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Formal verification of communication protocols for wireless networks

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❉❆◆■❊▲ ❈➶▼❆❘❆

❋❖❘▼❆▲ ❱❊❘■❋■❈❆❚■❖◆ ❖❋ ❈❖▼▼❯◆■❈❆❚■❖◆

P❘❖❚❖❈❖▲❙ ❋❖❘ ❲■❘❊▲❊❙❙ ◆❊❚❲❖❘❑❙

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❉❆◆■❊▲ ❈➶▼❆❘❆

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❆❧❢r❡❞♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ▲♦✉r❡✐r♦

❋❖❘▼❆▲ ❱❊❘■❋■❈❆❚■❖◆ ❖❋ ❈❖▼▼❯◆■❈❆❚■❖◆

P❘❖❚❖❈❖▲❙ ❋❖❘ ❲■❘❊▲❊❙❙ ◆❊❚❲❖❘❑❙

Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ t❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❞❛ ❋❡❞✲ ❡r❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳

❉❆◆■❊▲ ❈➶▼❆❘❆

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❉❆◆■❊▲ ❈➶▼❆❘❆

❆❞✈✐s♦r✿ ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❆❧❢r❡❞♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ▲♦✉r❡✐r♦

❋❖❘▼❆▲ ❱❊❘■❋■❈❆❚■❖◆ ❖❋ ❈❖▼▼❯◆■❈❆❚■❖◆

P❘❖❚❖❈❖▲❙ ❋❖❘ ❲■❘❊▲❊❙❙ ◆❊❚❲❖❘❑❙

❚❤❡s✐s ♣r♦❥❡❝t ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ●r❛❞✉❛t❡ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠ ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❢✉❧✜❧❧♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ❉♦❝t♦r ✐♥ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳

❉❆◆■❊▲ ❈➶▼❆❘❆

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©

2009, Daniel Câmara.

Todos os direitos reservados

Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca do ICEx – UFMG

Câmara, Daniel

C172f Formal verification of communication protocols for wireless

networks / Daniel Câmara— Belo Horizonte, 2009.

x, 122 f. : il. ; 29cm

Tese (doutorado) — Universidade Federal de Minas –

Departamento de Ciência da Computação.

Orientador: Antônio Alfredo Ferreira Loureiro.

1. Computação - Teses. 2. Redes de computadores –

Teses. 3. Sistemas de comunicação sem fio – Teses.

I. Orientador. II.Título.

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❚♦ ♠② ✇✐❢❡✱ ❲❛♥❡ss❛✱ ♠② s♦♥✱ ❆rt❤✉r✱ ❛♥❞ ♠② ❞❛✉❣❤t❡r✱ ❍❡❧❡♥❛✳

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❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣♠❡♥ts

❚❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ■ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ✜♥✐s❤ t❤❡ P❤❉✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❤❡s✐s✱ ✇❛s ♥♦t ✇❤❛t ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❝❛❧❧ ♦❢ st❛♥❞❛r❞✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s r❡❛s♦♥ ✐t ✐s ❛♠❛③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❤❡r❡✱ st❛rt✐♥❣ ❜② t❤❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♠✐tt❡❡✳ ◆♦t ♦♥❧② ❢♦r t❤❡✐r ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥s✐❣❤t❢✉❧ ❝♦♠♠❡♥ts✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐t② ②♦✉ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡ ■ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤✳ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❤❛♥❦s t♦ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ s❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛t ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❘❡♥❛t❛ ❱✐❛♥❛ ▼♦r❛❡s ❘♦❝❤❛✱ ❙❤❡✐❧❛ ▲ú❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❛♥❞ ❚ú❧✐❛ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡ ❙❛❧♦♠♦♥ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡✱ ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❧♣ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❜✉r❡❛✉❝r❛t✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ ❛❧s♦ t♦ t❤❛♥❦ t♦ ❈❧❛✉❞❡♠❜❡r❣ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❤♦♠ ■ ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❥❡❝t✱ ❛ ❧♦♥❣✱ ❧♦♥❣ t✐♠❡ ❛❣♦✳ ❲✐t❤♦✉t ❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❛t t✐♠❡✱ ■ ❛♠ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ s✉r❡ t❤❛t ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤❡❞ ❤❡r❡✳

■ ♥❡❡❞ ❛❧s♦ t♦ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❛♥❦ ❋❆P❊▼■● ❢♦r t❤❡ s❝❤♦❧❛rs❤✐♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ P❤❉✱ t❤❛t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ♠❡ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s t♦ st❛rt t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ P❡♦♣❧❡ ❢r♦♠ ❙②♥❡r❣✐❛✱ s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ●❡r❛❧❞♦ ❘♦❜s♦♥ ▼❛t❡✉s✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ❤❡ s❤♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s ❤❡ ❣❛✈❡ ♠❡✳ ■♥ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❤❛♥❦ t♦ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❍❛❜✐❜ ❇❡❝❤❡❧❛♥❡ ▼❛✐❛✱ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ✇❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣♣♦rt ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡s✐s ❞❡❢❡♥s❡✳

