❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
▼❡str❛❞♦ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
P❊❲❙✲❘❚✱ ✉♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦
♣❛r❛ ❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ P❊❲❙
❍❛♥❞❡rs♦♥ ❇❡③❡rr❛ ▼❡❞❡✐r♦s
❍❛♥❞❡rs♦♥ ❇❡③❡rr❛ ▼❡❞❡✐r♦s
P❊❲❙✲❘❚✱ ✉♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛
▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ P❊❲❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠á✲ t✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲ q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❆❧❡❥❛♥❞r♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛♥t❡
PP❣❙❈ ✕ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❈❈❊❚ ✕ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ s♦❜ ♦ tít✉❧♦ P❊❲❙✲❘❚✱ ✉♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ P❊❲❙ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ◆♦♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡✲ ♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❆❧❡❥❛♥❞r♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛♥t❡
Pr❡s✐❞❡♥t❡
❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❯♠❜❡rt♦ ❙♦✉③❛ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛
❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r
❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆♥❞ré ▲✉ís ❞❡ ▼❡❞❡✐r♦s ❙❛♥t♦s
❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r
❈■♥ ✕ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ P❡r♥❛♠❜✉❝♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❆❧❡❥❛♥❞r♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥t♦✉ ♣♦r ❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s ♥❛ ❯❋❘◆✱ ❛s ❧✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐ ❝♦♥t✐❣♦ sã♦ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣❛✐ ♣❛ss❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✜❧❤♦✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r❛çã♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣✉①õ❡s ❞❡ ♦r❡❧❤❛ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♠❛♥t✐✈❡ss❡ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛✳ P❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❡ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❣✉✐❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❝❡rt♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❡ ❞❡✐①❛r❛♠ ❞❡s❛♥✐♠❛r✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦✳ ▼❡ t♦r♥❡✐ ✉♠ ❛❞♠✐r❛❞♦r ❞❡ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳ ❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❉■▼❆♣ ✱ ❛♦s q✉❛✐s t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡ss♦❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡ s❛❧❛✱ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ✜③ ♥❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✱ ❛❣♦r❛ ✈❡❥♦ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣✉①õ❡s ❞❡ ♦r❡❧❤❛ ❡ ❛s ❜r♦♥❝❛s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❡✐ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s✱ t✉❞♦ t❡✈❡ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ❧♦♥❣❛ ♠❛s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛té ♦ ✜♠ ❞❡ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ❛ ❍✐ss❛ts✉✿ ●❛❜r✐❡❧ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❊r✐❝❦ ❉❡♥♥❡❧✱ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ▲✉✐s ❡ Pr❡♥t✐❝❡ ●❡♦✈❛♥♥✐✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛✈❡♥t✉r❛s q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛♠♦s ❥✉♥t♦s✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❡str❡ss❛❞♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❡✐ ✈♦❝ês ♣❛r❛ t❡♥t❛r ❞❡s♦♣✐❧❛r ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ♥♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♦✉ ❞❛♠♦s ❢♦rç❛ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♦✉tr♦✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❇❡③❡rr❛✱ q✉❡ ❞❡s❞❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✉ ❛ ❛♥❞❛r ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❜♦♥❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ♣❛r❛r ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥♦✐✈❛ ❚❛✐♥á✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❥♦✐❛s ♣r❡❝✐♦s❛s q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❡✐ ♥❡ss❡s ❛♥♦s ♥♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦✱ t✐✈❡ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ s♦rt❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝ê✲❧❛✱ ♥❛♠♦r❛r ❡ ❤♦❥❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ♥♦✐✈♦s ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ t❡♠♦s ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❛ tr✐❧❤❛r✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♠♦r❡♥❛ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❢❛③❡r ❢❡❧✐③ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✱ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✱ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ q✉❡ t❡♥s ♣♦r ♠✐♠✱ t❡ ❛♠♦✳
❯♠ ❜❛r❝♦ ♥♦ ❛♥❝♦r❛❞♦✉r♦✱ ❡stá s❡❣✉r♦✳ ▼❛s ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❜❛r❝♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t♦s✳
P❊❲❙✲❘❚✱ ✉♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛
▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ P❊❲❙
❆✉t♦r✿ ❍❛♥❞❡rs♦♥ ❇❡③❡rr❛ ▼❡❞❡✐r♦s ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✭❛✮✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❆❧❡❥❛♥❞r♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛♥t❡
❘❡s✉♠♦
❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❳▼▲ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s✳ ❚❛✐s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛✲ çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❙❖❆P✱ ❲❙❉▲ ❡ ❯❉❉■ q✉❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ✉♠ só s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♥ã♦ ❛t❡♥❞❡ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥♦✈♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❙❖❆ ✲ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳
P❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❛ ❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ P❊❲❙ ✭Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ♣❛t❤✲❊①♣r❡s✲s✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✮✱ q✉❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ sã♦ ❡①❡❝✉✲ t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ P❊❲❙ é ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s✿ ❢r♦♥t✲❡♥❞ ❡ ❜❛❝❦✲❡♥❞✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ P❊❲❙✱ ♦ ❢r♦♥t✲❡♥❞ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❧é①✐❝❛✱ s✐♥tát✐❝❛ ❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❡ ♣♦r ✜♠ ❣❡r❛ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❳▼▲✳ ❖ ❜❛❝❦✲ ❡♥❞ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ P❊❲❙✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✈✐s❛✿ ✭✐✮ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❜❛❝❦✲❡♥❞ ❞❡ P❊❲❙ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞♦ ✳◆❡t ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s P❊❲❙ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✭✐✐✮ r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛r ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✳
P❊❲❙✲❘❚✱ ❙②st❡♠ ❘✉♥t✐♠❡ ❢♦r ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ P❊❲❙
❆✉t❤♦r✿ ❍❛♥❞❡rs♦♥ ❇❡③❡rr❛ ▼❡❞❡✐r♦s ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❆❧❡❥❛♥❞r♦ ▼✉s✐❝❛♥t❡
❆❜str❛❝t
❲❡❜ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❛r❡ ❧♦♦s❡❧② ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ✉s❡ ❳▼▲ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts ❛s ❛ ✇❛② ♦❢ ✐♥t❡✲ ❣r❛t✐♥❣ ❞✐st✐♥❝t s②st❡♠s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ❜② ✐♥ st❛♥❞❛r❞s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❙❖❆P✱ ❲❙❉▲ ❛♥❞ ❯❉❉■ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡✲ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❡ss❛❣❡s✱ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ t❤✉s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s s②st❡♠s✳ ❖❢t❡♥ ♦♥❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♠❡❡t t❤❡ ✉s❡rs ♥❡❡❞s✱ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ♥❡✇ s②st❡♠s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✇♦ ♦r ♠♦r❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❣♦❛❧ ❜❡❤✐♥❞ t❤❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝✲ t✉r❡✳
P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t♦ t❤✐s s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ P❊❲❙ ✭Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡ P❛t❤✲❊①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐✲ ❝❡s✮ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s♣❡❝✐✜❡s ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r❛❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t❡ ✇❡❜ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ✐♥t❡r✲ ❢❛❝❡s✳✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ P❊❲❙ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✐s ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t✇♦ ♣❛rts✿ ❢r♦♥t✲❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦✲❡♥❞✳ ❋r♦♠ ❛ P❊❲❙ ♣r♦❣r❛♠✱ t❤❡ ❢r♦♥t✲❡♥❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠s t❤❡ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❛♥❞ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛❧❧② ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ❳▼▲ ❝♦❞❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦✲❡♥❞ ✐s t♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ P❊❲❙✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❛st❡r✬s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦r❦ ❛✐♠s t♦✿ ✭✐✮ r❡❢♦r♠✉✲ ❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ r✉♥t✐♠❡ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✭✐✐✮ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦✲❡♥❞ ❢♦r P❊❲❙ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ✳◆❊❚ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ t♦♦❧s t♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❡ P❊❲❙ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s
✶ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳▼▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✼
✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✼
✸ P✐❧❤❛ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜✱ ✭❑❘❊●❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✵
✹ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ P❊❲❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✹
✺ ❆rq✉✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ P❊❲❙ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✻ P❧✉❣✐♥ P❊❲❙ ❊❞✐t♦r ❛t✐✈♦✱ ✭P❖❚❘■❈❍✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✻
✼ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❜❛❝❦✲❡♥❞ P❊❲❙ ✭▼❯❙■❈❆◆❚❊❀ P❖❚❘■❈❍❀ ❈❆❘❘❊❘❖✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ♣✳ ✷✼
✽ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣♦❝✐♦ ❇P❊▲ ✭P❘❖❏❊❈❚✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵
✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ ✭❚❍❖▼✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵
✶✵ ❆❧❣✉♥s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r♦t❛s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✭❋■▲❍❖✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✷
✶✶ ❳▼▲ ❖❧❛ ▼✉♥❞♦✦✱ ✭●❘❖◆❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹
✶✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❳▼▲ ❡♠ ❉❖▼ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✶ ✭●❘❖◆❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✶✸ ❊①t❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■❉❊ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡✱ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭▼❆❈❍■◆❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✻
✶✹ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s ❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✵
✶✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ❙t✉❞✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✷
✶✻ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❚✇✐tt❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✵
✶✼ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ P❊❲❙ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✶
✶✽ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❜❛❝❦✲❡♥❞ P❊❲❙✲❘❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✸
✶✾ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ P❊❲❙✲❘❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✹
