▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡
❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s
❊s❞r❛s ▲✐♥s ❇✐s♣♦ ❏✉♥✐♦r
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛
❛♦
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
❞❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
♣❛r❛ ❛
♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦
❞❡
▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛✿ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❘❡♥❛t❛ ❲❛ss❡r♠❛♥♥
❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦ ❛✉t♦r r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞♦ ❈◆Pq
▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡❢❡s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❊s❞r❛s ▲✐♥s ❇✐s♣♦ ❏✉♥✐♦r ❡♠ ✵✹✴✵✽✴✷✵✶✶✳ ❖ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳
❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛✿
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❢r✉t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ➱ ❜❡♠ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ q✉❡✱ ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛♥t❡✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rá ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❛✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦ s❡r ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐❣♥♦r❛r ♦✉ ❞❡s♣r❡③❛r✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡❧❡ ❢♦✐ ❛❢❡t❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳
➱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❜❡♠ tr✐st❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ ❥✉st✐ç❛ ♦s ♠❡✉s ❛❣r❛❞❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ s❡r❡✐ t❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❝✐t❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ♥♦♠❡s✱ ✜❝❛♠ ❛q✉✐ ❥á ♦s ♠❡✉s s✐♥❝❡r♦s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ t✉❞♦ ✐st♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ss❡✳ ❙❡♠ ✈♦❝ês✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛✱ ❡✉ ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❛r ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♣❛ss♦ à ❢r❡♥t❡✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ àq✉❊❧❡ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❝r✐♦✉ ❡ ❡♠ q✉❡♠ ❞❡♣♦s✐t♦ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣❡r❛♥ç❛✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣♦r t✉❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❡✉ s♦✉ ❡ ♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❤♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉✬✉s q✉❡ ✏é ❜♦♠ ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ♠✐s❡r✐❝ór✐❞❛ ❞✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡♠♣r❡✑ ✭❙❛❧♠♦s ✶✵✵✳✺✮✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❣ü❡♥t❛r ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✷✵ ❛♥♦s ✭t❛r❡❢❛ ♥❛❞❛ ❢á❝✐❧✳✳ rs✮✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ✭❆✐❞ê ❇✐s♣♦✮✱ ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ✭❚❛r✐❦✴▲✉❛♥❛ ❡ ■♥❣r✐❞ ❇✐s♣♦✮✱ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ❙✐♠♦♥❡ ❇✐s♣♦ ✭q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✉ ♠❡ ❛t✉r❛r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♠ês ❡ ♠❡✐♦ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✮✱ às ♠✐♥❤❛s t✐❛s✴t✐♦ ✭❊♥②❧❝❡✱ ❊❝✐❧❞❛ ❡ ❊♠❡rs♦♥ ❇✐s♣♦✮✳ ▼✉✐t♦ ❢❡❧✐③ ♣❡❧❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❘❡♥❛t❛ ❲❛ss❡r♠❛♥♥✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❞❡♣♦✲ s✐t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠✐♠✳ P❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❡❧❛ tr❛♥qü✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❡ ♣♦r ❛✐♥❞❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛r ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❜♦❛s ❡s♣❡r❛♥ç❛s q✉❛♥t♦ à ❝❛rr❡✐r❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✳ ▼✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❋♦r♠❛✐s ✭▲■❆▼❋✮✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❋❧á✈✐♦ ❙♦❛r❡s✱ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❋✐♥❣❡r✱ ▲❡✐❧❛♥❡ ❇❛rr♦s ❡ ❘❡♥❛t❛ ❲❛s✲ s❡r♠❛♥♥ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡r s✐❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞♦s s❡♥❤♦r❡s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❝♦♠ ✈♦❝ês ❛♣r❡♥❞✐ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ é s❡r ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❢❛③ ✭❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡✉ s❡r ❜❛st❛♥t❡ r❡s♠✉♥❣ã♦ ❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❛r r❡❝❧❛♠❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛✳✳✳ rs✮✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦s ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡str❛♥❞♦s ❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛♥❞♦s ❞♦ ▲■❆▼❋✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❛❣ü❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s ❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ❜❡st❛s✳✳✳ rs✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ❡ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❛❢❡③✐♥❤♦s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❋á❜✐♦✱ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❇✉st❛♠❛♥t❡✱ ❘❛♣❤❛❡❧✱ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❱✐✈✐❛♥❡✱ ❊r✐❦❛✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧✱ ❘♦s✐✱ P♦❧✐❛♥❛✱ ❚❛❧❡s✱ ❲❡s❧❡②✱ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ✭♦s três✳✳✳ rs✮✱ ❙✐r❧❡②✱ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ✭❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛ss♦ q✉â♥t✐❝♦✮✱ ❇ór✐s✱ ▼✐❥❛✐❧✱ ❍❡r❜❡rt✳ ▼✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ❞♦ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❆❧✉♥♦s ❞❛ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ✭❙❱❆P●✮✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ P✐♥❤♦✱ ❊♠❡rs♦♥ ❡ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r❛✳ ▼✉✐t♦ ❜♦♠ ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ❞❛ ❆❧✐❛♥ç❛ ❇í❜❧✐❝❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐❛ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❆❇❯❇✮✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣♦r t❡r ❡♥❝♦♥✲ tr❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❢é ❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣♦r t❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ t❡st❡♠✉♥❤❛♠ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛ ❝♦♠ ✈✐❞❛s
