a+b a a b
φ= 1,618...
A → ABA A → BBB
φ
φ
Fn = Fn−1+Fn−2, n ≥2
S0 = B; S1 = A; S2 = AB; S3 = ABA; S4 = ABAAB,
n Fn+1/Fn
φ
a b
a+b a =
a+b a a b
bφ+b bφ =
bφ b b
φ+ 1 φ = φ φ
φ+ 1 =φ2
φ2−φ−1 = 0
φ= 1±
√
5 2
φ = 1 +
√
5
τ 1/τ
x
dpx
pxi = 0 ti = 0
px = −eEt
Jx = −nepx/m n
Jx = ne2 E m (t) dpx
dt = − px
τ −eE
Jx =
ne2τ
m (1−e
−t/τ)E
t → ∞ Jx
Jx(∞) =
ne2 τ m
E = σ0E
σ0 = ne 2
τ m
Jx, Jy Jz
d
= −e( + × )
d
dt = −τ −e( + m × )
d dt +
−σ0
τ +γ( × ) = 0 σ0 = ne2
τ /m γ = −e/m
˜ β γ ×
˜
β ≡γ ×= γ
⎛
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝
0 −Bz By
Bz 0 −Bx
−By Bx 0
⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ . d dt + 1
τ + ˜β
= σ0 (t)/τ
(t) = (t,0) (0) +
t
0
(t, t′) (t′)dt′
(t, t′)
d (t, t′)
dt +
1
τ + ˜β
(t, t′) = 0
(t, t′)
(t, t′) = exp − 1
τ + ˜β
(t, t′)
(0) = 0
(t) = σ0 τ
1 τ + ˜β
−1
− σ0
τ exp
− 1
τ + ˜β
t
1 τ + ˜β
−1
(∞) = σ0 τ
1
τ + ˜β −1
(1/τ + ˜β)
⎛
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝
1/τ −γBz γBy
γBz 1/τ −γBx −γBy γBx 1/τ
1
τ + ˜β −1
= τ 3 1 +γ2τ2(B2
x+By2 +Bz2)
× ⎛ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝
1/τ2+γ2Bx2 (γBz/τ +γ2BxBy) (γ2BxBz −γBy/τ)
(γ2
BxBy−γBz/τ) 1/τ2+γ2By2 (γ
2
ByBz+γBx/τ)
γ2
BxBz+γBy/τ (γ2ByBz −γBx/τ) 1/τ2+γ2Bz2
⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ .
En =
mq4 22(4πǫ0)2n2
En = −
eV
1eV = 1,602×10−19 J
T = 0K
Eg g
ED
EC ED
ED EC
ED EC
EA EV
EA
EV EA
EA
F(E) = 1
1 + expE−EF kBT
EF kB T
E = EF T = 0 F(E)
EF
N(E)
N(E) = MC √
2 π2
√
E −EC
3 m
3/2
e
MC me
n(E) =F(E)·N(E)
n=
∞
EC
F(E)·N(E)dE EC −EF ≫ kBT
n= NCexp
EF −EC
kBT
NC = 2
2πmekBT
2
3/2
p = NV exp
EV −EF
kBT
np = NCNV exp−
Eg
kBT
Eg
ni
pi
ni = pi
np= n2i
ni
ni =
NCNV exp −
Eg
ni
1,45·1010 /cm3
5·1022 /cm3
Ei =
EC −EV
2 + kBT
2 ln NV
NC
NC NV kBT ≪ |EC+EV|
Ei ≈
Ec+EV
2
ND
np
nn0 = 1 2
(ND−NA) +
(ND−NA)2+ 4n2i
≈ND | ND −NA |≫ni ND ≫ NA
EF = Ec −kBT ln
Nc
ND
= kBT ln
nn0 ni
+Ei
n= niexp
EF −Ei
kBT
p= niexp
Ei−EF
kBT
f em f em
2000◦C
f em
f em
dES = αA,BdT
αA,B
αA,R αB,R
f em
ES T
ES = T
TR
αA,BdT
f em
αA,B = lim
∆T→0 ∆ES
∆T = dES
E = aT + 1 2bT
2
α= dE
dQP = πIdT
π
π
π
α
I2 R
dES/dT = constante
dQT = ±σT IdT
σ
σ σ σ
ET = T2 T1 σdT i2 R
f em
T1 T2
f em
f em
f em
f em
T1 T3
f em T1 T2
E = hf
f em
f em f em
f em
f em
30% 0−1800
5% 26% 0−2320
270−1000
26% 0−2300
210−750
270−1370
270−1300
13% 50−1750
10% 50−1750
270−400
IqN
IqP
R I
Iq
Iq = I2R−IqN −IqP
πN PI = Iq −I2R
πN PI = −IqN −IqP
ε = Is I
∆T=0 IS =
Iq
T
IqN = −ITεN
IqP = ITεP
S0 = N; S1 = P; S2 = P N; S3 = P N P; S4 = P N P P N,
S5 = P N P P N P N P, S6 = P N P P N P N P P N P P N
∆T ∆T /I
(Bi2T e3)Se3