✷✵ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻
✷✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ P❊❲❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻
✷✸ ❆❝❡ss❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ P❊❲❙✲❘❚ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳▼▲ ❛❜❡rt♦✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
✷✹ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ P❊❲❙✲❘❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
✷✺ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❲❙❉▲✳❡①❡ ❡ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❈♦♠♣✐❧❡r
✇♦r❦✢♦✇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
✷✻ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳P❊❲❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✸
✷✼ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳❖▼▲ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ P❊❲❙✲❘❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
✷✽ P❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♠♦✳❝s ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
✷✾ P❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♠♦✳❝s✱ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
✸✵ ■♥❢♦r♠❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♦s ♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✼
✸✶ ■♥❢♦r♠❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❈♦♠♣✐❧❡r ❲♦r❦✢♦✇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✼
✸✷ P♦st❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ t✇✐tt❡r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✽
✸✸ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ P❊❲❙ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✶
✸✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✷
✸✺ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ P❊❲❙ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✸
✸✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✸✼ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ P❊❲❙ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s
✶ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ♥ós✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✷ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝♦♥str✉t♦r❡s P❊❲❙ ❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❲♦r❦✢♦✇✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✷
✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♦s três ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✼
✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❳▼▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✼
✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s P❊❲❙✲❘❚ ❡ P❊❲❙✲❆▼✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ s✐❣❧❛s
❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
❍❚❚P ✕ ❍②♣❡r❚❡①t ❚r❛♥s❢❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❍❚▼▲ ✕ ❍②♣❡r❚❡①t ❚r❛♥s❢❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ♣✳ ✶✺
✶✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ ▼❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺
✶✳✶✳✶ ❳▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺
✶✳✶✳✶✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❳▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✻
✶✳✶✳✶✳✷ ◆❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽
✶✳✷ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❊❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽
✶✳✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✾
✶✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✶
✶✳✸✳✶ P❊❲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✷
✶✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❳P❊❲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✹
✶✳✸✳✶✳✷ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ P❊❲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✶✳✸✳✷ ❇P❊▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✽
✶✳✹ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✭❲♦r❦✢♦✇✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✾
✶✳✹✳✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣r✐♠ár✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✶
✶✳✹✳✷ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✷
✶✳✺ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✶✳✺✳✶ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❳▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✶✳✺✳✶✳✶ ❉❖▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹
✶✳✺✳✷ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✶✳✺✳✸ ✳◆❊❚ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✼
✶✳✺✳✸✳✷ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❈♦♠♣✐❧❡r ✇♦r❦✢♦✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✽
✶✳✺✳✸✳✸ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾
✶✳✻ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✸
✶✳✻✳✶ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❊❇ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ■❉❊✬s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✸
✶✳✻✳✶✳✶ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆❙P✳◆❊❚ ❝♦♠
♦ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ❙t✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✸
✶✳✻✳✶✳✷ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✹
✶✳✻✳✷ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✹
✶✳✻✳✷✳✶ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✭❲❙▼❋✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✺
✶✳✻✳✷✳✷ ❇❛♥s❤❡❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✺
✶✳✻✳✷✳✸ ❆♣❛❝❤❡ ❈❳❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✺
✶✳✻✳✷✳✹ ❈✷❙❡r✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✻
✶✳✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✻
✷ P❊❲❙✲❘❚ ♣✳ ✹✽
✷✳✶ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ P❊❲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✽
✷✳✷ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✶
✷✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ P❊❲❙✲❘❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✷
✷✳✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ P❊❲❙✲❘❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✹
✷✳✺ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ P❊❲❙✲❘❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✺