✐✐
❞✐❣♥❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❘❡✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❥á ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛q✉✐✱ ❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡rá ❡t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♥♦ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❘❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❯❙P ✭❈❘❯❙P✮✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❞❡ q✉❛rt♦ ❞♦ ❛♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✹✵✽ ✭■r❡♠❛r ❡ ❋❡❧❧✐♣❡✱ s❡✉s ❜✉r❣✉❡s❡s✳✳✳ rs✮✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✈♦❝ês ❞♦✐s✳ ❚❡♥❤♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♥♦ss❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❲❡s❧❡② ✭Xylela✮ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛✳ ❆♦s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ♠❡✉
❛♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭▲✉❝❛s✱ ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s✱ ▲✉ís✱ ▼❛r❛❝❛✱ ❏ú❧✐♦✱ ❉ár✐♦✱ ❙tê♥✐♦✮ ❡ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❥á ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ t♦♠❛r ✉♠ ❝❤á✱ ❥♦❣❛r ❞♦♠✐♥ó ♦✉ ❥♦❣❛r ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛ ❢♦r❛ ♠❡s♠♦✳ ❆♦s ♣♦rt❡✐r♦s ❏♦í❧s♦♥ ❡ ❘♦sâ♥❣❡❧❛ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ♣❡❧♦s ✈ár✐♦s s♦rr✐s♦s ❡ ❧♦♥❣❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s✳ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✳ ▼✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠ ❞❡ ♣❡rt♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ ❡ ♠❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❡rt♦✳ ▼❡✉s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ❛ ❋á❜✐♦ ❋r❛♥❝♦✱ ❘✐③✐❡❧② ❍❡rr❡r❛ ❡ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ❘♦❞❣❡rs✳ ❋♦✐ ✭❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ é✮ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜♦♠ t❡r ✈♦❝ês ♣♦r ♣❡rt♦✳ ❊s♣❡r♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r t❡♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛♠✐③❛❞❡s ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
◆❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❛❧✐✲ ♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✳ ❆s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛r ✉♠ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡st❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ tê♠ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ê①✐t♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ✭✐✮ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛r s❡♠♣r❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❛❧✐♥❤❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡rr❛❞♦ ❡ ✉♠ q✉❛s❡ ❝♦rr❡t♦❀ ❡ ✭✐✐✮ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡✜♥❛r ♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❆ ♥♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❥á r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❥✉❧❣❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ♦✉tr❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆❜str❛❝t
■♥ t❤❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ✜❡❧❞✱ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡tr✐❝s ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥ts✳ ▼❡tr✐❝s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t ❛❞♦♣t t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ♦❢ ✈❡r✐❢②✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t ❛❣❛✐♥st ❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♠❡tr✐❝s ❞♦ ♥♦t ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ ❣♦♦❞ r❡s✉❧ts ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✭✐✮ t❤❡② ❝❛♥♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛ t♦t❛❧❧② ✇r♦♥❣ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❧♠♦st ❝♦rr❡❝t❀ ❛♥❞ ✭✐✐✮ t❤❡② ❝❛♥♥♦t ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ❡✛♦rt ❢♦r t❤❡ ✉s❡r t♦ r❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛✐♠s t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ♥❡✇ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥ts✳ ❖✉r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❛t ✉s❡s t❤❡ ✉s✉❛❧ q✉❡r✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❡s t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t s♦♠❡ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r② r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ♦✉r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇✐t❤ r❡❣❛r❞ t♦ ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉s❡❞ ♠❡tr✐❝s✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣✱ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣✱ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t✱ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐t②✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✈
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✷ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✺
✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✸ ❊①♣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✹ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡♠ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❙P❆❘◗▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✸ ❊♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✶✶
✸✳✶ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸✳✶✳✷ ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✸✳✷✳✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛♣❡❛❞♦✱ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✸✳✷✳✷ ❚❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✸ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✹ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❊♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✶✼
✹✳✶ ❆♥❝❤♦r✲Pr♦♠♣t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✹✳✷ ▲✐❧② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✹✳✸ ❆❙▼❖❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✹✳✹ ❘✐▼❖▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✈✐✐✐ ❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✺ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✷✸
