨✉❡ ❡ ❱❡♥❦❛t❛s✉❜r❛♠❛♥✐❛♥ ✷✵✵✼✮✱ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ s❡ ❛♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✱ ♦❝♦rr❡rá ✉♠❛ ❇■▲ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①✐❣❡ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❥❛❝♦❜✐❛♥❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✱ ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ s✐♥❛❧✳ ❊♠ ✭❑❛t❛♦❦❛ ✷✵✵✺✮ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ q✉❡ s✉❛✈✐③❛ ♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r✐❞❛❞❡s rí❣✐❞❛s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✈✐♦❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s✳ ❊♠ ✭❉♦❜s♦♥ ❡ ▲✉ ✶✾✾✷❜✮ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇■▲ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ tr❛♥s❝rít✐❝❛✳
✹ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✹
✶✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ P▼❈ ✭♦✉ ❞❛ ▼❊❚✮ ❡♠ s✐✱ é ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ s❛❜❡r ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ❙❊P ✭s❡❥❛♠ ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛s ♦✉ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❡ ❞❡s♣❛❝❤♦✮ ❛❧t❡r❛♠ ♦ P▼❈ ♦✉ ❛ ▼❊❚✳ ❊♠ ✭❉♦❜s♦♥ ✶✾✾✷✮✱ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❛ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❇❙◆ ❡♠ ❙❊Ps ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❉♦❜s♦♥ ❡ ▲✉ ✭✶✾✾✷❛✮ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❡ss❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛s s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇❙◆ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❛r❜✐trár✐♦s✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r q✉❛✐s ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ▼❊❚✳
❊♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛✐s✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❝♦rr❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r t♦♠❛❞❛s r❛♣✐❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❉❛❞❛ ❡st❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❝♦rr❡t✐✈♦ é ♦ ❝♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ✭❆❥❥❛r❛♣✉ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r q✉❛✐s ❝❛r❣❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡♠♦✈✐❞❛s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛✳
❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✱ ❝✉❥♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ♠❛♥t❡r ♦ ❙❊P ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ s❡❣✉r♦✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ▼❊❚ s♦❜ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛✳
❉✐✈❡rs♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦ ✭●r❡❡♥❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼✱ ❑✉♠❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✹✱ ▼❛♥s♦✉r ✷✵✶✸✮ ❡ ❝♦rr❡t✐✈♦ ✭❋❡♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✵✱ ❱❛♥ ❈✉ts❡♠ ✶✾✾✺✮ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠✲s❡ ♥❛ ❛♥á✲ ❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❇■▲✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ sã♦✿
• ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛r t❡♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❧✐♠✐t❡❀
• ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❊❚ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ❇■▲❀
• ❊q✉❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ▼❊❚ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❇■▲❀
✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❆s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦✿
✶✳✺ ❊❙❚❘❯❚❯❘❆ ❉❖ ❚❘❆❇❆▲❍❖ ✺
✷✳ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ s✉❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s q✉❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❇■▲ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❇❙◆✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❇❙◆ s❡❥❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❛ ❇■▲❀
✸✳ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❇■▲ ♣❡rs✐st❡ ❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡✲ tr♦s❀
✹✳ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❛r❜✐trár✐♦s✳
✶✳✺ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✿ ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❙❊Ps✱ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❡♠ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡stát✐❝❛ sã♦ r❡✈✐s❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ ❇■▲ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s ❡ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♥s❛♦✳ ❍á ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❇■▲✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✿ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ▼❊❚✱ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠✲s❡ ♥❛ ❇❙◆ ❡ ♥♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❇■▲✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ s✉❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞♦✐s s✐st❡♠❛s t❡st❡✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✿ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ❛ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞❛ ❇■▲ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥tã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❇■▲✳
