❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛
P❘❖P❘■❊❉❆❉❊❙ ❉■◆➶▼■❈❆❙ ❉❊ ❋❆❙❊❙
❈❖◆❉❊◆❙❆❉❆❙ ❉❊ ❉◆❆
❈áss✐♦ ❆❧✈❡s
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❊❧✐s❛❜❡t❤ ❆♥❞r❡♦❧✐ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦
tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❊❧✐s❛❜❡t❤ ❆♥❞r❡♦❧✐ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✭■❋✲❯❙P✮ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ▼❛r✐❛ ❚❡r❡s❛ ▼♦✉r❛ ▲❛♠② ✭■❋✲❯❙P✮ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ■✈❛♥ ❍❡❧♠✉t❤ ❇❡❝❤t♦❧❞ ✭❈❋▼✲❯❋❙❈ ✮
❋■❈❍❆ ❈❆❚❆▲❖●❘➪❋■❈❆
Pr❡♣❛r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
❆❧✈❡s✱ ❈áss✐♦
Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❢❛s❡s ❝♦♥❞❡♥s❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❉◆❆✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✷✵✶✵✳
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❊❧✐s❛❜❡t❤ ❆♥❞r❡♦❧✐ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❛ ▼❛tér✐❛ ❈♦♥❞❡♥s❛❞❛
❯♥✐t❡r♠♦s✿ ✶✳ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ❝♦♥❞❡♥s❛❞❛❀✷✳ ▼✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡❀ ✸✳ ❇✐♦❢ís✐❝❛❀ ✹✳ ❋ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛❀ ✺✳ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳
❯❙P✴■❋✴❙❇■✲✵✼✸✴✷✵✶✵
✏P♦r ✈❡③❡s ♦ s♦♣r♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛✱
♠✉❞❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛✳✑
❆♥ô♥✐♠♦❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱
♣❡❧♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❙✐♥t❡t✐③❛r ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡✱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♠♦str♦✉ s❡r ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ●♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✐①❛r r❡✲ ❣✐str❛❞❛ ❛q✉✐ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐♠❡♥s❛ ❣r❛t✐❞ã♦ ❡ ♠❡✉ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠✱ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ê①✐t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✿
❆ ♠❡✉s P❛✐s ♣❡❧♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❛ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ▼✉✐t♦ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳
❆ ▲♦r❡♥❛ ●✳ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ♥♦s ❜♦♥s ❡ ♠❛✉s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❊❧✐s❛❜❡t❤ ❆♥❞r❡♦❧✐ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ ●❋❈① ❡ ❈❘PP✳
❆ ▲❛✉r❡♥❝❡ ◆❛✈❛✐❧❧❡s ❡ ❋r❡❞❡r✐❝ ◆❛❧❧❡t ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ r❡❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❈❘PP✲❯♥✐✈❡rs✐té ❞❡ ❇♦r❞❡❛✉① ♥❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛✳
❆♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❈r✐st✐❛♥♦ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡✲ s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ ❙✳ ❙❡✐✛❡rt ❡ ❲✳ ❖♣♣❡r♠❛♥♥ ♣♦r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r❡♠ ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❡ s✐♠✉✲ ❧❛çã♦✳
❆ ❏❡♥s ❉♦❜r✐♥t ♣♦r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ◆❡t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s té❝♥✐✲ ❝♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦✳
❯♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ três ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛✲ ❜❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿ ❊♠❡rs♦♥ ❘✳ ❚✳ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❇❛t❛❧✐♦t♦ ❡ ❖❞❛✐r ●✐♠❡♥❡s✳ ❆♦ ❊♠❡rs♦♥ ♣❡❧❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❝❡♣çã♦ ♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞♦ ●❋❈①✲❯❙P ❡ ❞♦ ❈❘PP✲❇♦r❞❡❛✉①✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐✲ ❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ♣❡❧♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ r❡✲ s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❧át❡①✳ ❆♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆♦ ❖❞❛✐r ♣❡❧❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s✱ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❜♦❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✱ ♣❡❧❛
✈
♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳
❆ ◆✳ ❈❛③❛❧❛s ❡ ❆✳ ❋❡✈r✐❡r ♣❡❧❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳
❆ ❘❡♥❛t❛ ◆✳ ❇✐❝❡✈ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❛✐♦s ❳ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❉◆❆ ❡ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✳ ❆ ❇r✉♥♦ ❍♦♥❞❛✱ ❆❧❡①s❛♥❞❡r ❉✉❛rt❡✱ ❉✐♦❣♦ ❙♦❣❛✱ ❇❛r❜❛r❛ ❇✳ ●❡r❜❡❧❧✐✱ ❈❧❡✐❞❡✱ ❊❧❧❡♥ ❇✐♥♦tt♦✱ ❊❞♥❡✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡ ❏♦sé P❛✉❧✐♥♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✳
❆♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ●❋❈❳ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡t♦r❡s s✐♥tét✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ t❡r❛♣✐❛ ❣ê♥✐❝❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❡♠ ❛❧t❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❡ ♥❡ss❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s s❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❧íq✉✐❞♦✲❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s✳ ❊ss❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛s ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐r ❡ ✈ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥✲ t❛✐s tê♠ ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆✳ ➱ ♥❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ q✉❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ✐♥ ✈✐tr♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ❡ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❛♥✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♠♦s ❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ❞❡ ✶✺✵ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞✐s♣❡rs♦s ❡♠ á❣✉❛ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ✽✵ ❛ ✸✺✵ ♠❣✴♠❧✱ q✉❡ s❡ s✐t✉❛♠ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ✐♥t❡r✲ ♠❡❞✐ár✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡s✳ ◆❡ss❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❢♦✐ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛❞♦ s❛❧✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❜❧✐♥❞❛r ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡❧❡tr♦stát✐❝❛s r❡♣✉❧s✐✈❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❢r❛❣✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s rí❣✐❞♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❋❘❆P ✭❋❧✉♦r❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ❘❡❝♦✈❡r② ❆❢t❡r P❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✮ ❢♦✐ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞♦s ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ✢✉♦r❡s❝❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❛❧❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞✐♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❝♦✈❛❧❡♥t❡✳ ❆s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❋❘❆P ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉st❡ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♥❛ ♠❛♥❝❤❛ ❞❡ ❜❧❡❛❝❤✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥❛✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝♦✱ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❛♥✐s♦tró♣✐❝♦✳
◆❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥❛ é ❛ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❞❛ ♠❛♥❝❤❛ ❞❡ ❜❧❡❛❝❤ ❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞♦s ❢r❛❣♠❡♥✲ t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ❡stá ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵ µm2/s✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛✳ ◆❛ ❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❋❘❆P ♠♦str♦✉ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ é ♠❛✐s ❜❡♠ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✲ ✜❝❛❞❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ D1 ❡ D2✱ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛♦s
❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❡ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r à ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❧♦❝❛❧✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◆❡ss❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡✱ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❡stã♦
✈✐✐
❡♥tr❡10−1µm2/s❡10−2µm2/s✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♥✐s♦tr♦♣✐❛✱D
1/D2 ∼= 12✳ ❊ss❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦
❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ✈ír✉sfd ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ♥❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠
❢❡✐t❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠♦str❛s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ q✉❡ s❡ s✐t✉❛♠ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❞✉❛s ♦✉ ❛té três ❢❛s❡s ❡♠ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉✲ sã♦ ❛♥✐s♦tró♣✐❝♦ ❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝♦s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡❧❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡①t✉r❛ ❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛❞❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
Pr❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s②♥t❤❡t✐❝ ✈❡❝t♦rs ❢♦r ❣❡♥❡ t❤❡r❛♣② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♠♣❧✐❡s ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉◆❆ ✐♥ s♠❛❧❧ ❝❛✈✐t✐❡s ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❉◆❆ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❡s s❡❧❢✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❡ ❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ❧✐q✉✐❞ ❝r②st❛❧❧✐♥❡ str✉❝t✉r❡s✳ ❖♥❝❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✱ ❉◆❆ ♠✉st ❞✐✛✉s❡ ✐♥ ❝②t♦♣❧❛s♠ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥② ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✇♦r❦ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡❞ t❤❛t s✉❝❤ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✐s ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥ts s✐③❡✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ❉◆❆ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❣❛r✲ ❞❡❞ ❛s ❛ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♥❣ ✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❛♥✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉◆❆ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥ts✱ ✭✶✺✵ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛✐rs✮✱ ❞✐ss♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ✇❛t❡r✱ ❢♦r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ✽✵ ♠❣✴♠❧ t♦ ✸✺✵ ♠❣✴♠❧✱ r❛♥❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s ♦❢ ✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❝❤♦❧❡st❡r✐❝ ♣❤❛s❡s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛r② r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❤❛s❡ ❝♦❡①✐st❡♥❝❡✳ ❙❛❧t ✇❛s ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ❤✐❣❤ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ s❝r❡❡♥ r❡♣✉❧s✐✈❡ ❡❧❡❝tr♦st❛t✐❝ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✉s t♦ r❡❣❛r❞ ❉◆❆ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥ts ❛s ♥♦♥ ✐♥t❡✲ r❛❝t✐♥❣ r✐❣✐❞ r♦❞s✳ ❋❘❆P ✭❋❧✉♦r❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ❘❡❝♦✈❡r② ❆❢t❡r P❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✮ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ♦❢ ❉◆❆ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥ts ♠❛r❦❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✢✉♦r❡s❝❡♥t ♣r♦❜❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜✐♥❞s ❝♦✈❛❧❡♥t❧② t♦ t❤❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦t✐❞❡s✳ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❋❘❆P ✐♠❛❣❡s ❛r❡ ♣❡r✲ ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t✇♦ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✜tt✐♥❣s t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ♣r♦✜❧❡ ✐♥ ❜❧❡❛❝❤ ③♦♥❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ❢♦r ✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥✱ ❡✐t❤❡r ❛ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s ❛♥✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝✳
■♥ t❤❡ ✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ♣❤❛s❡ t❤❡ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ t♦ ❜❡ ♠♦r❡ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ♣r♦✜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❧❡❛❝❤ s♣♦t ③♦♥❡✱ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✷✵µm2/s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ✈❛❧✉❡s r❡♣♦rt❡❞ ✐♥ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❢♦r ❉◆❆ s♦❧✉✲
t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ♣❤❛s❡✳ ■♠❛❣❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❤♦❧❡st❡r✐❝ ♣❤❛s❡ ❤❛s s❤♦✇♥ t❤❛t ❧✐❣❤t ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ♣r♦✜❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❧❡❛❝❤ s♣♦t ✐s ❜❡st ✜tt❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✉s t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t✇♦ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts✱ ❉✶ ❛♥❞ ❉✷✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ■♥ s✉❝❤ ♠❡s♦♣❤❛s❡ t❤❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❛r♦✉♥❞ 10−1µm2/s ❛♥❞ 10−2µm2/s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❛♥✐s♦tr♦♣②❀
D1/D2 ∼= 12✳ ❙✉❝❤ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡♠❛t✐❝ ♣❤❛s❡
♦❢ ✈✐r✉sfd s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s ❧②✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛r② ③♦♥❡ ♣r❡✲
s❡♥t✐♥❣ t✇♦ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ t❤r❡❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ✐♥ ❝♦❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ✇❡r❡ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞✳ ❇② ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ t❤❡
✐①
t✇♦ ✜tt✐♥❣ ♣r♦✜❧❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❜❧❡❛❝❤ s♣♦t ✐t ✇❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ③♦♥❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ③♦♥❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛♥✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ❞✐❢✲ ❢✉s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥✜r♠s t❤❡ ❝♦❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❛♥✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ♣❤❛s❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ♦♥❧② ❜② ♦♣t✐❝❛❧ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❡❞ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣②✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ①✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s ①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶
✷ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❖❙ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❖❙ ✼
✷✳✶ ▼❊❙❖❋❆❙❊❙ ▲❮◗❯■❉❖ ❈❘■❙❚❆▲■◆❆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✶✳✶ ▼✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ ▲✉③ P♦❧❛r✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ▼❡s♦❢❛s❡s ▲❈ ✶✶
✷✳✶✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉◆❆ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✷✳✶✳✸ ▼❡s♦❢❛s❡s ▲íq✉✐❞♦✲❈r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ✶✻
✷✳✶✳✹ ❚r❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s rí❣✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✷✳✷ ❉■❋❯❙➹❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✷✳✷✳✶ ▲❡✐s ❞❡ ❋✐❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✷✳✷✳✷ ❉✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ■s♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐❧✉í❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✷✳✷✳✸ ❉✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❆♥✐s♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✷✳✸ ❚➱❈◆■❈❆ ❉❊ ❋❘❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✷✳✸✳✶ ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❋❧✉♦r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✷✳✸✳✷ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋❧✉♦r❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✸ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆ ✹✼
✸✳✶ P❘❊P❆❘❆➬➹❖ ❉❆❙ ❆▼❖❙❚❘❆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✸✳✷ ■▼P▲❊▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❊ ❯❚■▲■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❆ ❚➱❈◆■❈❆ ❉❊ ❋❘❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✸✳✸ ▼➱❚❖❉❖ ❉❊ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❆❙ ■▼❆●❊◆❙ ❉❊ ❋❘❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✸✳✸✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❋❘❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ①✐
✹ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❆❉❖❙ ✺✻
✹✳✶ ❱❆▲■❉❆➬➹❖ ❉❖❙ ▼➱❚❖❉❖❙ ❊❳P❊❘■▼❊◆❚❆■❙ ❊ ❉❊ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❖❙ ❉❆❉❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✹✳✶✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❋❘❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✹✳✶✳✷ ❈❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❆rr❛♥❥♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥♦ ●❋❈① ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✹✳✷ ❉■❋❯❙➹❖ ❉❊ ❋❘❆●▼❊◆❚❖❙ ❉❊ ❉◆❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✹✳✷✳✶ ❋❛s❡ ■s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✹✳✷✳✷ ▼❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❈♦❧❡stér✐❝❛✱ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ P❧❛♥❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✹✳✷✳✸ ❈♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❡s♦❢❛s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✹✳✸ ❉■❙❈❯❙❙➹❖ ❉❖❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❆❉❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✺ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙Õ❊❙ ✽✼
❆ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ❋✐❝❦ ✾✶
❇ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ✾✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
●❋❈① ●r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❋❧✉í❞♦s ❈♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ✭●r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❋❧✉í❞♦s ❈♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✮✳ ❋❘❆P ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋❧✉♦r❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ❆♣ós P❤♦t♦❜❧❡❝❤✐♥❣
❜❧❡❛❝❤ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣
❉▲❙ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ▲✐❣❤t ❙❝❛tt❡r✐♥❣ ▲❈ ▲íq✉✐❞♦ ❈r✐st❛❧✐♥❛