✺✳✶ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✺✳✷ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ r❡❧❛①❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✺✳✸ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ❆❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡ ✭❖❆❊■✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✺✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✻ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✷✾
✻✳✶ ❇❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✻✳✷ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✻✳✸ ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✻✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✼ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✸✸
✼✳✶ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✼✳✶✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✼✳✷ ❚r❛❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✼✳✸ P♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✼✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✹✶
❆ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ O ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❆ ✹✸
❇ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ O′ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❇ ✹✾
❈ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✲ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✺✸
❉ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✲ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ A1 ✺✼
❊ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✲ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ A2 ✻✶
❋ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✲ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ A3 ✻✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
❆❘P ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❘❉❋ ✭❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✮ P❛rs❡r✳ ❆❙▼❖❱ ❆✉t♦♠❛t❡❞ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ▼❛♣♣✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❡s ✇✐t❤ ❱❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥✳ ❇✷❇ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss✲t♦✲❇✉s✐♥❡ss✳
❉❆❲● ❉❛t❛ ❆❝❝❡ss ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ●r♦✉♣✳ ❉▲ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝✳
❉❖▲❈❊ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ❢♦r ▲✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✳ ❡✳❣✳ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐ ❣r❛t✐❛ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✳
❊◆■❆ ❊♥❝♦♥tr♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳ ❋▼❆ ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❆♥❛t♦♠② ❖♥t♦❧♦❣②✳ ●❖▼ ●❡♥❡r✐❝ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣✳
■✸❈❖◆ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ✐✳❡✳ ✐❞ ❡st ✭✐st♦ é✮✳
■❙❲❈ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ▲❖▼ ▲❛r❣❡ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣✳
▼❇❆ ▼étr✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ▼❇❈ ▼étr✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳
❖❆❊■ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ❆❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡✳ ❖▼❉ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ▼❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❉❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣✳
❖❲▲ ❲❡❜ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳
❘❉❋ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳
❘✐▼❖▼ ❘✐s❦ ▼✐♥✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ▼❛♣♣✐♥❣✳ ❙❆❚ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❙❆❚✐s✜❛❜✐❧✐t② Pr♦❜❧❡♠✳
❙▼❆ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❙❖▼ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣✳
❙P❆❘◗▲ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❘❉❋ ◗✉❡r② ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ❙❯▼❖ ❙✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ❯♣♣❡r ▼❡r❣❡❞ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣②✳
❯▼▲ ❯♥✐✜❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ❯▼▲❙ ❯♥✐✜❡❞ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❙②st❡♠✳ ✈s✳ ✈❡rs✉s✳
❲✸❈ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥s♦rt✐✉♠✳ ❳▼▲ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s
A ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ e ❊♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
C ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
CO ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛O✳ I ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
n ▼❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✳ O ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
p P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳ r ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳ R ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ T ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ U ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
V ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ⊠ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳
⊥ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝❧✉sã♦ ✭♦✉ ❞✐s❥✉♥çã♦✮ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ∈ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
= ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
≡ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ⊒ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✏♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛❧✑ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
⊑ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✏♠❡♥♦s ❣❡r❛❧✑ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦✮✳ ⊓ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❤í❜r✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭◆❛r❞✐♥✱✷✵✵✾✮✳ ✸
✷✳✶ ❉✉❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✭O❡O′✮q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s
❡♠ ❞✉❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✷ ❱ár✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❊✉③❡♥❛t ❡ ❙❤✈❛✐❦♦✱
✷✵✵✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✸✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✷ ❆s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ❛❧✐♥❤❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛♣❡❛❞♦hid✱ ❉♦❝❡♥t❡✱
Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❉❊✱.9✱≡ i✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✸ ❆s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ❛❧✐♥❤❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛♣❡❛❞♦s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✹ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❆ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛❀ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✳ ❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✹✳✶ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ Pr♦♠♣t ♥♦ Pr♦té❣é✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✹✳✷ ❆ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ▲✐❧② ✭❲❛♥❣ ❡ ❳✉✱✷✵✵✾✮✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✹✳✸ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞♦ ▲✐❧②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✹✳✹ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❆❙▼❖❱ ✭❏❡❛♥✲▼❛r② ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✵✾✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✺✳✶ ❙♦❜r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥✲ ❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✻✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❙P❆❘◗▲ q✉❡ ❧✐st❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛
O ❡ ♦ s❡✉ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✼✳✶ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s A1✱ A2✱ A3 ❡ R ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✼✳✷ ■♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❉♦❝❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ O ❡ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❉❊ ❞❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛O′✳ ✸✽
✼✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s A1✱ A2 ❡ A3 ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡
♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✲❋ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✼✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s A1✱ A2 ❡ A3 ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡
♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ r❡❧❛①❛❞❛s✱ ❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✲❋ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✼✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s A1✱ A2 ❡ A3 ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡
♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✱ ❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✲❋ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❱✐✈❡♠♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❡❧♦✲ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❛♥t❡s ♦❝♦rr✐❞❛✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❤♦❥❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❛ ❲❡❜ t❡♠ ♦❝✉♣❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✳ ❆ ❲❡❜ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡✐♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝✐✈✐❧✱ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ♠♦♥t❛♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❤♦❥❡ é ❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ❲❡❜✳ ❏á ❡♠ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✾✵✱ ❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❥á ❤❛✈✐❛ s✐❞♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♦ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s
✭❑❛s❤②❛♣ ❡ ❙❤❡t❤✱✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ár❡❛s
❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❙❤❡t❤ ❡ ❑❛s❤②❛♣✱✶✾✾✷✮✳
❈♦♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡st❡ ❣ê♥❡r♦✱ s✉r❣❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜✳ ❆ ❲❡❜ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ tr❛③ à r❡❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❛ ♠❛✐s✿ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛t❛r ❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❡st❡ ♥♦✈♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ✈ê♠ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♥❞♦ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✭▼❛❡❞❝❤❡✱✷✵✵✶✮✳
❆s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✭●r✉❜❡r✱✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❊❧❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛s✳ ❊st❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠♦t♦r❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♥ã♦ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❱✐st♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s✱ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ s✉r❥❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✳ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳
❖ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s é ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡✲ ♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛✳ ❖ s❡✉ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ✉♠ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✭❑❛❧❢♦❣❧♦✉ ❡ ❙❝❤♦r❧❡♠♠❡r✱✷✵✵✸✮✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✳ ❆s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛r ✉♠ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡st❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ tê♠ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ê①✐t♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ✭✐✮ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛r s❡♠♣r❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡rr❛❞♦ ❡ ✉♠ q✉❛s❡ ❝♦rr❡t♦❀ ❡ ✭✐✐✮ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡✜♥❛r ♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡✳
✷ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✶
❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❆ ♥♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❥á r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❥✉❧❣❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❆♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ♦✉tr❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s