■ ♥❡❡❞ ❛❧s♦ t♦ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠② ❢❛♠✐❧② ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣♣♦rt ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ t❤✐s ❛❞✈❡♥t✉r❡ t♦♦❦ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❧♦st ✇❡❡❦❡♥❞s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣r✉♠♣② t❡♠♣❡r ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✇♦r❦ ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✳ ❲❛♥❡ss❛✱ t❤❛♥❦s ❢♦r s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ♠❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❢♦rt ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ ■ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ✜♥✐s❤ t❤✐s ♣r♦❥❡❝t✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❛❧❧✱ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❛♣♦❧♦❣✐③❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❛♥❦ t♦ ♠② ❛❞✈✐s♦r ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❆❧❢r❡❞♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ▲♦✉r❡✐r♦✳ ❆♣♦❧♦❣✐③❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ tr♦✉❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡r✇♦r❦ t❤✐s ❤✉♠❜❧❡ st✉❞❡♥t ❣✐✈❡ t♦ ❤✐♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❛♥❦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❤❛♥❦ ❤✐♠ ❢♦r ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝✐♥❣ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ♠❡ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② t♦ st❛rt t❤❡ P❤❉ ❛t ❯❋▼●✱ ✇❤❡♥ ■ ✇❛s ♠♦st ❞❡❧✉❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♠② s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛t t❤❡ t✐♠❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡✱ ■ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❤✐♠ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❢♦r ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ♠❡ s✉♣♣♦rt ✇❤❡♥ ■ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t♦ st❛rt t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ P❤❉ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ♠❡ ✜♥✐s❤ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡✳ ▲♦✉r❡✐r♦✱ ■ ❛♠ s✐♥❝❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❡♣ ❣r❛t❡❢✉❧ t♦ ②♦✉ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ❞♦♥❡ t♦ ♠❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ t❤❡s❡ ②❡❛rs✳

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❘❡s✉♠♦

❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡♠ ✜♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✈✐rt✉♦s♦✱ ♥♦✈♦s ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s s♦✜st✐❝❛❞♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s sã♦ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛tr❛✐ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦ ♥♦✈❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦s ❞❡s✐❣♥❡rs ♥♦ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✳ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡st❡ ♠❡✐♦✳

❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡♠ ✜♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣✐♦r❡s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❖ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧✱ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r t❛♥t♦ ♣❡r❞✐❞❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❝♦rr♦♠♣✐❞❛s✳ ❖s ♥♦❞♦s ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✉♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ❡s❣♦t❛r ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ é ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦ ❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❣❛st❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ❛♦ ♠á①✐♠♦✱ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐③❛r ❜❛♥❞❛✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛r❛ s❛❧✈❛r ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦s ♥♦❞♦s✳

P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♠❛✐s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❚❡r ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦✱ r♦❜✉st♦ ❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r r❡❞❡✱ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❝♦♠♦ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❡st❛s q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s✳ ◆❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♥❡♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❡♠ t❡st❜❡❞s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛ ❛ ❡st❡s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s✳

❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛r❛t❛s ❡ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✈❡③❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛s q✉❡ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛ ✉♠ ❡rr♦✱ ✈❛✐ ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❞❡ t❡st❡s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛✳ ❚❡st❜❡❞s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ sã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❝❛r♦s✱ ❡ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ t❡st❜❡❞s ♥ã♦ s♦❢r❡♠ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ♥❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ sã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s r❡❛✐s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✳ ■st♦ t❡♠ s❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ❜♦♠✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛s q✉❡ ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r❛♠ ♥♦s t❡st❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ t❡st❜❡❞✳

❈♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ❡st❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s t❡♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ é ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡♠✱ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛❞❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✳ ❊st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ t❡♠ s❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✈❛❧✐♦s❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐③❡♥❞♦ ❛s ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❡ ♣r♦✈❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s✳

(9)

❊st❛ t❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✱ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ❛❞ ❤♦❝✳ ❆ t❡s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ♥❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ❛❞ ❤♦❝✳

(10)

❆❜str❛❝t

❲✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ✐♥ r❡❝❡♥t ②❡❛rs ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡✈❡r② ❞❛② ❧✐❢❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ■♥ ❛ ✈✐rt✉♦✉s ❝✐r❝❧❡✱ ♥❡✇❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ s♦♣❤✐st✐❝❛t❡❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❛r❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❡✈❡r② ❞❛②✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t♦♦❧s ❛♥❞ ❛ttr❛❝t✐♥❣ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ✉s❡rs✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r ♥❡✇❡r t♦♦❧s ❛r❡ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡rs ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❥♦❜ ♦❢ ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❜❡tt❡r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❢♦r t❤✐s ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ t♦♦❧s✱ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❢♦r tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✱ ❞♦ ♥♦t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❧② ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳

❲✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ✇♦rst ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ s②st❡♠ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ✐s ♥♦t r❡❧✐✲ ❛❜❧❡✱ ♠❡ss❛❣❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❧♦st ♦r ❝♦rr✉♣t❡❞✳ ◆♦❞❡s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ♥♦t r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡✱ ♦♥❝❡ t❤❡② t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❡♥❡r❣② s✉♣♣❧②✱ t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❢❛✐❧ ❛t ❛♥② ♠♦♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ✐s ❛❧s♦ s❤❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥s ♠✉st t♦ ❜❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② t♦ s❛✈❡ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ t♦ s❛✈❡ t❤❡ ♥♦❞❡s ❡♥❡r❣②✳

❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❜❛s✐❝ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❛s❦s ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❡r ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ❍❛✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t✱ r♦❜✉st ❛♥❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✐s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ t♦ ❛♥② ♥❡t✇♦r❦✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❢♦r ❛ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♦♥❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ❤♦✇ t♦ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ t❤❡s❡ ❞❡s✐r❛❜❧❡ q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s✳ ◆❡✐t❤❡r s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♥♦r t❡st❜❡❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❡♥s✉r❡ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳

❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧❧②✱ ❛r❡ ❝❤❡❛♣ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❞❡ ❜② ❡①❡❝✉t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❛♥ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ t✐♠❡s ✐♥ ❛ r❛♥❞♦♠ ✇❛②✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡s ♦♥❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝❛s❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛t t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✳ ❚❡st❜❡❞s✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ❛r❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❡❧② ♠♦r❡ ❡①♣❡♥s✐✈❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② s♠❛❧❧❡r✱ ❜✉t✱ ✐♥ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ t♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❜✐❛s❡❞ ❜② ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥s✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ r❡❛❧ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❣♦♦❞✱ ♦♥❝❡ r❡❛❧ ✇♦r❧❞ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♠❛② ❜❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞✱ ❜✉t ❛❣❛✐♥✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡s t❤❡ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s t❤❛t ♠❛② ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥ ❛ t❡st❜❡❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳

❆s ❛♥ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡s❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s s♦♠❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs ❤❛✈❡ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧② ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ ♠❡❛♥ t♦ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ t❤❛t ❛ss✉r❡s ❛ s②st❡♠ ❤❛s✱ ♦r ❤❛s ♥♦t✱ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣r♦♣r✐❡t②✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✉♥❞❡r ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❤❛s ♣r♦✈❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ t♦♦❧✱ ❡✈❡♥ ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐❝t✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs ❝❧❛✐♠s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣r♦♦❢s✳

❚❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ♣r❡s❡♥ts s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ t♦♦❧s✱ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s ❛♥❞ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❚❤❡ t❤❡s✐s ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ♥❡✇ ❛♥❞ s✐♠♣❧❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ t❛s❦ ♦❢ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♥❡✇ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳

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❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✶

✷ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✹

✷✳✶ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✷✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ Pr♦✈✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ❙❛t✐s✜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❖✈❡r ✈s ❯♥❞❡r✲❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✸ ❚❤❡ st❛t❡ ❡①♣❧♦s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ r❡♠❡❞✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✹ ❚♦♦❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❍❖▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❙P■◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❈P◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹✳✹ ❯PP❆❆▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✸ Pr♦♣♦s❛❧s ❢♦r ❱❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘♦✉t✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧s ✶✷ ✸✳✶ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❘♦✉t✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✷ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❆❞✲❍♦❝ ❘♦✉t✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧s ❯s✐♥❣ ❙♣✐♥ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st s②st❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❚✐♠❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✷✳✸ ▼♦❜✐❧✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✸ ❆ Pr❛❣♠❛t✐❝ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❘❡❛❧ ❈♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✹ ❆ ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ❢♦r ▼♦❞❡❧✲❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❆❞✲❤♦❝ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘♦✉t✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❢♦r ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❆❞ ❍♦❝ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ❯s✐♥❣

P❡tr✐ ◆❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✻ ❆♥ ❆❜str❛❝t ▼♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❘♦✉t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❆❞ ❍♦❝ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✼ Pr♦✈❛❜❧❡ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ♦❢ ❖♥✲❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❱❡❝t♦r ❘♦✉t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❆❞ ❍♦❝

◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✽ ❆❞ ❍♦❝ ❘♦✉t✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❱❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✾ ❈♦✉♥t❡r✲❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ❇❛s❡❞ Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r② ✐♥ Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❆❜str❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦r♠❛❧