❧♣ ❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❋❘❙ ❊s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦rç❛❞♦ ❘❛②❧❡✐❣❤ ◗❊▲❙ ❊s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧✉③ q✉❛s❡✲❡❧ást✐❝♦ ❈❘PP ❈❡♥tr❡ ❞❡ ❘❡s❡r❝❤❡ P❛✉❧ P❛s❝❛❧ ❚❋ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❋♦✉r✐❡r
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s
C ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦
C0 ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♦✉ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛
D ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❉✐❢✉sã♦ ✭µm2✴s✮
t ❚❡♠♣♦ ✭s✮
J ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ▼❛tér✐❛ A ❱❛❧♦r ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡ d ❞✐â♠❡tr♦
pb ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ φ ❢r❛çã♦ ✈♦❧✉♠étr✐❝❛ def f ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦
Xi í♥❞✐❝❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ❛♥✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❛ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ▲❈
Xa í♥❞✐❝❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ▲❈
L ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦
k ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❇♦❧t③♠❛♥♥ η ✈✐s❝♦s✐❞❛❞❡
S ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❉◆❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✶✳✷ ✭❛✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▼❡s♦❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❛❧♦♥❣❛❞❛s✳ ✭❜✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♦✲ ❢❛s❡ ♥❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❞✐r❡t♦r ˆn ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞✐r❡t♦r ❬✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❈♦❧❡stér✐❝❛✿ ❛s s❡t❛s ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ❡✐①♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♥❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡♠ r♦t❛çã♦ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ zˆ✱ ❡✐①♦ ❞✐r❡t♦r ❝♦❧❡s✲
tér✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✷✳✶ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❛stã♦✱ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❞✐r❡t♦r
~n ❬✶❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛r ❙ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♦r❞❡♠✳❚❝ é ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✱ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠✳ ❖ ♣❛râ✲ ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ❙ ✈❛r✐❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❚ ❛té ❚❝✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✱ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✹ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡s ❡s♠ét✐❝❛s ❬✶❪✿ ❛✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❡s♠ét✐❝❛ ❆✱ ✭❜✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❡s♠ét✐❝❛ ❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✷✳✺ ❋❛s❡ ❍❡①❛❣♦♥❛❧✿ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❞♦s ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❤❡①❛❣♦♥❛❧ ✷❉✳ ◆❡st❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ♦s ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❛♦ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❡✐①♦✳ ❛✮ ❘❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❤❡①❛❣♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆❀ ❜✮ ❋♦t♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♥❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❤❡✲ ①❛❣♦♥❛❧ ✭❉◆❆ ✰ á❣✉❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ①✈
✷✳✻ E// ❡ E⊥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❡ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐✲
❝✉❧❛r à ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❛♥✐s♦tró♣✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✈❡t♦r n˜ ❬✷❪✳ Ei é ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♦♥❞❛ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛
❛♠♦str❛✱ Et é ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♦♥❞❛ tr❛s♠✐t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦r ❡ φ
é ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❛♣ós ❛tr❛✈❡ss❛r ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❛♥✐s♦tró♣✐❝♦✳ P❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝♦ φ s❡r✐❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ③❡r♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡r✐❛
❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✷✳✼ ✭❛✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❤♦♠❡♦✲ tró♣✐❝♦✳ ✭❛✬✮ ❚❡①t✉r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❝r✉③❛❞♦s✱ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛ ❤♦♠❡♦tró♣✐❝❛ ✭✜♥❣❡r♣r✐♥ts✮✳ P✴✷ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝♦ ❬✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✷✳✽ ✭❛✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♣❧❛♥❛r✳ ✭❛✬✮ ❚❡①t✉r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❝r✉③❛❞♦s✱ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝♦❧❡sté✲ r✐❝❛ ♣❧❛♥❛r ❬✸❪✳ ❈ é ❡✐①♦ ❞✐r❡t♦r ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝♦ ❡ ❡✐①♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✉③✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✾ ❋♦t♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♥❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛ ✭❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ✰ á❣✉❛✮✿ ❍ é ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❤♦♠❡♦tró♣✐❝♦ ❡ P é ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♣❧❛♥❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✶✵ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡s ✭t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✈s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✮ ❞♦s ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ✭∼✶✺✵♣❜✮ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✭❆✮ ✵✱✵✶▼ ❞❡ N a+ ❡ ✭❇✮
✵✱✶ ▼ ❞❡ N a+✳ ■s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ✭■✮❀ ■s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ✈✐s❝♦s❛ ✭■✬✮❀ ♣ré✲❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛
✭P❈✮❀ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛ ✭❈✮❀ ❆❧t❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ✭❆❖✮✳❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✹❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✷✳✶✶ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝♦ ❬✺❪ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❛❧ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ t❛♠♣ã♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✷✳✶✷ ❈✐❧✐♥❞r♦ ❞❡ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❤é❧✐❝❡✳ ✭❛✮ ❆ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r é ❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞❛ ❝♦♥✲ ❝ê♥tr✐❝❛ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✳ ❖ ♣❛ss♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦✳ ✭❜✮ ❖s ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ❞❡ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❤é❧✐❝❡ ❡stã♦ ❞❡s♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❧íq✉✐❞♦ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ t✐♣♦ ❇P■■■✳ ✭❝✮ ❈ú❜✐❝❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ✭❞✮ ❈ú❜✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦✳ ❬✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✷✳✶✸ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞✐❢✉ss✐✈♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ∆x ❬✻❪✳ ❊♠ q✉❡ x é ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ❈ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❉ ✉♠❛
①✈✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
✷✳✶✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❉✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✶✺✵♣❜ ❞❡ ❉◆❆ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ◆❛❈❧✱ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❘❛②❧❡✐❣❤ ✭❋❘❙✮ ❡ ❊s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❛s❡ ❡s❧ást✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧✉③✭◗❊▲❙✮ ❬✼❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✷✳✶✺ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ❞❡ ❛r❣✐❧❛ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❬✽❪✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✭✮ sã♦ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▲ö✇❡♥ ✭o✮
♣❛r❛ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ❝♦♠ ▲✴❉❂✹✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s ✭△✮ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s
❝♦♠ ♣❛r❛ ▲✴❉❂✻✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❖❞✐❥❦✱ q✉❡ é ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✷✳✶✻ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❉✐❢✉sã♦✱D//
D⊥ ♣❛r❛
❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ❝♦♠ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ p = 25 ❬✾❪ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡
♦r❞❡♠✱ ❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✷✳✶✼ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡✱D//
D⊥ ♣❧♦t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ♥❡♠át✐❝♦ ❙✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ só❧✐❞❛ é ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❡s♠ét✐❝❛ ❆ sã♦ ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❬✶✵❪✳ ✸✹
✷✳✶✽ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❝♦❧♦✐❞❛✐s ❝✐❧í♥❞r✐✲ ❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ▲✴❞❂✶✾✱ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ✭✮ ❡ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ♥❡♠á✲
t✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❛♦s ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ✭•✮ ❡ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r
❛♦s ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ✭✮✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦✲
❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❬✶✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✷✳✶✾ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ír✉s ❢❞✱ ❝♦♠ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ L
d ∼= 130✱ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ❡ ♥❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ✭❛✮ D// ✭✮ ❡D⊥ ✭N✮❀
✭❜✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♥✐s♦tr♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❝♦♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❬✶✷❪✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✷✵ ❆♣ós ♦ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✿ ■♠❛❣❡♥s r❡t✐r❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ✢✉♦r❡s❝❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✶✺✵♣❜ ❞❡ ❉◆❆✱ ✷✵✵✭♠❣✴♠❧✮✱ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❨❖❨❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✷✳✷✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❨❖ ❡ ❨❖❨❖ ❬✶✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✷✳✷✷ ❆❜s♦rçã♦✭✲✮✱ ❡①✐t❛çã♦ ✢✉♦r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✭✳✳✳✮ ❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ✭✲ ✲✮ ❞❡ ❨❖ ❡♠ ❣❧✐❝❡r♦❧✳ ❖ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❡①❝✐t❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡ ✹✽✽♥♠ ❡ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝✐t❛çã♦ ❡♠✐t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡ ✺✺✵♥♠ ❬✶✸❪✳ ✳ ✹✶
✷✳✷✸ ✭❛✮ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛♥❝❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛✲ ❝❤✐♥❣✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ti ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ é ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ✉♠❛ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥❛✳ ✭❜✮ ❖
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ①✈✐✐
✷✳✷✹ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❋❘❆P ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♣❧❛♥❛r✳ ❆ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡❧✐♣✲ s❡s ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❛♣ós ♦ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ✏❝❛♠❛❞❛s✑ ♥❡♠á✲ t✐❝❛s ❧♦❝❛✐s✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦ ❛❥✉st❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ é ❛ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ③❡r♦ I0✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✸✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❝♦♥❢♦❝❛❧✿ ❝♦♥❢♦❝❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❬✶✹❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✸✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❆rr❛♥❥♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥♦ ●❋❈①✳ ✭❛✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣❀ ✭❜✮ ❘❡✲ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❋❘❆P✳ ✳ ✺✷