❖s ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡s ✭❙▼❆✮ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ♦♣çã♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✈✐á✈❡❧ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ ❛❜❡rt♦s✳ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡❢❡t✐✈❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭◆❛r❞✐♥✱✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♥ã♦ ✐♥tr✉s✐✈❛✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s tê♠ q✉❡ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ✉♥s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s s♦❜r❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ ❝♦✲❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡♣✉✲ t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ■st♦ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❜r❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❡❧❡s s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠ ❡♠ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ s✉♣♦♥❤❛ ❛ ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣✐♥t✉r❛s ❝♦♠ três ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❡s ❆♥❛✱ ❇❡t♦ ❡ ❈❧❛r❛✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❆♥❛ r❡❝❡❜❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ✉♠❛ ♣✐♥t✉r❛ ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥✐st❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡❧❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ✉♠❛ ♣✐♥t✉r❛ ❞❡st❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ❡❧❛ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r ❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ♣❛ss❛❞❛s✱ ❆♥❛ s❛❜❡ q✉❡ ❈❧❛r❛ ♣♦ss✉í❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♣✐♥t✉r❛s ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥✐st❛✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❥á s❡ ♣❛ss♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✱ ❆♥❛ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❝❡rt❛ s❡ ❈❧❛r❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ t❡♠ ❜♦❛ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣✐♥t✉r❛s ❞❡st❛ é♣♦❝❛✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❆♥❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❇❡t♦✱ ❡ ❆♥❛ s❛❜❡ q✉❡ t❛❧ ❛❣❡♥t❡ t❡✈❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❈❧❛r❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❆♥❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❇❡t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ♣✐♥t✉r❛s ❞❡st❛ é♣♦❝❛✳ ❆♥❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❇❡t♦✱ q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❈❧❛r❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ♣✐♥t✉r❛s ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥✐st❛✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❆♥❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛ s✉❛ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❈❧❛r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ♣✐♥t✉r❛s ❞❡st❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r s✉❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦✳ ❈❧❛r❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ❡♠ tr♦❝❛ ♦ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r s✉❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❛ ❆♥❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ♦ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣r❡st❛❞♦✳
P❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ♣♦ss❛ ♦❝♦rr❡r✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s tê♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❛❣❡♥t❡s s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐q✉❡♠ s♦❜r❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ s❡♠ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s❄
◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✱ é ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❤í❜r✐❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳
✶✳✷ ❖❘●❆◆■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ❚❊❳❚❖ ✸
Serviço de Emparelhamento de Ontologias
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❤í❜r✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭◆❛r❞✐♥✱✷✵✵✾✮✳
❈♦♠✉♠ ♥♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❘❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❊♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✭■♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ ✶✮✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ tr❛❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ s✉❜st✐t✉❡♠✲s❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♥❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠✱ q✉❡ é ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❇❡t♦ ✭■♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ ✷✮✳ ❆♦ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠✱ ❇❡t♦ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛ ❛ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❈♦♠✉♠ ♥♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❘❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡✉ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❘❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❇✮✲✭■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ✸✮✱ s✉❜st✐t✉✐✲♦s ♥❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡♥tã♦ s❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ ❆♥❛✳
◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ✭◆❛r❞✐♥✱✷✵✵✾✮✱ ♦ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛♥✉❛❧✳
✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦
❖ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ s❡❣✉❡✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷❢❛③ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✸❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ s✉❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
✼ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦s s❡✉s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s
❖ t❡r♠♦ ✏♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✑ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞♦s s❡r❡s ✭❈❤❛✉í✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✈❛✲s❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ✏♠❡t❛❢ís✐❝❛✑ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛r ❡ss❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❢ís✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■■ ♣❡❧♦ ✜❧ós♦❢♦ ❛❧❡♠ã♦ ❏❛❝♦❜✉s ❚❤♦♠❛s✐✉s✳