▼❡t❤♦❞s ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r✲❆✐❞❡❞ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✶✵ ❆ ❚✐♠✐♥❣ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❆❖❉❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✶✶ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣② ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❘❡✈❡rs❡✲P❛t❤ ❋♦r✇❛r❞✐♥❣ ✭❚❇❘P❋✮✿ ❈♦rr❡❝t✲

(12)

✸✳✶✷ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❱❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❊❞❣❡ ❘♦✉t❡r ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r② Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❢♦r ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❆❞ ❍♦❝ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✹ ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ✸✵

✹✳✶ ▲✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✷ ●r♦✉♥❞ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣② ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✷✳✷ ◆♦❞❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✷✳✸ ▲♦✇❡r ❧❛②❡rs s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✸✳✸ ▼♦❜✐❧✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✸✳✹ ❚❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✸✳✺ ■♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✸✳✻ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✸✳✼ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ❆❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✸✳✽ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✸✳✾ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻

✺ ❈❛s❡ ❙t✉❞② ✸✾

✺✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❖▲❙❘ ❙t❛t❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✺✳✶✳✸ ▼❡ss❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ♥♦❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✺✳✶✳✹ ❉✐✈✐❞✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✶✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✶✳✻ ❈r❡❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✷ ❱❡r✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❈❛s❡ st✉❞② r❡s✉❧ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✻ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ▲❆❘ ❛♥❞ ❉❘❊❆▼ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧s ✹✺ ✻✳✶ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❘♦✉t✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✻✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✻✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✼ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❆❝❝❡ss P♦✐♥ts ❋♦r ❱❛♥❡ts ✹✾ ✼✳✶ ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ ❲♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✼✳✷ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✼✳✸ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✼✳✸✳✶ ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✼✳✸✳✷ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❆❝❝❡ss P♦✐♥ts ❢♦r ❙tr❡❛♠ ❇❛s❡❞ ❚r❛✣❝ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✼✳✸✳✸ ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

(13)

✼✳✹ ❘❡♠❛r❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✺✻

✽✳✶ ❉✐r❡❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❋✉t✉r❡ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✽✳✷ ❉❛t❛ ❚②♣❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✽✳✸ ❆rr❛② ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✽✳✹ Pr♦❝❡ss ❚②♣❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✽✳✺ ❆t♦♠✐❝ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✽✳✻ ▼❡ss❛❣❡ P❛ss✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✽✳✼ ❚❤❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✽✳✽ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❋❧♦✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✽✳✽✳✶ ❈❛s❡ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✽✳✽✳✷ ❘❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹

❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ✶✶✻

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▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s

✷✳✶ ❚❤❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♦✈❡r ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✸ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t♦♦❧s t❤❡② ✉s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❱✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✷ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s t❤❡② ♠❛✐♥❧② ❢♦❝✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✸ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❡❛❝❤ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ ❛s

❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✹ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s✱ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❛♥❞ t♦♦❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✸✳✺ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ✇✐t❤ t❤r❡❡ ♥♦❞❡s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ❆❖❉❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✻ ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤② ♦❢ ♣❛❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❖❉❱ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✼ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈P◆ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❛ ▼❆◆❊❚ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❨✉❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✶✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✽ Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❆❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✾ ❈❤✐②❛♥❣✇❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣② ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✶✵ ❑r✐st❡♥s❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❏❡♥s❡♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✶✶ ❍✐❣❤ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤② ♣❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈P◆ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❑r✐st❡♥s❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❏❡♥s❡♥ ✇♦r❦ ✳ ✷✽ ✺✳✶ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ❖▲❙❘ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ♥♦❞❡ st❛t❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✻✳✶ ❉❡❧✐✈❡r② ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ✐♥ ▲❆❘✶ ✇❤❡♥ ❛ ♣❛t❤ ✐t ✐s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞✲

♦❧♦❣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✻✳✷ ❉❡❧✐✈❡r② ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ✐♥ ▲❆❘✷✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❛ ♣❛t❤ ✐t ✐s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞✲

♦❧♦❣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✻✳✸ ▲♦♦♣ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥ ▲❆❘✷✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❛ ♣❛t❤ ✐t ✐s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ ♥♦❞❡s ❛r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡δ r❡❣✐♦♥

✐♥ ❛ ♥❡❛r ❝✐r❝❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✻✳✹ ▲♦♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✐♥ ❉❘❊❆▼ ✇❤❡♥ ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ♥♦❞❡s ❛r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡

❛♥❣❧❡ ♦❢ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❜✐❣ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✼✳✶ ❆ r♦❛❞ ❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡ ✈✐s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✼✳✷ ❚②♣✐❝❛❧ r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ♠❡ss❛❣❡s ♠❛♣ ❢♦r ❛ ✺✵ ❆Ps ❝✐t② s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ ❤♦✇ ❱❆Ps