✸✳✸ ❋♦t♦s ❞♦ ❆rr❛♥❥♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥♦ ●❋❈①✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✸✳✹ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦rít✐♠♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❙❡✐✛❡rt ❡ ❖♣♣❡r♠❛♥♥ ❬✶✺✱ ✶✻❪ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❋❘❆P✱ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ✢✉♦r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ❡ ✐❧✉str❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❛❥✉st❡s ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ r✉í❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ D = 1,0µm2/s✳ ✭❛✮ t❡①t✉r❛ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦
❞❡ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❆❥✉st❡ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥❛✭❜✮ ❡ ✭❝✮ ❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✜✜❝❛❞❛ ✭❞✮ ❡ ✭❡✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✹✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ r✉í❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ D = 1,0µm2/s✱ ❛ ♠❛♥❝❤❛ ❞❡ ❜❧❡❛❝❤
♦❝✉♣❛ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✭✹✳✶✮✳ ✭❛✮ t❡①t✉r❛ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❆❥✉st❡ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥❛✭❜✮ ❡ ✭❝✮ ❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✜✜❝❛❞❛ ✭❞✮ ❡ ✭❡✮✳ ✻✵
✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✷✵✪ ❞❡ r✉í❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ D = 1,0µm2/s✳ ✭❛✮ t❡①t✉r❛ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦
❞❡ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❆❥✉st❡ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥❛✭❜✮ ❡ ✭❝✮ ❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✜✜❝❛❞❛ ✭❞✮ ❡ ✭❡✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✹✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✹✵✪ ❞❡ r✉í❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ D = 1,0µm2/s✳ ✭❛✮ t❡①t✉r❛ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦
❞❡ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❆❥✉st❡ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥❛✭❜✮ ❡ ✭❝✮ ❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✜✜❝❛❞❛ ✭❞✮ ❡ ✭❡✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
①✈✐✐✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
✹✳✻ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥♦ ●❋❈① ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❡s❢❡r❛s ✭❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ✶✵✵♥♠✮ ❞❡ ❧át❡① ✵✱✵✸✪ ❡♠ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✺✵✪ ❞❡ ❣❧✐❝❡r✐♥❛✳ ✭❛✮ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ♠❛♥❝❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✳✭❜✮ P❡r✜❧ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❋❘❆P✱ ❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥♦✳ ✭❝✮ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❛ ♠❛♥❝❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✹✳✼ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ❝♦♥❢♦❝❛❧ ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ✽✶✭✷✮✭♠❣✴♠❧✮✭❉◆❆✰á❣✉❛ ❞❡✐♦♥♦③✐❞❛✮ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ♥❛s ❢❛s❡s ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ✈✐s❝♦s❛✳ ✭❛✮ t❡①t✉r❛ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❆❥✉st❡ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥❛✭❜✮ ❡ ✭❝✮ ❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✜✜❝❛❞❛ ✭❞✮ ❡ ✭❡✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✹✳✽ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡χ2 ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦✱ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥♦ ❡ ❇❡ss❡❧✱ ❡♠
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ✽✶✭✷✮✭♠❣✴♠❧✮✭❉◆❆ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛q✉♦s❛✮ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ♥❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✹✳✾ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ❝♦♥❢♦❝❛❧ ♣r❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ♥❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛✳ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✿ ✭❛✮ ✢✉✲ ♦r❡s❝❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ✭❜✮ t❡①t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❡♠ ❧✉③ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛❞❛✿ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♣❧❛♥❛r ✭P✮ ❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❤♦♠❡♦tró♣✐❝♦ ✭❍✮✳ ✭❝✮ ▼❛♥❝❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❤♦t♦✲ ❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✭❞✮ t❡①t✉r❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ à r❡❣✐ã♦ ♣❧❛♥❛r ♦♥❞❡ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✹✳✶✵ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ❝♦♥❢♦❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛✳ ✭❛✮ ❡ ✭❜✮ ♣❡r✜❧ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥♦ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ ❡ ✭❝✮ ❡ ✭❞✮ ❛❥✉st❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✹✳✶✶ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ χ2 ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦✱ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥♦ ❡ ❇❡ss❡❧✱
❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✹✳✶✷ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ❝♦♥❢♦❝❛❧ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ✶✻✺✭✷✮✭♠❣✴♠❧✮ ✭❉◆❆✰C2H7N O2✮ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆✳ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✿
✭❛✮ ✢✉♦r❡s❝❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ✭❜✮ t❡①t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❡♠ ❧✉③ ♣♦❧❛r✐✲ ③❛❞❛✿ ♦t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛✳ ✭❝✮ ■♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ❞❡ ✢✉♦r❡s❝❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✹✳✶✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ❝♦♥❢♦❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥❛ ❞❡ ✶✻✺✭✷✮✭♠❣✴♠❧✮✭❉◆❆✰C2H7N O2✮✳ ✭❛✮ ❡ ✭❜✮ ♣❡r✜❧ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥♦ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦
❡ ✭❝✮ ❡ ✭❞✮ ❛❥✉st❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✹✳✶✹ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ χ2 ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦✱ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥♦ ❡ ❇❡ss❡❧✱
❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ✶✻✺✭✷✮✭♠❣✴♠❧✮ ✭❉◆❆✰C2H7N O2✮ ❞❡
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ①✐①
✹✳✶✺ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ❝♦♥❢♦❝❛❧ ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ✶✻✺✭✷✮✭♠❣✴♠❧✮ ✭❉◆❆✰C2H7N O2✮✳ ✭❛✮ ❡ ✭❜✮ ♣❡r✜❧ ❣❛✉s✲
s✐❛♥♦ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ ❡ ✭❝✮ ❡ ✭❞✮ ❛❥✉st❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜✲ ❝❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✹✳✶✻ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ χ2 ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦✱ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥♦ ❡ ❇❡ss❡❧✱
❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ✶✻✺✭✷✮✭♠❣✴♠❧✮ ✭❉◆❆✰C2H7N O2✮ ❞❡
❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✹✳✶✼ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥♦ ●❋❈① ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ✶✻✵✭✶✮✭♠❣✴♠❧✮✭❉◆❆✰á❣✉❛ ❞❡✐♦♥✐③❛❞❛✮ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆✳ ✭❛✮ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡χ2 ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦
✭●❛✉ss✐❛♥♦ ♦✉ ❇❡ss❡❧✮ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳ ✭❜✮ P❡r✜❧ r❡t✐r❛❞♦✱ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❋❘❆P✱ ❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥♦✳ ✭❝✮ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❛ ♠❛♥❝❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤ ✭❛❥✉st❡ ❞❡ ♣❡r✜❧ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥♦✮✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✭❞✮ P❡r✜❧ r❡t✐r❛❞♦✱ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❋❘❆P✱ ❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❇❡ss❡❧ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ✭❢✮ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❛ ♠❛♥❝❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❤♦t♦❜❧❡❛❝❤ ✭❛❥✉st❡ ❞❡ ♣❡r✜❧ ❇❡ss❡❧ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛✮✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✹✳✶✽ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡χ2 ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦✱ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥♦ ❡ ❇❡ss❡❧✱ ❡♠
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ✶✻✵✭✶✮✭♠❣✴♠❧✮✭❉◆❆✰á❣✉❛ ❞❡✐♦♥✐③❛❞❛✮ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✹✳✶✾ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠♦str❛s ♥❛s ♠❡✲ s♦❢❛s❡s ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛✱ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡s✳ ■ ❝♦rr❡s✲ ♣♦♥❞❡ ❛♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ❡ N∗ à ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛✳ ◆❛
r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❢❛s❡s ❤á ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ♦✉ ❛té três ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡s✳ ✽✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❉◆❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✷✳✷ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çõ❡s ❝rít✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✐s♦tró✲ ♣✐❝❛ ✲ ❛♥✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❖♥s❛❣❡r ❡ ❋❧♦r②✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ❝♦♠ ▲❂✺✵♥♠ ❡ ❞❂✷♥♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✷✳✸ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s rí❣✐❞♦s ❝♦♠p = L/d = 25 ❬✶✼❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✹✳✷ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❉✐❢✉sã♦✱ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆✱ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❉▲❙✿ ❊s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦❀ ◗❊▲❙✿ ❊s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧✉③ q✉❛s❡✲❡❧át✐❝♦❀ ❋❘❙✿ ❊s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦rç❛❞♦ ❘❛②❧❡✐❣❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✹✳✸ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❉✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆✱ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡s ♥❛s ❝♦♥tr❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ♣ró①✐♠❛s ❞❡ ✶✻✵✭♠❣✴♠❧✮✳ ✯ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✹✳✹ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❉✐❢✉sã♦✱ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆✱ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❋❘❆P✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❛♠♦s✲ tr❛s ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❛♠♦str❛s ❝♦♠ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡s ❡ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❛♠♦str❛ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛✳ té❝♥✐❝❛s✿ XC ✲ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❝♦♥❢♦❝❛❧❀ XF ✲ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧❀ ●❋❈① ✯ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳ ✼✼