✷✳✺✳✶ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼
✷✳✺✳✶✳✶ ▲❡✐t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳P❊❲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼
✷✳✺✳✶✳✷ ❖❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♠✲
♣♦s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼
✷✳✺✳✶✳✸ ❖❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛
❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✽
✷✳✺✳✶✳✹ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ♣✳ ✺✽
✷✳✺✳✶✳✻ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳❖▼▲ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛r✲
q✉✐✈♦ ❳P❊❲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✷✳✺✳✷ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✷✳✺✳✷✳✶ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♣r♦①② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✷✳✺✳✷✳✷ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❈★ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✷✳✺✳✸ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✵
✷✳✻ ❊①❡❝✉t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ P❊❲❙✲❘❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✵
✷✳✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✽
✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ♣✳ ✻✾
✸✳✶ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❯s❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✾
✸✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❯s❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✵
✸✳✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✵
✸✳✹ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✷
✸✳✺ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✸✳✻ ❆♥❛❧✐s❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✻
✸✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ P❊❲❙✲❘❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✼
✸✳✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✾
✶✺
✶ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ s❡rã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛s ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✐❞❡✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❳▼▲✱ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜✱ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ P❊❲❙ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♠♦✿ ❉❖▼ ✭❚■❚❚❊▲✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ■❉❊ ✭❋❖❯◆❉❆❚■❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ❙t✉❞✐♦ ✭●❘■❋❋■❚❍❙❀ ❋▲❆◆❉❊❘❙❀ ❙❊▲▲❙✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s
❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✭◆❆●❊▲ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
✶✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ ▼❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s
❆s s❡çõ❡s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ♠♦str❛rã♦ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s❡♠✐✲❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✶✳✶ ❳▼▲
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭❉❊■❚❊▲✱ ✷✵✵✶✮ ❛♣ós ❛ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❲❡❜✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛r
✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ss❡ ❡ ❞❡ss❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ à tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❍❚❚P ✭❍②♣❡r❚❡①t ❚r❛♥s❢❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✮✶✳ ❆ ❡①✐❜✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛
r❡❞❡ ❡r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❍❚▼▲ ✭❍②♣❡r❚❡①t ❚r❛♥s❢❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✮ ✭❘❊❈❖▼▼❊◆❉❆❚■❖◆✱
✶✾✾✾✮✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡r❛♠ ✐♥s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦ss❡♠ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s✳
❳▼▲ ✭❊①t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮ ✭◗❯■◆✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ é ✉♠❛ ♠❡t❛❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛
♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ✭❉❊■❚❊▲✱
✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❈r✐❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✽ ♣❡❧♦ ❲✸❈ ✷✱ é ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠
✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✳ ❙❡✉ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ t❡①t♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s
✶Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡❞✐❞♦s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡ s❡r✈✐❞♦r
❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜
✶✻
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳
❆ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❳▼▲ t❡✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ❝♦♥✲ ❝✐s❛ ❡ ❡①t❡♥sí✈❡❧✱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡r ❧✐❞❛ ♣♦r s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s â♠❜✐t♦s ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❛♠♣❧❛ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❡ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ✭❇❊◆❩✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❆ ❳▼▲✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❍❚▼▲✱ sã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❙●▼▲ ✭❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮ ✭❈❖◆◆❖▲▲❨✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
◆❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❳▼▲✱ ♦ ❲✸❈ ❝♦♠❜✐♥♦✉ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❙●▼▲ ❝♦♠ t❛❣s✸ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦
♣❡❧❛ ❍❚▼▲ ✭❏❘✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❍❚▼▲✱ q✉❡ é ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡
❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ♣á❣✐♥❛s ✇❡❜✱ ❧✐♠✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♠❛r❝❛çõ❡s ❥á ♣ré ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✱ ❛ ❳▼▲ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛ ❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ♠❛r❝❛çõ❡s✳
❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❳▼▲ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❣❡r❛❧ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s t✐♣♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ár✈♦r❡s ❣❡♥❡❛❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ♦✉ q✉í♠✐❝❛s✱ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♦✉ t❡①t✉❛❧ ✭❚■❚❚❊▲✱ ✷✵✵✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✷✮✳
❈♦♠♦ ❛ ❳▼▲ t❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲ s❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ t❛❣s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s q✉❡r❡r ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❉s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❤❛ tít✉❧♦✱ ❛rt✐st❛✱ ❢❛✐①❛s✱ ❣r❛✈❛❞♦r❛s ❡t❝✳
✶✳✶✳✶✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❳▼▲
❯♠ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❲✸❈ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❳▼▲ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❛✉t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐tí✈❡✐s ❡ s✉❛s t❛❣s ✐♥❢♦r♠❡♠ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ♣♦r ✈✐r✳ ❆ ❳▼▲ ✉s❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s✉❜✲ár✈♦r❡ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳
❖ ❲✸❈ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡✉ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❳▼▲ ♣r❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣õ❡✳ ❊ss❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡s♣❡✐t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ s❡❥❛ ❜❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t❛❞♦ ✭❲✸❙❈❍❖❖▲❙✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳
❖s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❳▼▲ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛çõ❡s ♦✉ t❛❣s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ t❡①t♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✬❁✬ ❡ ✬❃✬✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ t❛❣s q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛r❝❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r
✸❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♠ ❡♠ ❜r❡✈❡s ✐♥str✉çõ❡s✱ t❡♥s♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❛r❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦
✶✼
❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❁t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡❃ ❡ t❛❣s q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ♦ s❡✉ ❢❡❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❁✴t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡❃✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✭❇❊◆❩✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳▼▲ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛✳ ❆
❡str✉t✉r❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✱ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❳▼▲✳ ❆ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ✈ã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ t❡①t♦✱ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❢♦r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳▼▲✳
❆ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳▼▲ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳✶✳✶✳ ◆❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ t❡♠♦s ♦s rót✉❧♦s ✭t❛❣s✮✱ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡st❡ é✿ ❁❝♦♥✈✐❞❛❞♦❃✳✳✳❁✴❝♦♥✈✐❞❛❞♦❃✱ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♥♦♠❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐❞❂✵✶✳ ◆❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ t❡♠♦s ♦s ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✧▼❛r❝♦s ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❙✐❧✈❛✧✳
◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳✶✳✶ s❡ t❡♠ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❁❝♦♥✈✐❞❛❞♦❃ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✜❧❤♦s ❁♥♦♠❡❃✱ ❁t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡❃ ❡ ❁❡♠❛✐❧❃✳ ❖s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳▼▲ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡r ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✿ ♥♦♠❡ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ t❛❣ ❞❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳✶✳✶✱ ♦ ✧✐❞✧é ✉♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❁❝♦♥✈✐❞❛❞♦❃✱ ❝✉❥♦ ✈❛❧♦r é ✧✵✶✧✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳▼▲ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥t❡r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ r❛✐③✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡✴♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳✶✳✶ ❡ss❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ é ❁❧✐st❛❃✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡✳
✶✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳✶✳✶ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡✳
✶✳✶✳✶✳✷ ◆❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✉s❛r ❛ ❳▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❞❛❞♦s é ❛ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛❣s ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✭❇❊◆❩✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❝♦♠ ♦
♣❛ss❛r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❛ ❳▼▲ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝r✐❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❳▼▲ ♥ã♦ t✐♥❤❛♠ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ♦ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❡♥tr❡ t❛❣s✳
P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❳▼▲ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠❛ t❛❣ ❁♠❛♥❣❛❃ ✳✳✳ ❁✴♠❛♥❣❛❃ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❢r✉t❛ ♠❛♥❣❛✱ ❡ ❡ss❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✉s❛ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ t❛❣ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❣❛s ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐s❛s✱ ✐ss♦ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❖ r❡❝✉rs♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❝❤❛♠❛✲s❡ ♥❛♠❡s✲ ♣❛❝❡✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭❇❊◆❩✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡♣❛r❛r ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♥♦♠❡s
❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳▼▲✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r❡✜①♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s t❛❣s ❡ ♦s s❡✉s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳
❆ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡ t❡♠ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ s✐♥t❛①❡✿ ①♠❧♥s✿♣r❡❢✐① ❂ ✧❯❘■✧ ✶✳✶✳✶✳✶✳ P❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ❞❡ t❛❣s✱ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦✿ ①♠❧♥s✳ ❖ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❛♣ós ①♠❧♥s é ✉♠ ♣r❡✜①♦ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈♦ q✉❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡ é ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦✱ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ s❡✉ ♣r❡✜①♦ ❡♠ ♥♦♠❡s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❯❘■ q✉❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ ♦ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ✭✐st♦ é✱ ❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❡①✐st✐r ✜s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✮✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ❲✸❈✹ ♣❛r❛ ✐❧✉str❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❞❡ t❛❣s✳
✶✳✷ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❊❇
❈♦♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❛s ♣á❣✐♥❛s ✇❡❜ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r❛♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♣r♦❣r❛✲ ♠❛s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❣❡r❛❞♦r❛s ✭❇■❍✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❊ss❡ ❢❛t♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝♦✉ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦
s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❡①tr❛✐r ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③á✲❧♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r❡s ❲❡❜ ✭▼❆❚❚❊❘◆❀ ❲❖❖❉❙✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s✱ ✈ár✐❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❛tr❛✲ ✈és ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ tr♦❝❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡s✲ s❡♠ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ✭❊◆●▲❆◆❉❊❘✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❈❍❆PP❊▲▲❀
✶✾
❏❊❲❊▲▲✱ ✷✵✵✷❀▼❆❘❑❙❀ ❲❊❘❘❊▲▲✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❆ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ é ♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛
t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜ ✭❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✮✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❛❜❡rt♦s ❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡ ❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭❙❖❆✮ ✭❉❆❘❉❆■▲▲❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✼❀❇❊❘❚■◆❖ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s r❡✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡✐s ❢❡✐✲ t♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛❝❡ss❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✭▼❈●❖❱❊❘◆ ❙❆▼❊❊❘ ❚❨❆●■❀ ▼❆❚❚❍❊❲✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❙ã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❯❘■s ✭▲❊❊✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ ❝✉❥❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❡ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s
❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ♣♦r ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❳▼▲✳ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❳▼▲ ✭❙❈❍✲ ▲■▼▼❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❇❖❖❚❍ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❈❍❆PP❊▲▲❀ ❏❊❲❊▲▲✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ●❖❚❚❙❈❍❆▲❑ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❊ss❡s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❛❜str❛❡♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❛❝❡ss❛❞♦s ✐♥❞❡✲ ♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♦✉ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜
❆ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ ✭❋❊❘❘■❙❀ ❈❍❆▼P■❖◆❀ ❍❖▲▲❆◆❉❊✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛s
✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ três ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✿ ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭❲❊❊❘❆❲❆❘❆◆❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❈❍❆PP❊▲▲❀ ❏❊❲❊▲▲✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s três
❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s é ❞❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦✿ ✉♠ ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛ ❞♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ q✉❛❧ ❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❡ss❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡stá❀ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♥♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s❀ ♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛ ❛♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r ♣❛r❛ t❛❧ s❡r✈✐ç♦✳
P❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ❡ss❛s três ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s s❡❥❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡rá✈❡❧✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❛ ♣✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ✭❑❘❊●❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ▼❆❘❑❙❀ ❲❊❘❘❊▲▲✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ●❖❚❚❙✲ ❈❍❆▲❑ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣✐❧❤❛ ❞♦s
s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜✳
❆ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ ♣✐❧❤❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ é ❛ r❡❞❡ ✭❑❘❊●❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✶✮ ✭❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡
tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✮✳ ❖s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❛❝❡ss❛❞♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t❀ t❛✐s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ ❣❡r❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ♥❡ss❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ ♣✐❧❤❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❍❚❚P ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✭▼❈●❖❱❊❘◆ ❙❆▼❊❊❘ ❚❨❆●■❀ ▼❆❚❚❍❊❲✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