❛❧❧♦✇ ✉s t♦ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ✑❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈✐t② ✐s❧❡s✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✼✳✸ ❚②♣✐❝❛❧ r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ♠❡ss❛❣❡s ♠❛♣ ❢♦r ❛ ✺ ❆Ps r♦❛❞ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

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▲✐st ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡s

✺✳✶ ❖▲❙❘ ▼❡ss❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♥♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✷ ❙✐③❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖▲❙❘ ❜✉✐❧t ♠♦❞❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✻✳✶ ❙✐③❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜✉✐❧t ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✽✳✶ ❉❛t❛ ❚②♣❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷

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❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❚❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ■t ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s ♦♥ t❤✐s ✜❡❧❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ♦✉r ❝✉rr❡♥t r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♥ t❤✐s ✜❡❧❞ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ♥❡①t st❡♣s ❛♥❞ ♣❛t❤s ✇❡ ✐♥t❡♥❞ t♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳

❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ♥❡✇ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✐s ❛ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡rr♦r ♣r♦♥❡ t❛s❦✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ✐s ♥♦t tr✉st✇♦rt❤②✱ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ t♦♣♦❧♦❣② ♠❛② ❜❡ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞②♥❛♠✐❝✱ ♥♦❞❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❡♥❡r❣② ❛♥❞ ♠❛② ❢❛✐❧ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② ✇❛r♥✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦rst ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ t♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♥♦❞❡s ❛❧s♦ s❤❛r❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♠❡❞✐✉♠✱ s♦ t❤❡ ♠❡ss❛❣❡s ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♠✉st t♦ ❜❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ s❡❝✉r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ✉s❡❧❡ss ♠❡ss❛❣❡s ✐s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❛ ✇❛st❡ ♦❢ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❛ ♠✐s✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❡♥❡r❣②✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❧♦ss❡s ❛✛❡❝t ♥♦t ♦♥❧② t❤❡ s❡♥❞❡r✱ ❜✉t ❛s t❤❡ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ✐s ✐♥tr✐♥s✐❝❛❧❧② ❛ ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st ♦♥❡✱ ❛♥② ✇❛✐st ✇✐t❤ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥s ♠❛② ❜❡ ❛❧s♦ s❤❛r❡❞ ❜② ❛❧❧ ♥♦❞❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞✳

●✐✈❡♥ t❤✐s s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r t❤✐s ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✭❡✳❣✳ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♥♦❞❡s✱ ♠♦❜✐❧✐t②✮✱ ✐t ✐s ❤❛r❞ t♦ ❝♦♥✜r♠ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐s ❝♦rr❡❝t ♦r ♥♦t✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s r❡❛s♦♥ s♦♠❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs ❬✶✱ ✷✱ ✸✱ ✶✾❪ ❛❞✈♦❝❛t❡ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛s ❛ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ t♦♦❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❖✉r r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✐s ❛ ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ t♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳

❋♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❧s♦ st❛rt✐♥❣ t♦ ❜❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❛s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤❡ ✇✐♥♥❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✵✵✼ ❚✉r✐♥❣ ❛✇❛r❞ ❬✼✻❪✱ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣r❡st✐❣✐♦✉s ❛✇❛r❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❊❞♠✉♥❞ ▼✳ ❈❧❛r❦❡✱ ❊✳ ❆❧❧❡♥ ❊♠❡rs♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❏♦s❡♣❤ ❙✐❢❛❦✐s✱ ✏❋♦r t❤❡✐r r♦❧❡ ✐♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✇✐❞❡❧② ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❡s✑✳ ❚❤✐s ❛✇❛r❞ ✐s t❤❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❢♦r t❤❡✐r ❡✛♦rts ❛♥❞✱ ✐♥ s♦♠❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛t t❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t t✇♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t q✉❡st✐♦♥s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛♥s✇❡r❡❞ ✜rst✱ ✏❲❤❛t ✐s ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✑ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✱ ✏❲❤② s❤♦✉❧❞ ✐t ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s❄✑ ■♥ s❤♦rt✱ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ r❡❢❡rs t♦ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧✲❜❛s❡❞ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ s②st❡♠s✳ ❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✐♥t❡♥❞s t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ r✐❣♦r ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ s②st❡♠s✱ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ♠♦r❡ r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✳

(17)

✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✷

▲♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛t t❤✐s ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♠✐♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss✱ s♦♠❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t❡♥❞ t♦ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐s ❤❛r❞ ❛♥❞ ✇♦rt❤② ♦♥❧② ❢♦r s❛❢❡t②✲❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t ✐s t❤❛t ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♠❛② ❤❡❧♣ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛♥② s②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐s str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❬✶✶❪✳ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝❛♥ ❤❡❧♣ t❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡rs t♦ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t✐♠❡ ❬✶✶❪✱ ✜♥❞ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❡rr♦rs ❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤✉s t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ♠❡t❤♦❞s t❡♥❞s t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❧✐♥❡✱ t❤✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ t♦♦❧ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦♦❢ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ s②st❡♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦♣❡❢✉❧❧② t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ s②st❡♠✱ ❤❛s✱ ♦r ❤❛s ♥♦t✱ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣r♦♣❡rt②✳ ❙✉❝❤ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧② ♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧②✳