❊♠ ár❡❛s ❝♦♠♦ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✱ ▲✐♥❣üíst✐❝❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✱ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ✏♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✑ ❛❞q✉✐r✐✉ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦✈ê ✉♠ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞♦s t❡r♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦✳ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ✈ár✐♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❡sq✉❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❙❤✈❛✐❦♦ ❡ ❊✉③❡♥❛t✱✷✵✵✽✮✳
❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ r❡s✉♠✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❙❡çã♦✷✳✶✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s s❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛♠ ✭❙❡çã♦✷✳✷✮ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡♥①❡r❣á✲❧❛s s♦❜ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✭❙❡çã♦✷✳✸✮✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡♠ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❙P❆❘◗▲ ✭❙❡çã♦✷✳✹✮
✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦
❊①✐st❡♠ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ s❡❣✉✐r❡♠♦s ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊✉③❡♥❛t ❡ ❙❤✈❛✐❦♦ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ q✉❡ é ❛ ✉s✉❛❧ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡❧❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳ ❯♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ✉♠❛ t✉♣❧❛ O=hC, I, U, T, V,⊑,⊥,∈,=i✱ t❛❧ q✉❡✿
C ✲ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♦✉ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✭sã♦ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❊❧❛s sã♦ ✐♥t❡r✲
♣r❡t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✮❀
I ✲ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♦✉ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ✭sã♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r
❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✮❀
U ✲ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ✭sã♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✮❀ T ✲ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭sã♦ ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛
✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✮❀
✻ ❖◆❚❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✷✳✶
V ✲ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✲ sã♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t♦s ✭s❡♥❞♦C, I, U, T, V ❞✐s❥✉♥t♦s
❡♥tr❡ s✐✮❀
⊑ ✲ r❡❧❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡(C×C)∪(U ×U)∪(T ×T) ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦❀
⊥ ✲ r❡❧❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡(C×C)∪(U ×U)∪(T ×T) ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❡①❝❧✉sã♦❀
∈ ✲ r❡❧❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ (I×C)∪(V ×T) ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛çã♦❀ = ✲ r❡❧❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡I ×U ×(I∪V) ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦✳
P♦❞❡♠♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ O ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✮✳ P❡ss♦❛s ❡ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ sã♦ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ O✳ ♥♦♠❡ ❡ ✐❞ sã♦ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ P❡ss♦❛s✳
string ❡ uri sã♦ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♥♦♠❡ ❡ ✐❞ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❏♦sé ❆♠❛❜✐s ✭❡♠ q✉❡ ✏❏♦sé✑ ❡ ✏❆♠❛❜✐s✑ sã♦ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ string✮ é ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❉♦❝❡♥t❡ é ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ P❡ss♦❛s ✭r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ à t✉♣❧❛ ✭❉♦❝❡♥t❡✱ P❡ss♦❛s✮∈(C×C)✮✳ ❏♦sé ❆♠❛❜✐s
é ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛ ✭r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ à t✉♣❧❛ ✭❏♦sé ❆♠❛❜✐s✱ ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛✮ ∈ (I ×C)✮✱ ♣♦✐s ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ é
✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛✳ ✏❆♠❛❜✐s✑ é ✉♠❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❏♦sé ❆♠❛❜✐s ✭r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ à t✉♣❧❛ ✭❏♦sé ❆♠❛❜✐s✱ s♦❜r❡♥♦♠❡✱ ✏❆♠❛❜✐s✑✮∈(I×U ×V)✮✳
Pessoas Estudante Docente Ciencia CienciaComp Biologia Filosofia Medicina Funcionario ProfessorDE Departamento nome sobrenome id dataNasc leciona sala Funcionario nome dataContr departamento publicacoes Professor ProfessorAssistente ProfessorAssociado leciona Doutorando Disciplina string uri date Aula Sala José Amabis
O
O’
cursa ProfessorVisitante Assistente ProfAssociado ProfVisitante Referencia❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❉✉❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✭O ❡O′✮q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s
✷✳✸ ❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❖◆❚❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✼
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✶ ✱ ❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ O′ ✭✈❡r ❋✐❣✉r❛✷✳✶✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦
s❡ s❡❣✉❡✿
C ❂ ④ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r✐♦✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❉❊✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❆ss✐st❡♥t❡✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦✱
Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❱✐s✐t❛♥t❡✱ ❆ss✐st❡♥t❡✱ Pr♦❢❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦✱ Pr♦❢❱✐s✐t❛♥t❡✱ ❉♦✉t♦r❛♥❞♦✱ ❙❛❧❛✱ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❆✉❧❛ ⑥
I ❂ ④ ❏♦sé ❆♠❛❜✐s⑥
U ❂ ④ ♥♦♠❡✱ ❞❛t❛❈♦♥tr✱ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❝♦❡s✱ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛ ⑥ T ❂ ④string✱date ⑥
V ❂ ④ ✏❏♦sé ❆♠❛❜✐s✑ ⑥
⊑ ❂ ④ ✭Pr♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r✐♦✮❀ ✭❆ss✐st❡♥t❡✱ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r✐♦✮❀ ✭❉♦✉t♦r❛♥❞♦✱ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r✐♦✮❀ ✭Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❉❊✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r✮❀ ✭Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❆ss✐st❡♥t❡✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r✮❀
✭Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r✮❀ ✭Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❱✐s✐t❛♥t❡✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r✮❀ ✭Pr♦❢❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦✱ ❆ss✐st❡♥t❡✮❀ ✭Pr♦❢❱✐s✐t❛♥t❡✱ ❆ss✐st❡♥t❡✮⑥ ⊥ ❂ ∅
∈ ❂ ④ ✭❏♦sé ❆♠❛❜✐s✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❱✐s✐t❛♥t❡✮ ⑥
= ❂ ④ ✭❏♦sé ❆♠❛❜✐s✱ ♥♦♠❡✱ ✏❏♦sé ❆♠❛❜✐s✑✮ ⑥
✷✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s
❆s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ é ❞❛❞♦✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s✳ ▼❛❡❞❝❤❡ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❡ ●✉❛r✐♥♦ ✭✶✾✾✽✮ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛♠ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡✉ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✿
• ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✿ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠✉✐t♦ ❣❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦✱ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡✈❡♥t♦❀ • ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✿ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦✱ ❛tr❛✲
✈és ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧❀
• ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛✿ ❉❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ✉♠ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♦✉ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧❀ • ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✿ sã♦ ❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛r❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳
✷✳✸ ❊①♣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦
❊♠ ✈ár✐❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❚❡♠♦s ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❢♦❧❦s♦♥♦♠✐❛s✱ ❡sq✉❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❯▼▲✱ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s ✭❡✳❣✳ ❞✐r❡tór✐♦s✮✱ t❤❡s❛✉r✐✱ ❡s✲ q✉❡♠❛s ❳▼▲ ❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛✐s✳ ❊st❡s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✈✐st♦s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
✶P❛r❛ ✜♥s ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❢❛t✐❣❛r ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦
♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❆s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s O ❡ O′ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡s ❆ ❡ ❇✱
✽ ❖◆❚❖▲❖●■❆❙ ✷✳✺
▲♦❣♦✱ ❛♦ ❞❡♣❛r❛r♠♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ t❡♥❤❛ ✉♠❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛ ❡ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✭❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞✐r❡tór✐♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s é ♠❛✐s ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t❛✮✳ ❆ ❜❡♠ ❞❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ tã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r t✐♥❤❛ ❡♠ ♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞♦s rót✉❧♦s✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s rót✉❧♦s ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ sã♦ t♦❞♦s ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t♦s ❡✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐r❡tór✐♦ ✭❊✉③❡♥❛t ❡ ❙❤✈❛✐❦♦✱✷✵✵✼✮✳
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❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❱ár✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❊✉③❡♥❛t ❡ ❙❤✈❛✐❦♦✱✷✵✵✼✮✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r tê♠ tr❛ç♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡r✲ ♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛s ♥ã♦ é ❞❡❧❡❣❛❞❛ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❡ ❧ê❡♠ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛✱ ♠❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◆❡st❛s ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r t✐♥❤❛ ❡♠ ♠❡♥t❡ é ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡ ♣❛ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❘❉❋ ✭❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✮✷✳
✷✳✹ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡♠ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❙P❆❘◗▲
❙P❆❘◗▲ ✭❙✐♠♣❧❡ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❘❉❋ ◗✉❡r② ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss❛r ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❘❉❋✳ ❊❧❛ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥s♦rt✐✉♠ ✭❲✸❈✮ ❞❡ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❘❉❋ ✭❘❉❋ ❉❛t❛ ❆❝❝❡ss ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ●r♦✉♣ ✲ ❉❆❲●✸✮✳ ❖ ❲✸❈ t❡♠ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✹✳
❈♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✱ ❙P❆❘◗▲ é ✏♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❞❛❞♦s✑✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ s✐✳ ❊❧❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡①tr❛✐ ❞❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛q✉✐❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ é s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❙P❆❘◗▲ q✉❡ ❧✐st❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛O ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✷✳✶✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ é ❛♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛✷✳✶✳ ❆ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❢♦✐ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛O ❥á ♣♦♣✉❧❛❞❛ ✭✈❡r ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆✮✳
✷❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❚❘✴r❞❢✲s②♥t❛①✴
✸❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴✷✵✵✶✴s✇✴❉❛t❛❆❝❝❡ss✴
✷✳✺ ❈❖◆❙■❉❊❘❆➬Õ❊❙ ❋■◆❆■❙ ✾
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❙P❆❘◗▲ q✉❡ ❧✐st❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛O ❡ ♦ s❡✉
r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳
❈♦♥s✉❧t❛
prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> prefix onto: <http://www.owl-ontologies.com/universidadeA.owl#>
select ?nome
where { ?nome rdf:type onto:Departamento}
❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ depBio | depComp | depFilo | depHist | depMed