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❖ ❉◆❆ é ❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ q✉❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡ é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞✉❛s ✜t❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❤é❧✐❝❡✳ ◗✉❛tr♦ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s ✭♦✉ ❜❛s❡s✮ s❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♠ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♣♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✜t❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ é ✉♠ ❜✐♦♣♦❧í♠❡r♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ✺✵♥♠ ✭✶✺✵ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡✮ r♦❞❡❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❝❛r❣❛s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s ✭✷ ❡❧étr♦♥s✴ ♣❛r ❞❡ ❜❛s❡✮✱ ✜❣✉r❛✭✶✳✶✮✳ ◆♦s s❡r❡s ✈✐✈♦s✱ ♦ ❉◆❆ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❡✉❝❛r✐♦t❛s ❡ ❛s ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ é r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❛✱ ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♠✐❧✐❣r❛♠❛s ♣♦r ♠❧ ❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ♦ ❉◆❆ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❬✸✱✹❪✳ ❆ ❝♦♥❞❡♥s❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s❀ ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉í♠✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♠ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡❧❡tr♦stát✐❝❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❉◆❆ ❡ ♦ s♦❧✈❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❡①❝❧✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦ ♦✉ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✱ ❞✐st♦rçã♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❤❡❧✐❝♦✐❞❛❧ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s✳
▼❡s♦❢❛s❡s ❧íq✉✐❞♦ ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ✐♥ ✈✐tr♦ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝♦♥✲ ❝❡♥tr❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ♥❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛ ✭◆✯✮✱ ✜❣✉r❛s ✭✶✳✷❡✶✳✸✮ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧✉♥❛r ❤❡①❛❣♦♥❛❧ ✭❍✮✳ ❆ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛✱ ✜❣✉r❛ ✭✶✳✷✭❛✮✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛✱
✷ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❉◆❆
✜❣✉r❛ ✭✶✳✸✮✱ s❡ ❞á ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡s✱ ❝✉❥❛s ♥❛t✉r❡③❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❛❧ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❬✸✱✹❪✳ ◆❛ ❢❛s❡ ♥❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝❛ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛♠✲s❡ ❧♦❝❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦r❞❡♠ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❤é✲ ❧✐❝❡ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ✐♥ ✈✐✈♦ ❬✶✽❪ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛♠ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ✉♠ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝♦✳
✸
✭❛✮ ✭❜✮
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▼❡s♦❢❛s❡ ✐s♦tró♣✐❝❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉✲ ❧❛s ❛❧♦♥❣❛❞❛s✳ ✭❜✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ♥❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❞✐r❡t♦r nˆ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞✐r❡t♦r ❬✶❪✳
❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❬✷✷✕✷✺❪✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✸✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♦❢❛s❡ ❈♦❧❡stér✐❝❛✿ ❛s s❡t❛s ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ❡✐①♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♥❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡♠ r♦t❛çã♦ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ zˆ✱ ❡✐①♦ ❞✐r❡t♦r ❝♦❧❡stér✐❝♦✳
✹ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❝♦♥✜♥❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❧✐♣í❞✐♦s ❬✷✾✕✸✷❪ ❡ ♥❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❉◆❆ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❛ ❬✷✺❪✳
❉✐❢✉sã♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦❧♦✐❞❛✐s
❊♠ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞✐❧✉í❞❛ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s rí❣✐❞♦s ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡stã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✲ s♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ ♦s ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ♣❛ss❛♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❝❡rt♦ ♦r❞❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ❡✐①♦s ❞❡ s✐♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❞❡s♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛✳ ❊ss❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❖♥s❛❣❡r ❬✸✸✱✸✹❪✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s rí❣✐❞♦s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❧♦♥✲ ❣♦s✳ ◆❡ss❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✱ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥tr♦♣✐❛ r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ é ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡♥tr♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❧❛çã♦✳ ❆ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❡✐①♦ ❞❡ s✐♠❡tr✐❛ é ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♥✐s♦tr♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❜r♦✇♥✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ às ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡✱ ♠❡❞✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞♦ s♦❧✈❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞✐❧✉í❞❛s ❡ss❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s♣r❡③❛❞❛s ❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜t❡r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦✳ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ t❡ór✐❝♦s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❢❡✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ♦✉ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♥♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡❣✐♠❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❧✉✐çã♦ ❬✼✕✶✵✱ ✶✷✱ ✸✺✱ ✸✻❪ ❡ ✈ár✐♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ❡♠ s♦❧✉✲ çã♦✳
❊♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞✐❧✉í❞❛s ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ❞❡ ✶✺✵ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛stõ❡s rí❣✐❞♦s ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ é ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❛ ✷✵ µm2/s ❬✼✱ ✶✾❪✳ ❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ t❡ór✐❝♦✱ ❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s rí❣✐❞♦s ♥♦ r❡✲