◆♦r♠❛❧❧② ❞❡s✐❣♥❡rs ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❛ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ s②st❡♠ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② ✇❛♥t t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❜❡tt❡r t❤❡ s②st❡♠ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣✳ ❙✉❝❤ ♣r♦♦❢s ❛✐♠ ❤✉♠❛♥ r❡❛❞❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞✱ s♦♠❡ t✐♠❡s✱ ❧❛❝❦ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠✳ ❯s✉❛❧❧② ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ♣r♦♦❢s ❛r❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛♥❞✱ ♥♦t r❛r❡❧②✱ ✐♥ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ❯♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡❧② t❤❡ ❛♠❜✐❣✉✐t②✱ ✐♥❤❡r❡♥t t♦ t❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ♠❛② ❧❡❛❞ t♦ s✉❜t❧❡ ❡rr♦rs t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t❡❞✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ♣♦✐♥t t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❤❛s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s②st❡♠s✳ ●✐✈❡♥ s✉❝❤ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ ✐t ✐s ✈✐rt✉❛❧❧② ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❤✉♠❛♥s t♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❧② ❝❤❡❝❦ ❛❧❧ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t♥❡ss ♦❢ ❛ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧s ❛❧s♦ r❡q✉✐r❡s ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥✱ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❛ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❛❦❡s t❤✐s t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❛❝❝❡ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❛ ✇✐❞❡r ❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛ ❜r♦❛❞❡r r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❝❛s❡s✳

❚❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s✿

• ❆ s✉r✈❡② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♣♦✐♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r str♦♥❣❡r ❛♥❞

✇❡❛❦❡r ♣♦✐♥ts❀

• ❋♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢♦✉r ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s❀ • ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ♥❡✇ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s t♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

t♦ ❛ ❜r♦❛❞❡r r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s t❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧❧② ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ♣r✐♦r t❤❛♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t✿

✕ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣② ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t r❡❧② ✐♥ ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ t♦♣♦❧♦❣② ♦r ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤❛t ♠❛❦❡s ✐t ♠♦r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧

✕ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♥♦❞❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ✐s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♥♦❞❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣②❀

✕ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s✱ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✇❛②✱ t❤❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❜❛s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s❀

✕ ◆♦❞❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐t②✱ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐ts t❤❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣② ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❜❡❤❛✈✲ ✐♦r❀

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✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✸

• ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② t❤❛t ❡♥❛❜❧❡s t❤❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✱ ✐♥

❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ✇❛②✱ t♦ ❛ ❜r♦❛❞ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s❀

• P♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ✇♦r❦s

♦♥ t❤✐s ✜❡❧❞ ❢♦❝✉s s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② ♦♥ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss r♦✉t✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✳ ❖✉r t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ♣r♦✈❡❞ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦t❤❡r ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❜❡s✐❞❡s r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦✲ ❝♦❧s❀

• ❈r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❧✐❜r❛r② ♦❢ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s t♦ s✐♠♣❧✐❢② t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ ♥❡✇❡r ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❢♦r ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳

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❈❤❛♣t❡r ✷

❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞

❋♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ✈❡r✐❢②✐♥❣✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣r♦♦❢s✱ ✐❢ ❛ s②st❡♠ ❤❛s ♦r ❤❛s ♥♦t ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣r♦♣❡rt②✳ ❚❤❡ ❯❙ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❉❡❢❡♥s❡ ❉❖❉ ✺✷✵✵✳✷✽✲❙❚❉ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❬✷✶❪✱ t❤❡ ♦r❛♥❣❡ ❜♦♦❦✱ st❛t❡s t❤❛t ✏❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣r♦♦❢ ✐s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝✐♥❣ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢✉❧❧ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♣r♦♦❢ st❡♣✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ tr✉t❤ ♦❢ ❛ t❤❡♦r❡♠✱ ♦r s❡t ♦❢ t❤❡♦r❡♠s✱ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ❛s ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ✐♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ st❡♣s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❝❤❡❝❦❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❡❛❝❤ st❡♣ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s st❡♣s✑✳

■t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ♣♦✐♥t ♦✉t t❤❛t ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t ❛ s✉❜st✐t✉t❡ ❢♦r t❡st✐♥❣ ♦r s✐♠✲ ✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t❤r❡❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛ss✉r❛♥❝❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦❣❡t❤❡r t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ r❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦♥❝❡ ❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❛♥❞ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡✳

❚❡st ✐s ❛ ✇❛② t♦ t❤✐♥❦ ❤♦✇ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✇♦r❦s tr②✐♥❣ t♦ ✜♥❞ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s ✇❤❡r❡ ✐t ♠❛② ❢❛✐❧✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦✛❡rs t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② t♦ r✉♥ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ❜❛tt❡r② ♦❢ t❡sts ✉♥❞❡r ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ✇❤❡r❡ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❡✛❡❝t st✉❞✐❡❞ ❬✶✷❪✳ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ s♦♠❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❡✈❡♥ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❡♥t❤✉s✐❛st✐❝ s✉♣♣♦rt❡rs ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡ t❤❛t ♦t❤❡r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❬✷✵❪✳ ◆♦t✐❝❡ ❛❧s♦ t❤❛t ♥❡✐t❤❡r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♥♦r t❡st✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐s ♣❡r❢❡❝t ❬✶✶❪✳

❉✐❥❦str❛✬s q✉♦t❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❡st✐♥❣✱ ✏Pr♦❣r❛♠ t❡st✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ❜❡st s❤♦✇ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❡rr♦rs ❜✉t ♥❡✈❡r t❤❡✐r ❛❜s❡♥❝❡✑✱ ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❛t ✐t ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ♣r♦✈❡ t❤❛t ❛ s②st❡♠ ♣r❡s❡♥ts✱ ♦r ♥♦t✱ ❛ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ t❤✐♥❦ ♦❢✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r t❤✐s ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡✱ ❜② ♥♦ ♠❡❛♥s✱ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐s ♣❡r❢❡❝t✳ ❊✈❡♥ ❢✉rt❤❡r✱ t❤❡ tr✉t❤ ✐s t❤❛t ❢♦r♠❛❧ s②st❡♠s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❢❛❧❧✐❜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❢❛❧❧✐❜✐❧✐t② ✐s t❤❡ ♠♦st ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ❛r✐s❡s ❢r♦♠ t✇♦ ❢❛❝ts✿ ✜rst✱ s♦♠❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❝❛♥ ♥❡✈❡r ❜❡ ♣r♦✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♠❛❦❡ ♠✐st❛❦❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♦❢s ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ❛s♣❡❝ts ✇❡ ✇❛♥t t♦ ♣r♦✈❡ ❬✶✶❪✳

✷✳✶ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s

❚❤❡ ♠♦st ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r♠s ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ✉s❡ t♦❞❛② ❬✼✼❪ ❛r❡✿ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✱ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✳ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✐s ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧❧② ♠♦❞❡❧❡❞ s②st❡♠ s❛t✐s✜❡s ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣r♦♣❡rt② ❬✾❪✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ✉s❡s ♠❛t❤❡✲ ♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❛①✐♦♠s ♦r r✉❧❡s✱ t♦ ♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t♥❡ss ♦❢ ❛ s②st❡♠ ❬✶✵❪✳ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡

(20)

✷✳ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✺

❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠❛❧❧② ❝❤❡❝❦s ✐❢ t✇♦ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧s✱ ❛r❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❬✶✵❪✳ ❚❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡s t❤❡s❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✐s ✇♦rt❤ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③✐♥❣ t❤❛t✱ ❡✈❡♥ t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡② ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t❡❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ ♥♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✇♦r❦s ✇✐t❤♦✉t s♦♠❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠✲ ♣❧❡✱ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s t❤❡♦r❡♠ ♣r♦✈✐♥❣ r❡q✉✐r❡s ❛♥ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡r ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞✳ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦❡rs✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ❝❛♥ q✉✐❝❦❧② ❣❡t st✉❝❦ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✉s❡❧❡ss st❛t❡s ❛♥❞ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❤❛♥❞②✳ ◆♦✇ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❞✐s❝✉ss ✐♥ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✈❛r✐❛♥ts ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✿ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✱ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ♣r♦✈✐♥❣✳

✷✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣

▼♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✈❡r✐✜❡s ✐❢ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ✐♥ ❛❝❝♦r❞❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ●✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t s②st❡♠s✱ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢t❡♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t s②st❡♠s✳ ❙♦♠❡ t♦♦❧s ❡①♣r❡ss t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s t♦ ❜❡ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❡✳ ❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❛❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡r t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss s②st❡♠ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❛♥❞ ✈❡r✐❢② t❤❡♠ ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✳

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶ ❞❡♣✐❝ts t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ❚❤❡ t♦♦❧ r❡❝❡✐✈❡s ❛s ✐♥♣✉t t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐r❡❞✴✉♥❞❡s✐r❡❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s t♦ ❜❡ ❝❤❡❝❦❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ✐s t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❤♦❧❞s ♦r ♥♦t t❤❡ r❡q✉❡st❡❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt②✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❝❛s❡✱ ✐t ✉s✉❛❧❧② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❝♦✉♥t❡r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❤② t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt② ✐s ♥♦t s❛t✐s✜❡❞✳

■♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✱ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✐❞ ✐♥♣✉ts ❛♥❞ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❛r❡ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ t♦ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t✲ ♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚♦ ❞♦ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ t♦♦❧s r❡q✉✐r❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ st❛t❡s t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ st❛t❡s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ s②st❡♠ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ✇✐t❤ ✐ts s✐③❡✱ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s st❛t❡ ❡①♣❧♦s✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ st❛t❡ ❡①♣❧♦s✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❬✸✺❪✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ②❡❛rs✱ ♠❛♥② t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✇❡r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t♦ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t❡ ❡①♣❧♦s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ❜✉t ✐t st✐❧❧ ♣❡rs✐sts✳

❚❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♠✉❝❤ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✉s❡r✬s ❡①♣❡rt✐s❡✳ ❇❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t❡ ❡①♣❧♦s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡r✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t tr❛❞❡♦✛ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❧✐♠✐t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ s✐③❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡r ♠✉st ❜❡ ✈❡r② ❝❛r❡❢✉❧ t♦ ❞♦ ♥♦t r❡♠♦✈❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ s②st❡♠ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ❛♥❞✱ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✱ r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② t♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ✐ts ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s t♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ❛r❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t❛s❦s ❛♥❞ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❝❛r❡❢✉❧❧② ❞♦♥❡✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ♠❡tr✐❝ t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞✱ t❤✉s✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞✳

✷✳✶✳✷ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ Pr♦✈✐♥❣

(21)

✷✳ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✻

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✿ ❚❤❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤

❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ✐s ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② t❤❡ ♠♦st ✉s❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❛t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s t❤❡ str♦♥❣❡st ♣r♦♦❢s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ♣r♦✈✐♥❣ t♦♦❧ ♦❢t❡♥ r❡q✉✐r❡s s♦♠❡ ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✉s❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦♦❢ ✐ts❡❧❢ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❧✲ ♠♦st ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❚❤✐s t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ r❡q✉✐r❡s ❤✐❣❤❧② tr❛✐♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡rs ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❣✉✐❞❡ t❤❡ t♦♦❧ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♣❛t❤✳

✷✳✶✳✸ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣

❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ✈❡r✐❢②✐♥❣ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t✇♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s②st❡♠✱ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛❜str❛❝t ❧❡✈❡❧s✱ ❛r❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧✳ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✐s ✈❡r② ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✉str② ❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s ❝♦♠♠♦♥❧② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉✐ts t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧❧② ♣r♦✈❡ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t✇♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉✐t ♣r❡s❡♥t ❡①❛❝t❧② t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝❛s❡✱ ❛ ❣❛t❡✲❧❡✈❡❧ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✐ts r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛t ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❧❡✈❡❧✱ t❤❡ ❘❡❣✐st❡r ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ▲❡✈❡❧ ✭❘❚▲✮✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ✇♦r❦ ✇❡❧❧ ❢♦r t✇♦ str✉❝t✉r❛❧❧② s✐♠✐❧❛r ❞❡s✐❣♥s ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳

◆♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ✈❡r✐❢② ✐❢ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ✐s ❡rr♦r ❢r❡❡✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ✐s ❢♦✉♥❞✱ t❤❡ ❡rr♦r ❞✐❛❣♥♦s✐s ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ t♦♦❧ ✐s✱ ♦❢t❡♥✱ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❛♥❞✱ t❤✉s✱ ✐t ✐s ❞✐✣❝✉❧t t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡✳

✷✳✷ ❙❛t✐s✜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❖✈❡r ✈s ❯♥❞❡r✲❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥

❆ ❜❛s✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❢♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧s ✐s ❛ s❛t✐s✜❛❜✐❧✐t② ✭❙❆❚✮ s♦❧✈❡r ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❬✽✹❪✳ ❚❤✐s ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❞❡❝✐❞✐♥❣ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❛r❡ s❛t✐s✜❛❜❧❡ ♦r ♥♦t✳ ■✳❡✳ ✐❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡s t♦ ❛ tr✉❡ ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✐s t♦ s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥ ❛✱ ♣♦ss✐❜❧②✱ ✐♥✜♥✐t❡ st❛t❡ s♣❛❝❡ ✐❢ ❛ r❡q✉❡st❡❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt② p ✐s ♦r ♥♦t

♣r❡s❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❆❚ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐❢p✐s ♦r ♥♦t ♣r❡s❡♥t ♦♥ s✉❝❤ st❛t❡ s♣❛❝❡✳

❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ❙❆❚ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ st❛t❡ s♣❛❝❡✳ ❆❜str❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛♥ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡ ✇❛② t♦ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❬✽✺❪✳

Referências

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