✷✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ P✐❧❤❛ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜✱ ✭❑❘❊●❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
❘❡♠♦t❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦✮ ♦✉ tr♦❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✭❲❊❊❘❆❲❆❘❆◆❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✭❳▼▲✮ ❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ✭❍❚❚P✮ ♣❛❞rõ❡s✱ ♦ ❙❖❆P ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❊◆●▲❆◆❉❊❘✳✱
✷✵✵✷✮✳
❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❲❙❉▲ ✭❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥✲ ❣✉❛❣❡✮ ✭❈❍❘■❙❚❊◆❙❊◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠
s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭❈❍❆PP❊▲▲❀ ❏❊❲❊▲▲✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❲❙❉▲ é ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❳▼▲ ❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥✲
çã♦ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜✳ ❯♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❡ q✉❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ tr♦❝❛r ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❝❡ssá✲❧♦s ✈✐❛ ❙❖❆P ✭❆▲❖◆❙❖ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀❈❊❘❆▼■✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡✜♥❡ ❡st❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡ s✉❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❘❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❯❉❉■ ✭❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥✱ ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r② ❛♥❞ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥✮ ♣✉✲ ❜❧✐❝❛♠ ❡ ❡♥✈✐❛♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❲❙❉▲ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ✭▼❈●❖❱❊❘◆ ❙❆▼❊❊❘ ❚❨❆●■❀ ▼❆❚❚❍❊❲✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❊ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦s ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦s ♣♦r
q✉❡♠ ❡stá à ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳
✷✶
▼❆❚❚❍❊❲✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❑❘❊●❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❖ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ✇❡❜ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛ ♥♦
❞✐r❡tór✐♦ ❯❉❉■ ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❲❊❊❘❆❲❆❘❆◆❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❀●❖❚❚❙❈❍❆▲❑ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❆♣ós ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ s❡r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ♦
❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ✭❲❙❉▲✮ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❣❡r❛r r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❙❖❆P ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ ✭❲❊❊❘❆❲❆❘❆◆❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❝♦♠ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr❛t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❛✐s s❡r❡♠ ❡s❝r✐t❛s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s✉❜s❡çã♦ ✶✳✸✳ ◆♦✈♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❞♦ ♦✉ r❡❝♦♠♣♦♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡♠ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣r❡❡①✐st❡♥t❡✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✭❑❘❊●❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✶✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ❛ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❛t✉❛✐s
❞♦ ❡✲❜✉s✐♥❡ss✱ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡stã♦✱ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✳ ❊ss❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡♥tã♦ ♥❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✳✶ ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r tr❛t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❛ ♣✐❧❤❛✳ ❆s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦✱ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ✉♠❛s ❞❛s ♦✉tr❛s✳
✶✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜
❉✐✈❡rs♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜ ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥✲ ❣✐r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡ss❡s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s❡ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ ✈✐❛❣❡♠✱ ♥ã♦ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛✈✐ã♦✳ ❊❧❡ ❞❡✈❡✱ t❛♠✲ ❜é♠✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❤♦t❡❧ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡st✐♥♦✱ ❛❧✉❣❛r ✉♠ ❝❛rr♦✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛r ❧✉❣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡t❝✳ ❖ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛r✐❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s✲ s❛s ❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❧❡✈❛r ❜❛st❛♥t❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝✐❧✐❛r ❡st❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✭❈▲❆❘❖❀ ❆▲❇❊❘❙❀ ❍❆❖✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦r s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ à ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ✭❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s
♥♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ❡♠ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ✇❡❜ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✳
❉♦✐s t❡r♠♦s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s sã♦ ♦r✲ q✉❡str❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦r❡♦❣r❛✜❛ ✭❏❖❘❉❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❚❛✐s t❡r♠♦s✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
✷✷
❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜✿
• ❖rq✉❡str❛çã♦✿ é ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠
♦rq✉❡str❛❞♦r ❝❡♥tr❛❧ q✉❡ ❛❣❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
• ❈♦r❡♦❣r❛✜❛✿ ❙❡♠ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r✱ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥✲
t❡s é ♣ré✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞✐s♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❡ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s sã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♦❝♦rr❡♠✳ ✭▼■❈❍❊▲❙✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
❍á ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó✲ ❝✐♦s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛r✿ ❲❙❇P❲▲ ✭❖❆❙■❙✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ P❊❲❙ ✭❇❆❀ ❋❊❘❘❆❘■❀ ▼❯✲ ❙■❈❆◆❚❊✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❇P❊▲ ✭■❇▼✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ▲■❯❀ ❑❍❆▲❆❋❀ ❈❯❘❇❊❘❆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❳▲❆◆● ✭❚❍❆❚❚❊✱
✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❲❙❈▲ ✭❇❆◆❊❘❏■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❖❘❈ ✭❚❆◆✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ sã♦ ♠♦str❛❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦✿ P❊❲❙✱ q✉❡ é ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❇P❊▲✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✇❡❜ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✳
✶✳✸✳✶ P❊❲❙
P❊❲❙ ✭Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ♣❛t❤✲❊①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✮ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s sã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ✭❇❆❀ ❆▲❱❊❙❀ ▼❯✲ ❙■❈❆◆❚❊✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❉❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✭♠ét♦❞♦s✮✱ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜✱ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳
❆ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜ ❡♠ P❊❲❙ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡ P❛t❤ ❊①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✭❇❘■❚❖✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s P❛t❤
❊①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✭❆◆❉▲❊❘✱ ✶✾✼✾✮✳ P❛t❤ ❊①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s sã♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡
♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✱ r❡str✐♥❣✐♥❞♦ ❛s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞❛s ❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞❛❞❛ ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡sa✱ b ❡ c✱ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ a∗.(b||c) ❞❡✜♥❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡♠
♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦b ❡ c❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ③❡r♦ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ❞❡ a✳
Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡ P❛t❤ ❊①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ❡st❡♥❞❡ ❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛ ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ P❛t❤ ❊①✲ ♣r❡ss✐♦♥s✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✭P❖❚❘■❈❍✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱
✷✸
❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛❧♦r ✭✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦ ♦✉ ❢❛❧s♦✮ ❞♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦P ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ③❡r♦ ♦✉
♠❛✐s ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ❞❡a ✭❇❆❀ ❆▲❱❊❙❀ ▼❯❙■❈❆◆❚❊✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ P❊❲❙ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✸ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ✭❛❝t✱ t❡r♠✱ r❡q✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦Op♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡ss❡s ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r❡s é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣❛r✿ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦
♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✈❛❧✱ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r✱ ❡ ✉♠ t✐♠❡st❛♠♣ t✐♠❡✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r ❢♦✐ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✈❡③✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦
M✿
• ❛❝t✭▼✮✳✈❛❧✿ ❉❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ M ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r✳
• ❛❝t✭▼✮✳t✐♠❡✿ ■♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳
• t❡r♠✭▼✮✳✈❛❧✿ ❉❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ M ✜♥❛❧✐③♦✉ s✉❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳
• t❡r♠✭▼✮✳t✐♠❡✿ ■♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳
• r❡q✭▼✮✳✈❛❧✿ ❉❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ M ❢♦✐ r❡q✉✐s✐t❛❞❛✳
• r❡q✭▼✮✳t✐♠❡✿ ■♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳
❊♠ P❊❲❙✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❛t❤ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛ ♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ✇❡❜ ❝♦♠ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r✿ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✭✳✮✱ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ♥ã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛ ✭|✮✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦
✭||✮ ❡ ♣r❡✜①♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ✭❬✳✳✳❪✳✳✳✮✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ❛s
♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✇❡❜✳
❯♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ P❊❲❙ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦✿
✶✳ ❯♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s✭♥s✮✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛ ❡♠ q✉❛❧ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦ ❡st❛✲ rã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❲❙❉▲ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ s✉❛s ♦♣❡r❛✲ çõ❡s❀
✷✳ ❯♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✐❛s ✭❛♣❡❧✐❞♦s✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❡ss❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ❛♣❡❧✐❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉s❛r ♦♣❡r❛✲ çõ❡s✱ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❛♠ ♥♦♠❡s ✐❣✉❛✐s❀
✸✳ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦❀
