❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛
❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
▼❡str❛❞♦ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s
❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠
❢♦❝♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s
▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❡❧♦
▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❡❧♦
❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s
❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠
❢♦❝♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠á✲ t✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲ q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
❉r✳ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ▼❛rq✉❡s ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❛ ❋✐❧❤♦
PP❣❙❈ ✕ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❈❈❊❚ ✕ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
Melo, Leandro de Almeida.
Uma proposta de indicadores para o acompanhamento de alunos em projetos de desenvolvimento colaborativo de software com foco no desenvolvimento de habilidades transversais / Leandro de Almeida Melo. - Natal, 2016.
129f: il.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fernando Marques Figueira Filho. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemas e Computação.
1. Engenharia de software. 2. Desenvolvimento Colaborativo de Software. 3. Trabalho em equipe. 4. Habilidades
transversais. 5. Ensino de ciências da computação. 6. Projetos colaborativos de estudantes. I. Figueira Filho, Fernando
Marques. II. Título.
Catalogação da Publicação na Fonte
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ s♦❜ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❡❧♦ ❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛✿
❉r✳ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ▼❛rq✉❡s ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❛ ❋✐❧❤♦
Pr❡s✐❞❡♥t❡
❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
❉r✳ ❆♥❞r❡ ▼❛✉r✐❝✐♦ ❈✉♥❤❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s
❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r
❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
❉r✳ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❆r❛♥❤❛
❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r
❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
❉r✳ ■❣♦r ❋❛❜✐♦ ❙t❡✐♥♠❛❝❤❡r
❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r
❉❆❈❖▼ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❯❚❋P❘ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ P❛r❛♥á
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣♦r s❡r ❧✉③ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❞❛❞♦ s❛ú❞❡✱ ❝♦r❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♣❡rs❡✈❡r❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❞❡st❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✳ ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ▲✉❝✐♥❡t❡ ❆❧✈❡s ❞❛ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦✱ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛♠♦r r❡✈❡❧❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ▲✉❛♥ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❡❧♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛✱ ❡ ♣♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ✜r♠❡ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥s✲ tr✉çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ P♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❛❞❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♠❡✉ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ♥♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❛♠♦r ❆♥② ❈❛r♦❧✐♥② ❉✉❛rt❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦✱ ❛❢❡t♦✱ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦✱ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ❛ ♠✐♠ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❆s ♠✐♥❤❛s ❛♠✐❣❛s ◆❛r②❧❧❡♥♥❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦✱ ❍✉❧✐❛♥❡ ▼❡❞❡✐r♦s ❡ ◆❛r❛❧❧②♥♥❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r❛♠ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ❛ r❡s✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ✈♦❝ês ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❢♦rç❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❢r❡♥t❡✳
➚ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ✲ ❆♥❞ré ❈❛♠♣♦s✱ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❆r❛♥❤❛✱ ■❣♦r ❙t❡✐♥♠❛❝❤❡r ❡ ▼❛r❝✐❛ ▲✉❝❡♥❛✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛❝❡✐t❛r❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥✈✐t❡ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛r❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯❋❘◆✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞❛s✱ ✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳
✏❊✉ ❡♥t❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❤♦♠❡♠ ♣♦ss❛ ♦❧❤❛r ♣❛r❛ ❜❛✐①♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❡rr❛✱ ❡ s❡r ✉♠ ❛t❡✉❀ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss♦ ❝♦♥❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♦❧❤❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝é✉s ❡ ❞✐❣❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❉❡✉s✑
❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s
❆✉t♦r✿ ▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❡❧♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✭❛✮✿❉r✳ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ▼❛rq✉❡s ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❛ ❋✐❧❤♦
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t♦rs ❢♦r ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ st✉❞❡♥ts ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ✇✐t❤ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ s♦❢t s❦✐❧❧s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t
❆✉t❤♦r✿ ▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❡❧♦ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ ❉r✳ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ▼❛rq✉❡s ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❛ ❋✐❧❤♦
❆❜str❛❝t
❙♦❢t s❦✐❧❧s ❛♥❞ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s ✇❡r❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❞❡✜❝✐❡♥❝✐❡s ♦❢ r❡❝❡♥t ❣r❛✲ ❞✉❛t❡s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ❝♦✉rs❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✐ss✉❡ ❧❡❞ t♦ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛✐♠❡❞ ❛t ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ❢❛❝❡❞ ❜② ♣r♦❢❡ss♦rs ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ❝♦✉rs❡s ✐♥ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐♥❣✱ ♠♦✲ ♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛ss❡ss✐♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❥❡❝ts✳ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ✇❡r❡ r❡♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ st✉❞❡♥ts ❜♦t❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✇❛s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛✐♠ t♦ ♠❛♣ s♦❢t s❦✐❧❧ ♦❢ st✉❞❡♥ts t♦ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t♦rs t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐❡s ✉s✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t♦rs ❛r❡ ❛✐♠❡❞ ❛t ♠❡❛s✉r✐♥❣ s♦❢t s❦✐❧❧s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❡❛♠✇♦r❦✱ ❧❡❛❞❡rs❤✐♣✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠✲ ♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ❛ ♣❡❡r ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ♠❛❥♦r ❛t t❤❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ✭❯❋❘◆✮✳ ❚❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ st✉❞② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ st✉✲ ❞❡♥ts✬ s♦❢t s❦✐❧❧s s❝♦r❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t♦rs ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐❡s✳ ❚❤✐s st✉❞② ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡s✿ ✭✐✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦rs✬ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ♦♣✲ ♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❥❡❝ts❀ ✭✐✐✮ ✐♥ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♥❣ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s♦❢t s❦✐❧❧s ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② st✉❞❡♥ts ✉s✐♥❣ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐❡s❀ ✭✐✐✐✮ ✐♥ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ s♦❢t s❦✐❧❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐❡s ❛♠♦♥❣ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ st✉❞❡♥ts❀ ✭✐✈✮ ✐♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ st❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛rt ♦❢ t❤r❡❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s
✶ ❱♦❝ê ❝♦st✉♠❛ ♣❛ss❛r ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥❛s s✉❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✵
✷ ❊♠ ♠é❞✐❛✱ q✉❛❧ é ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❡q✉✐♣❡s ♥♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✶
✸ ◗✉❡ ♠❡✐♦s ✈♦❝ê ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ✉♠❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✶
✹ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲
❥❡t♦s ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✷
✺ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛çã♦ ✭❘◗✷ ✲ ❉❡s❛✜♦s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞♦s
♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✹
✻ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛çã♦ ✭❘◗✸ ✲ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ❞♦s
♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✺
✼ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ ❙❧❛❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✽
✽ ●rá✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✶
✾ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ r ✭❙❊❲❆❘❉❀ ❉❖❆◆❊✱ ✷✵✶✹❀▲❆❘❙❖◆❀ ❋❆❘❇❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✶
✶✵ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ✭❙❊❲❆❘❉❀
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s
✶ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✷ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✸ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♥♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾
✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❣✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❜♦❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✷
✺ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❛ ❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✹
✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❘❛❞❡r♠❛❝❤❡r ❡ ❲❛❧✐❛ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✺
✼ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❡ ✐t❡♥s ❞❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧✐❦❡rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻
✽ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞❛s ❞♦s r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❛
t✉r♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✾ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❈rít✐❝♦s ❞♦ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ r ❞❡ P❡❛rs♦♥ ♣❛r❛ n = 14 ♣✳ ✻✸
✶✵ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡
s✐❣♥✐✜❝â♥❝✐❛ ✵✳✵✶ ❡ ✵✳✵✺ ✭r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♥♦ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❋✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
✶✶ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡♣♦s✐✲
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ s✐❣❧❛s
❈❈ ✕ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❊❙ ✕ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
❆❈▼ ✕ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡r②
❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
❚■ ✕ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❙■ ✕ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆P ✕ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ P❛r❡s
▼❙❘ ✕ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❘❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐❡s
■❋s ✕ ■♥st✐t✉t♦s ❋❡❞❡r❛✐s ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ♣✳ ✶✻
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽
✶✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽
✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✵
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✵
✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣✳ ✷✷
✷✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✷
✷✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♣❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✼
✷✳✸ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵
✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐♦ ♣✳ ✸✸
✸✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✸✳✶✳✶ ❊♥tr❡✈✐st❛s s❡♠✐❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹
✸✳✶✳✶✳✶ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❡ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹
✸✳✶✳✶✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✸✳✶✳✷ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✜r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✽
✸✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✵
✸✳✷✳✶ ❘◗✳✶ ✲ ❈♦♠♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦s sã♦ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡
❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✵
✸✳✷✳✷ ❘◗✳✷ ✲ ◗✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡s✲
✸✳✷✳✸ ❘◗✳✸ ✲ ◗✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛
❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✹
✸✳✸ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✻
✸✳✸✳✶ ❖♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✿ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❊❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✻
✸✳✸✳✷ ❖♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✿ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ❊❙ ♣✳ ✹✼
✸✳✹ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✾
✹ ❊st✉❞♦ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ♣✳ ✺✵
✹✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✵
✹✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✵
✹✳✶✳✷ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛✱ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✸
✹✳✶✳✷✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♣❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✸
✹✳✶✳✷✳✷ ❘❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼
✹✳✶✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✵
✹✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✸
✹✳✸ ❆♠❡❛ç❛s à ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✾
✹✳✸✳✶ ❱❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✾
✹✳✸✳✷ ❱❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥str✉❝t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✾
✹✳✸✳✸ ❱❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✵
✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ♣✳ ✼✷
✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✷
✺✳✷ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✸
✺✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣✳ ✼✺
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇ ✲✲ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✜r♠❛çã♦ ♣✳ ✽✻
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❈ ✲✲ ●✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❇♦❛s Prát✐❝❛s ➪❣❡✐s ♣✳ ✾✷
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❉ ✲✲ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣♦r P❛r❡s ♣✳ ✶✵✸
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❊ ✲✲ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣✳ ✶✵✽
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❋ ✲✲ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ✲
✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡❛rs♦♥ ♣✳ ✶✶✸
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ● ✲✲ ❆❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ t✐♣✐❝❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛✲
çã♦ ♣✳ ✶✶✻
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❍ ✲✲ P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ✲
✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙♣❡❛r♠❛♥ ♣✳ ✶✷✵
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ■ ✲✲ ●rá✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ♣✳ ✶✷✸
✶✻
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❍❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❢❛③❡♠ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ sã♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ✭❙■❈■▲■❆✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ❋❆▲▲❖❲❙❀ ❙❚❊❱❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐❣❡ ❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ✈ár✐❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦✲ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ✭❇❘❖❖❑❙✱ ✶✾✼✺✮✳ ▼❡♠❜r♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ♥♦✈❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛✲ t✐✈♦ ✭❙❚❖❘❊❨ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛s❝❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s ♠í❞✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝❛♥❛✐s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✈❡♠ ♠✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦✳ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❝♦♠♦ ●✐t❍✉❜✶ ❡ ❙t❛❝❦❖✈❡r✢♦✇✷ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ✭❙❚❖❘❊❨ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❊st❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ✭❙❚❖❘❊❨ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺❀ ❏❊◆❑■◆❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
◆❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ q✉❡ ❡✈♦❧✉✐ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s✱ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛✲ ❞❡s ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛t✉❛✐s ✭❍❊❘❇❙▲❊❇❀ ▼❖■❚❘❆✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❋❘■❊❉❀ ❍❆◆❙❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ r✐s❝♦✱ ❝♦❧❡❣✐❛❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✱ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝rít✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✭❘❆✲ ❉❊❘▼❆❈❍❊❘❀ ❲❆▲■❆❀ ❑◆❯❉❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳
❍❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❙✉♣❡✲ ✶❤tt♣✿✴✴st❛❝❦♦✈❡r❢❧♦✇✳❝♦♠
✶✼
r✐♦r✱ ♠❡r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡✲ r❡♥t❡s ♣❛ís❡s ✭❙■❈■▲■❆✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❆s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭❈❈✮ ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❊❙✮ ❞❛ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❡ ❆s✲ s♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡r② ✭❆❈▼✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡ss❡s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡①❡r❝✐t❛r ♣rát✐❝❛s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦✿ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♦r❛❧ ❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛✱ ét✐❝❛✱ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♦♣❡✲ r❛t✐✈❛ ✭❆❈▼✴■❊❊❊✲❈❙ ❏♦✐♥t ❚❛s❦ ❋♦r❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛✱ ✷✵✶✸❀ ❆❈▼✴■❊❊❊✲❈❙ ❚❤❡ ❏♦✐♥t ❚❛s❦ ❋♦r❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❚❛✐s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s sã♦ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r❛t✐❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✳ ❊s✲ t❛s sã♦ t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ s♦❜ ❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❡①❡r❝✐t❛♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ✭●◆❆❚❩ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡ é ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❊❙ ❡ ❈❈✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❡✜❝❛③❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❡ss❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s sã♦ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡s❛✜❛❞♦✲ r❛s ✭▲■◆●❆❘❉✱ ✷✵✶✵❀❙■❈■▲■❆✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ●♥❛t③ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♥♦✈♦s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s✳ ■ss♦ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡✜❝❛③ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❙❚❖❘❊❨ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳
✶✽
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s
❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦r ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s✳ ❆ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✿
• ▲❡✈❛♥t❛r ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s ❡❣r❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦❀
• ❈♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡ ❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥✲ ❞✉çã♦✱ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉✲ t❛çã♦❀
• ❊st✉❞❛r ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ♥❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦❀
• ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❡ r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦❀
✶✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦
P❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✳ ❆ ♣r✐✲ ♠❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥s✐st✐✉ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡ ❡♠ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ✐♥❞✐❝♦✉ q✉❡✿
• ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s❀
• ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s é✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❡ r❡❧❛tór✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❀
• ➱ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♠❡♥s✉r❛r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦❀
✶✾
❊ss❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ q✉❡✱ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛t✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♥ã♦ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡✱ ❧✐❞❡r❛♥ç❛✱ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❖ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❛ s✉❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡s ✭P❖◆❈■◆❀ ❙❊❘❊❇❘❊◆■❑❀ ❇❘❆◆❉✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛♠ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❡♥tr❡❣✉❡s✱ ❛✉t♦❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ✭P❖◆❈■◆❀ ❙❊❘❊❇❘❊◆■❑❀ ❇❘❆◆❉✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❚❘❆❱❊❘❙❖✲❘■❇ó◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ■st♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ♥ã♦ é s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♣♦✐s t❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♥ã♦ é ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ✭▼■❚❚❆▲❀ ❙❯❘❊❑❆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛t✉❛✐s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡❧❛s ❝♦♥tê♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r út❡✐s ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣♦ss❛ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s✱ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✭P❖◆❈■◆❀ ❙❊❘❊❇❘❊◆■❑❀ ❇❘❆◆❉✱ ✷✵✶✶❀❚❘❆❱❊❘❙❖✲❘■❇ó◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸❀▼■❚❚❆▲❀ ❙❯❘❊❑❆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳
✷✵
✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s
❆ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❞❡✉ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ ❛té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ às s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✿
• ✏❆ st✉❞② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇r❛③✐❧✬s ♣r❡st✐❣✐♦✉s s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs✑✿ ❆rt✐❣♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✷✵✶✺❀
• ✏❚❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✿ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❖♣♣♦rt✉✲ ♥✐t✐❡s✑✿ ❆rt✐❣♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❳■■ ❙✐♠♣ós✐♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❈♦❧❛❜♦✲ r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
• ✏❆♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♥❣ st✉❞❡♥ts✬ s♦❢t s❦✐❧❧s ✐♥ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ r❡✲ ♣♦s✐t♦r② ❞❛t❛✑✿ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❱■ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ❞❡ ❚❡s❡s ❡ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❳■■ ❙✐♠♣ós✐♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ✷✵✶✺❀
• ✏❆♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ❧❡✈❡r❛❣✐♥❣ st✉❞❡♥ts✬ s♦❢t s❦✐❧❧s ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✲ ♠❡♥t✑✿ Pôst❡r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❙■●❈❍■ ❲r✐t✐♥❣ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣✱ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❳■■ ❙✐♠♣ós✐♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦
❆❧é♠ ❞❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦✱ ❡st❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s q✉❛tr♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦s ♥❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✿ ✭✐✮ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♠ ❛s ❧❛❝✉♥❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❡ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡❣r❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❊❙ ❡ ❈❈ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s❀ ✭✐✐✐✮ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞✐s❝✉t❡♠ ❡ r❡❧❛t❛♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛r❡s ❝♦♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s❀ ✭✐✈✮ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳
✷✶
❞❡ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ss❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
✷✷
✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✿ ✭✐✮ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♠ ❛s ❧❛❝✉♥❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❡ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡❣r❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦❀ ✭✐✐✮ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❡♠ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❊❙ ❡ ❈❈ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s❀ ✭✐✐✐✮ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞✐s❝✉t❡♠ ❡ r❡❧❛t❛♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛r❡s ❝♦♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s❀ ✭✐✈✮ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
✷✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ❡ ♣ú✲ ❜❧✐❝❛s sã♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣♦✐❛❞❛s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❛❞❛s ♣♦r s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛❞♦s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❛t❡♥t♦s às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✈ár✐❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛♠ ❡ ❛♣♦✐❛♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ r❡✲ ❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✭❱❖❙❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✱ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❯▲▲▼❆◆◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❇❆❚■❙❚❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❱♦♥ ❲❛♥❣❡♥❤❡✐♠ ❡ ❙✐❧✈❛ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♣r❛t✐❝❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♣r♦✜ss✐✲ ♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s s✉❣❡r✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ tó♣✐❝♦ ♥❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭■❊❊❊✴❆❈▼✮✳ ❆ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✐♥❞✐❝♦✉ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♦s tó♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❊❙ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ❣❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s✱ t❡st❡s ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
✷✸
❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❯♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s sã♦ ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❚■ ✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❡ ♦r❛❧✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡✱ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❧✐❞❡r❛♥ç❛✳ ❊ss❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡stã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❡ sã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♥❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s r❡❛✐s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✭❘❆❉❊❘▼❆❈❍❊❘❀ ❲❆▲■❆✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s ❡stã♦ s❡ ♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦♥❣❡ ❞❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♥ã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ t♦r♥❛r ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳ ❙ã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞✐ss♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✐✲ ♣❧✐♥❛s ✭❇❆❱❖❚❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ❏❆◗❯❊■❘❆❀ ❈❖❊▲❍❖❀ ▲❯❈❊◆❆✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡♦✲ ❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❋❖❘❚❆▲❊❩❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸❀❈❆❱❘❆❑❀ ❖❘▲■➣❀ ❈❘◆❑❖❱■➣✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ◆❖❘❉■❖❀ ▼■❚■◆❀ ▼❊❨❊❘✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ❡ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❡✴♦✉ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ✭❉❆❯◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❀❉❆●◆■◆❖✱ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❑❘■❙❍◆❆◆❀ ❘❖❙❙❀ P❆❘■✲❙❆▲❆❙✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ss❡s ❡s❢♦rç♦s✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ✭❘❆❉❊❘▼❆❈❍❊❘❀ ❲❆▲■❆❀ ❑◆❯❉❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❘❆❉❊❘▼❆❈❍❊❘❀ ❲❆▲■❆✱ ✷✵✶✸❀ ❙■▼▼❖◆❙❀ ❙■▼▼❖◆❙✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ❇❊●❊▲❀ ❙■▼❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ s❡ q✉❡✐①❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❣r❛❞❡s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈❈ ❡ ❊❙ ♥ã♦ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛ ♥♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♦ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
❘❛❞❡r♠❛❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❡❞❡♠ ♦s r❡❝é♠ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤❛r ✉♠❛ ✈❛❣❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ♥❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ é ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❣r❛❞✉❛❞♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✭❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✮✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭♦r❛❧ ❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛✮ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❙t❡✐♥♠❛❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡s✲ tõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♥♦✈❛t♦s q✉❡ ❛s♣✐r❛♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❖✉tr❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ✭❘❆❉❊❘▼❆❈❍❊❘❀ ❲❆▲■❆✱ ✷✵✶✸❀❙■▼▼❖◆❙❀ ❙■▼▼❖◆❙✱ ✷✵✶✵❀❇❊●❊▲❀ ❙■▼❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❡ s♦✲ ❝✐❛✐s ❡stã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡✜❝✐ts ❞♦s ❣r❛❞✉❛❞♦s ❡❣r❡ss♦s ❞♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
✷✹
❞❛ ■❊❊❊✴❆❈▼ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❤♦rár✐❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✿ ✸✺ ❤♦r❛s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r tó♣✐❝♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s às ♣rát✐❝❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s✳
▼❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ q✉❡ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ q✉ê ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❝r✐❛♠ ♦♣♦r✲ t✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❙■✮ ❡ ❊❙✳ ◆❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❚■✱ ♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s t❡♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ à ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛✲ ❞❡s ♥♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ té❝♥✐❝♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭▼❊■❘❊▲❊❙❀ ❇❖◆■❋➪❈■❖✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳
❯♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❡ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛✳ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês Pr♦❥❡❝t✲❇❛s❡❞ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✲ P❇▲✮✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ é ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ q✉❡ é ✉s❛❞❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭●❆❘◆❊▲■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ◆❛ P❇▲ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡s✱ ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ ❛❜❡rt♦✱ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❡ ♣r♦♣ôr s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✭❏❆❩❆❨❊❘■✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳
◆❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r❡♠ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ❡❧❡s r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✭❙❆◆❚❖❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦✲ ❥❡t♦ é ❡①♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❜✉s❝❛r ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ôr s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ❈♦❧♦❝❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛r ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❛ ❢♦rç❛ ♠♦tr✐③ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ✭❙❆◆❚❖❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡❧❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r✱ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❣✉ç❛♠ ♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ✭❏❆❩❆❨❊❘■✱ ✷✵✶✺❀ ●❆❘◆❊▲■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳
✷✺
♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✭■●❆❑■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳
❏❛③❛②❡r✐ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✉❛s r❛③õ❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❡❧❛s q✉❛✐s ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐✲ ③❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s é ✐❞❡❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ sã♦ ❡❧❛s✿ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❢❛③❡♥❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❧✐✈r♦s ❡ t❡♦r✐❛s✳ ❊✱ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s sã♦ ❣✉✐❛❞♦s ♣♦r s❡✉s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✳ ◆❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❡❧❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r q✉❛✐s ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♠❛✐s ✭❏❆❩❆❨❊❘■✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳
▼✉✐t♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s tê♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ P❇▲ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦✱ ♣✉❜❧✐✲ ❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❙❛♥t♦s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ r❡❧❛t❛r❛♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ P❇▲ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✳ ❇❛✈♦t❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s✳ ❊♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ❝❛s♦s ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛✜r♠❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠ q✉❡stõ❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s r❡❛✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✴❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡ ♣r❛③♦s r✐❣♦r♦s♦s✳
■❣❛❦✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ r❡❧❛t❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦ P❇▲✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❙❝r✉♠✳ ●❛r♥❡❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ P❇▲ ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s sér✐♦s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❛✉t♦r✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ P❇▲ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡✲ ♥♦r t❛①❛ ❡rr♦s✳ P♦ré♠ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭✏t♦♣ ❞♦✇♥✑✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❛✐s út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✭●❆❘◆❊▲■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❏❛③❛②❡r✐ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ r❡❧❛t♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥♦✉ ❞✉❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✱ ❛ ♠❛s✲ t❡r② ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❡ ❛ P❇▲✳ ◆❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s só ❛✈❛♥ç❛✈❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛✈❛♠ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✲ çã♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❞✉❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❛✉t♦r✱ ♣♦❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✲ çã♦ ✭❏❆❩❆❨❊❘■✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳
