Natureza
&
Conservação
Brazilian
Journal
of
Nature
Conservation
SupportedbyBoticárioGroupFoundationforNatureProtection ht t p : / / w w w . n a t u r e z a e c o n s e r v a c a o . c o m . b r
Essays
and
Perspectives
The
use
of
nucleation
techniques
to
restore
the
environment:
a
bibliometric
analysis
Daniela
Boanares
∗,
Cristiano
Schetini
de
Azevedo
ProgramadePós-Graduac¸ãoemEcologiadeBiomasTropicais.UniversidadeFederaldeOuroPreto–UFOP,OuroPreto,MG,Brazil
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Articlehistory:
Received15July2014 Accepted30August2014
Availableonline11November2014
Keywords: Bibliometricsearch Environmentalrestoration Gapanalysis Nucleation Scientificproduction
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Thepopulationawarenessaboutenvironmentalconservationisraisingandthisbrought aboutanincreaseinthenumberofenvironmentalrestorationstudies.Nucleationisa tech-niqueusedforenvironmentalrestoration,wheresmallnucleiofvegetationareestablished withindegradedland.Theaimofthispaperwastoevaluate,bydoingabibliometric analy-sis,thetendenciesandgapsinthestudyofenvironmentalrestorationusingthenucleation technique.DatawerecollectedusingTheWebofScience©andGoogleScholar©databases,
from1996to2012.Keywordsusedinthesearchofpaperswerenucleation,soilrecovery, transpositionofsoil,birdperches,ecologicalsuccession,seedrain,restorationecology, for-estregeneration,degradedareaandnaturalregeneration.Resultsshowedthatthenumber ofpublishedstudieswaslow,althoughincreasinginthelastdecade.Themajorityofthe studiesusedmorethanonerestorationtechniqueorusednaturalperchesasnuclei.Mostof thestudieswereconductedintheAmericasandbyBrazilianresearches.Manystudieswere notpublishedaspapersinscientificjournals,butwereavailableasmasterthesisor mono-graphs.Naturalandartificialperches,soiltranspositionandnaturalregenerationwerethe mostsuccessfultechniques.Thenumberofnucleationstudiesmustincreaseandspread throughtheworld,andtheirresultsneedtobepublishedtohelpotherresearchesinthe environmentalrestoration.
©2014Associac¸ãoBrasileiradeCiênciaEcológicaeConservac¸ão.PublishedbyElsevier EditoraLtda.Allrightsreserved.
Introduction
Deforestationisaprimordialhumanactivitythatiscausing globalchangesintheclimateandinlandusethataffectsthe biodiversity,carbonstorage,environmentalconnectivityand
∗ Correspondingauthorat:InstitutodeCiênciasExataseBiológicas,CampusMorrodoCruzeiro,s/n,Bauxita,35400-000,OuroPreto,MG,
Brazil.
E-mailaddress:[email protected](D.Boanares).
thenutrientdynamicsinthesoil(Foleyetal.,2005). Reveg-etationisoneofthe existingalternatives tomitigatethese problems(Pausasetal.,2006).
Revegetationisanancientpracticemadebydifferentfolks indifferenttimesandregions(RodriguesandGandolfi,2001). Mostoftherevegetationmeasuresinvolveplantingarboreal
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2014.09.002
species(RodriguesandGandolfi,1996,2001).However,there are manyproblems highlighted bythispractice duetothe negligenceofsomeecologicalpremises,likeecological suc-cession (Araújo et al., 2005). This traditional model needs expensivetechnologies,which turnsmall projects impossi-bletobemade,andhaveastrongdendrologicalview,using frequently exotic arboreal species,allowing localbiological invasionandpotentiatinglanddegradation(Reisetal.,2003). Thisoccursbecausethismodelwasdevelopedforaquickand largevegetalbiomassproduction(Becharaetal.,2007).
Environmental restoration techniques evolved after the appearance of the restoration ecology science (Cole et al., 2010).Today,restorationecologyisagoaltoself-sustainability, participatingintherestorationofthestabilityandbiological integrityoftheecosystems(RodriguesandGandolfi,2007).
Oneoftherestorationtechniquesisnucleation(Martins etal.,2007).AccordingtoReisetal.(2010),nucleationisa tech-niquethatusessmall nucleiofvegetationwithindegraded landasstartingpointsofvegetationregeneration.This tech-niquetendstofacilitatenaturalsuccessionalprocessessince itinvolvesproducers,consumersanddecomposers,making itextremelyeffective(Reisetal.,2007).Thevegetationnuclei havethefunctionofattractinganimalsandplants,allowing otherspeciestocolonizethearea (YarrantonandMorrison, 1974).
Sixdifferentnucleationtechniquesarenormallyusedin restorationprogrammes:artificialperches,soiltransposition, plantationinislands,Andersongroups,naturalperches,and natural regeneration. The insertion of artificial perches in degraded areas helps in the increase of propagulesin the substrate(dispersedmainlybybirdsfromnearbyforests)to acceleratetheplantsuccession;thesameisthegoalforthe naturalperches,but inthis case,small treesand bushare plantedindegradedareasinsteadoftheinstallationof arti-ficialdevices(Reiset al.,2003).Smallportionsofsoilsfrom non-degradedareas generallyhavegreatamounts ofseeds andmicroorganismswithin,andtheycanbetransportedto degradedareasaimingtoacceleratetheregenerationprocess (Espíndolaetal.,2006).Andersongroupsconsistofthe plan-tationofgroupsofkey-treespecies(thosethatnaturallyoccur inthearea),helpingtheincreaseofgeneticvariability(Tres &Reis,2009).Densegroupsofdifferentplantspeciescanbe equidistantplantedindegradedareas,andthistechniqueis calledplantationinislands(CorbinandHoll,2012).In natu-ralregeneration,nohumaninterventionsaremade,beingthe areaisolatedandlefttoregenerate(Martins,2001).
AccordingtoMartins(2007),the increaseinthepeople’s awarenessabout natureconservancy enabled an enhance-mentinthenumberofrestorationstudiesthatusesnucleation asatechnique.Thus,thegoalofthisstudywastoconducta literaturerevisionaboutnucleation,pointingouttendencies andgaps,themostsuccessfulpracticesandmethods,tohelp futurerestorationprogrammesandresearchers.
Methods
The bibliometric search was conducted using The Web of Science©andGoogleScholar
©databases.TheWebofScience©
database was chosen because it is considered the most
extensiveand multidisciplinarydatabase,being extensively usedbyacademics(Azevedoetal.,2005).However,TheWebof Science©doesnotindexallscientificjournalsorotherkinds
of scientific publications, such as thesis and monographs. GoogleScholar©waschosenasasearchingdatabasebecause
thiskindofscientificpublicationscanbefound,andbecause itprovidesfreeandeasyaccesstoacademicsworldwide.
The keywords used in the bibliometric search were nucleation,soilrecovery,transpositionofsoil,birdperches, ecological succession, seed rain,restoration ecology, forest regeneration,degradedareaandnaturalregeneration(papers withthesekey-wordsinanypartofitstextwereselected;a searchusingtheBooleanoperators“and”and“or”wasalso run). Thesearchcomprised theyears 1996to2012(almost allstudieswerepublishedbetweentheseyears).Initially,the searchresultedin112papersinTheWebofScience©database,
whichwere allexported tothe softwareEndnote5©.Then,
allabstractswerereadandallpapersoutofthesubjectwere deletedfromtheresults,remainingonly14papers.Thesearch inGoogleScholar©resultedin17papers,whichwereallused.
Allpaperswereintegrallyreadandanalyzedaccordingtothe followingparameters:(1)Yearofpublication;(2)Authors;(3) Journal whereit waspublished; (4)Journals’ impactfactor; (5) Database(The WebofScience© or GoogleScholar©); (6)
Techniqueofnucleation;(7)Studytype(theoreticalor experi-mental);(8)successofthetechniqueofnucleationinthestudy, and(9)Countrywheretheexperimentwasconducted(if the-oretical,thecountryoftheInstitutionofthefirstauthor).The impactfactorofthejournalswasgroupedasthefollows:[(1) 0.1–0.9; (2)1.0–1.9;(3) 2.0–2.9;(4) 3.0–3.9;(5) 4.0–4.9 and (6) 5.0–5.9].Datawereanalyzedinpercentages.
Results
Twenty-three scientificpapers and seven scientific materi-als(Dissertations,Thesis,Monographs, etc.)werepublished between 1996 and 2012. Papersfound only inThe Webof Science© database represented 26.09% (n=6);papersfound
exclusively in the Google Scholar© database represented
39.13% (n=9); papersfound in both databases represented 34.78% (n=8) ofthe sample.When otherscientific publica-tions,suchasthesisandmonographs,wereinsertedinthe GoogleScholar©sample,therewasanincreaseintheir
num-ber,jumpingfromnineto16publications(39.13%to53.33%;
n=23ton=30).
ConsideringonlytheresultsofthesearchinTheWebof Science©, between 1996and 2005, only sevenpapers were
published,whichrepresentslessthanonepaperperyear(0.7 papersperyear).However,between2006and2012,16papers werepublished(2.28papersperyear).Theyearof2010was themostrepresentative,withfivepaperspublished(21.74%) (Fig.1).ConsideringonlytheresultsofthesearchinGoogle Scholar© database,between1996and2005,thesameseven
publicationswerefound.However,from2006to2012,19 scien-tificmaterialswerefound,almostthreepublicationsperyear (2.71publicationsperyear).Theyearof2010wasagainthe mostproductive,withsixpublications(20%)(Fig.1).
Thesis,congress/symposium abstracts,monographs and dissertationsappearedintheresultsonlytherewiththeyear
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 Papers published Papers published + thesis
Year Number of sc ientific materials produced
Fig.1–Numberofpapersaboutnucleationtechniquesofenvironmentalrestorationpublishedbetween1996and2012
foundinTheWebofScience(paperspublished)andGoogleScholar(paperspublished+thesis)databases.
2006, with three records, being two congress/symposium abstractsandonemasterdissertation;from2008to2011,one recordperyearwasobserved,beingonecongress/symposium abstractin 2008,one master dissertationin 2009,and two monographs,onein2010andonein2011.
Brazilwasthe countrywithmorepaperspublished, fol-lowed by United States and Spain, with four papers each (Table1).TheAmericanContinentwasrepresentedbyfour countriesthatpublishedduringtheperiodcomprisedbythis study,being followed bythe African Continent, with three countries.EuropeandAsiawererepresentedonlybyone coun-tryeach,andOceaniadidnotpublishanypaperfrom1996to 2012(Table1).
Mostofthepublishedpapersfiguredinthecategory2of theimpactfactor,followedbythecategory6andcategory1. Threepaperswerepublishedinjournalswithnoimpactfactor (Table2).
Papers about nucleation were published in 16 jour-nals,beingEcological Applicationsthe mostchosenbythe authors(Table2).ThejournalsBiotemas,JournalofEcology,
Table1–Numberofpublishedpapersandscientific material(thesis,monographs,congressabstracts,etc.) bycountriesfrom1996to2012.
Country Paperspublished Paperspublished+Thesis
n % n % Brazil 8 34.77 15 50 USA 4 17.39 4 13.34 Spain 4 17.39 4 13.34 CostaRica 2 8.7 2 6.67 Uganda 1 4.35 1 3.33 Japan 1 4.35 1 3.33 Canada 1 4.35 1 3.33 Cameron 1 4.35 1 3.33 SouthAfrica 1 4.35 1 3.33 Total 23 100 30 100
JournalofVegetationScience,RestorationEcologyandRevista Árvore publishedtwopaperseach (Table2).Seven publica-tions were notpublished inscientificjournals,being three congress/symposiumabstracts,twomasterdissertationsand twomonographs.
Fifty-fourresearchersparticipatedinthepublications eval-uated,but mostofthemfiguredinonlyonepaper(1.43%). AdemirReiswastheresearcherwhopublishedmorepapers aboutnucleation(5.71%;n=5),followedbyRakanA.Zahawi, Dayse R. Tres, and Karen D. Holl, with three papers each (4.29%).Insertingtheotherscientificmaterials,thenumberof authorsjumpedto64.Theresearcherwithmostofthe publica-tionsturnedtoDayseR.Tres(n=6,7.14%),followedbyAdemir Reis,withfivepublications(5.95%).
Five different nucleation techniques were used by the researchers:naturalperches,artificialperches,plantationin islands,soiltranspositionandnaturalregeneration;natural percheswasthemostusedtechnique,appearingin26.08% (n=6)ofthepapers.Plantationinislandsandnatural regener-ationfollowednaturalperches,appearinginfourpaperseach. Threepaperscitedmorethanonetechniqueorcitedartificial perchesorcitedsoiltransposition.Whenanalyzingtogether theotherscientificmaterialfromGoogleScholar©search,an
increaseinthenumberofnucleationtechniqueswasobserved (from sixto eight techniques); branches transposition and Andersongroupswerecitedonlyinnon-publishedmaterials (Table3).Paperscitingmorethanonenucleationtechnique werethemostrepresentative,with20.52%(n=8)ofthe publi-cations,followedbynaturalperches,naturalregenerationand soiltransposition(Table3).
Twenty-twostudiesreportedsuccessinlandregeneration, being naturalperchesthe mostsuccessfulnucleation tech-niqueused(n=6;27.27%),followedbysoiltransposition(n=5; 22.72%),artificialperches(n=4;18.18%),naturalregeneration (n=3; 13.63%),plantation in islands(n=2; 9.09%), branches transposition andAndersongroups(n=1;4.54%each). Nat-uralregeneration,plantationinislandsandartificialperches failedinlandregenerationinthreestudies.Twostudiestested
Table2–NumbersandpercentagesofpaperspublishedinJournalsindexedbutTheWebofScience®.Thecountriesand impactfactorofeachJournalwerealsocited.
Journal n % Journalcountry Impactfactor
EcologicalApplications 3 13.04 USA 5.102
Biotemas 2 8.7 Brazil 1.00
JournalofEcology 2 8.7 UnitedKingdom 5.044
JournalofVegetationScience 2 8.7 USA 2.77
RestorationEcology 2 8.7 USA 1.681
RevistaÁrvore 2 8.7 Brazil 0.458
ScientiaAgricola 1 4.35 Brazil 0.751
RevistaBrasileiradeBiociências 1 4.35 Brazil – PesquisaFlorestalBrasileira 1 4.35 Brazil –
Natureza&Conservac¸ão 1 4.35 Brazil –
JournalofTropicalEcology 1 4.35 UnitedKingdom 1.401
JournalofForestResearch 1 4.35 Japan 0.767
FunctionalEcology 1 4.35 UnitedKingdom 4.56
ForestEcologyandManagement 1 4.35 2.487
Ecology 1 4.35 USA 4.849
ActaOecologica 1 4.35 USA 1.570
Total 23 100
morethanonenucleationtechniqueatthesame time;one ofthesestudiestestedsoiltransposition,branches transpo-sition,naturalregeneration,artificialperches,andAnderson groups,beingthelasttechniquetheonlyonethatfailedin theregenerationoftheenvironment.Theotherstudytested naturalregeneration,Andersongroup,andsoiltransposition; onlysoiltranspositionfailedintheregenerationofthe envi-ronment.
Mostofthepublishedscientificpapersandnon-published scientific material were based on nucleation experiments (n=18,78.24%;n=21,70%,respectively).Revisionpapersare present,butinlessnumbersforbothpublicationcategories (n=5,21.74%;n=9,30%,respectively).
Discussion
The number of environmentalrestoration papers that use nucleationasthemaintechniqueisincreasingovertheyears, butthenumberofresearchers/countriesdidnotfollowthis pattern.Thenumber ofrestorationpapersisstillincipient;
Table3–Nucleationtechniquescitedinthepublished papersandunpublishedscientificliterature(thesis, monographs,congressabstracts,etc.).
Publishedpapers Publishedpapers +Thesis n % n % Naturalperches 6 26.08 6 15.38 Naturalregeneration 4 17.39 6 15.38 Plantationinislands 4 17.39 4 10.26 Manytechniques 3 13.04 8 20.52 Artificialperches 3 13.04 4 10.26 Soiltransposition 3 13.04 6 15.38 Andersongroups 0 – 3 7.69 Branchestransposition 0 – 2 5.13 Total 23 100 39 100
this could be reflecting the lack of interest of the scien-tific community in the amelioration and/or in the testing ofthetechniques ofenvironmentalrestoration,orthat the researchersthatrestoretheenvironmentarenotinterestin publishingtheirresults(maybeduetotheuseofnon-scientific methodologies).However,whenweobservethatthemajority ofpublishedpaperswerebasedon nucleationexperiments insteadofbeingtheoretical,thehypothesesofthelackof inter-estoftheresearchersintestingnucleationtechniquesmaybe discarded.
The number of nucleation researchersis low (54 if the non-published scientific material iscounted), and mostof them publishedonlyonepaperaboutthistheme.Brazilian researchers Ademir Reis and Deisy R. Tres figure between themostproductiveresearchers,havingpublishedmorethan threepapers.AdemirReisintroducedthethemeinBrazilin the90s,puttingthecountryinaspecialplaceamongthefew countriesthathadpublishedinthisresearchline.American andAfricancountriesstudiedthemostofthenucleation tech-niques,whileAsianandOceania countriesstudiedthe less thistheme.Theseresultsshowedhowunequalarethe distri-butionofenvironmentalrestorationactionusingnucleation techniquesacrosstheworld.
Therewasaspecialinterestintheuseofnaturalperches, plantation in islands and natural regeneration techniques; papers with more than one nucleation technique were also common.Natural perches, soiltransposition and arti-ficial perches were the most successful techniques and their use should be stimulated. Each technique has its particularities and should beused according to the degra-dation levelofthe area (Espíndola et al., 2005). Theuseof natural perches, for example,is associated with the plan-tationofberrytrees;thesespeciesarecapableofattracting diversefauna,promotinginterspecificencountersinsidethe degraded lands,and actingasnucleators(Reis etal.,2009).
Winterhalder (1996) suggestedthat the nucleation capabil-ityofcertainplantsisimportanttopromoterevegetationin degradedareas,i.e.,notallplantspeciesareusefulas nucle-ators.
Theplantation in islands technique ischaracterized by theformationofsmallnuclei(islands)wheredifferentplant speciesare planted(grass, weed, shrubs, lianas andtrees), generally with rapidflowering and fructification, in a way tofacilitatetheattractionofpollinators,disperses,predators anddecomposers.Thisgeneratesanenvironmentsuitablefor colonization,regenerationandreproductionofotherspecies (Bechara,2006).Theeffectivenessofthenucleiwillbe maxi-mumifplannedwithspeciesthatflowersandfructifiesduring the entire year, offering food items continuously (Oliveira et al., 2003), and if planned with plants that have a great geneticheterozigozity,sincethesuccessioninthedegraded areawilldependupon theinitialavailablegeneticmaterial (Kageyama,2003).
In areas with small levels of perturbation, where seed banks,plantlets,sproutingandseedrain arepresent, natu-ralregenerationisthesuggestedtechnique,sincethereisa possibilityofself-restoration;actionsmaybeconcentratedin isolationoftheareasfromdisturbingfactorsbythe construc-tionoffencesandfirebreaks(Rodrigues,2002;Tomazietal., 2010).
Theuseofmanynucleationtechniquesatthesametime issuggestedbyReiset al.(2003).Accordingtothe authors, eachtechniquepromotesmanyfunctionaleffectsthat,when carriedoutinconjunction,generateavarietyofnaturalflows overthedegradedarea,sustainingkeyprocessesand collabo-ratingwiththerescueofthecomplexconditionsofanatural environment.Theuseofmanydifferenttechniqueswillallow rapidcommunitystability,enhancingitssuccessionalrhythm (Reisetal.,2003;SchlawinandZahawi,2008;Tres,2006b).
However,it isimportanttorememberthattodetermine thebetterstrategytorestoreanarea,itisnecessaryto under-standaseriesofprocessesthatoccurinthecommunity(Tres etal.,2005;CorbinandHoll,2012).Itisessentialtoconducta preliminarydiagnosisoftheresiliencepotentialoftheareas, aimingtoprovidecrucialindicativesaboutthebetter restora-tiontechniquestobeused(Bechara,2006;Guinle,2006;Tres, 2006a).
Theresultsfoundinthepresentstudyshowedthe impor-tanceofmakingabibliometricsearchindifferentdatabases, especiallyifthenumberofpublicationsaboutthethemeof interestislow,sincemanypapers,mainlythosepublishedin journalsoflowimpactfactors,may notbeavailableinThe WebofScience©database.TheWebofScience
©databasecites
journalsevaluatedbytheJournalofCitationReports(JCR)and therankproducedbyJCRisbasedonthenumberoftimesthe papersarecited(JCR,2005);journalswithlocalcirculationare normallynotrankedbyJCR,whatlimitstheirappearancein specificdatabases.Thesepaperscouldbeimportantto eval-uatelesswell-known restorationtechniquesorbybringing historicalinformationoflow-visibilitylocalregeneration pro-grammes,orevenbyreportingrestorationprogrammesthat fail(frequentlyjournalspublishstudieswithpositiveresults;
Fanelli,2010).
Inconclusion,nucleationisanenvironmentalrestoration techniquepoorlyusedintheworld;researchers,especiallyof AsiaandOceania,shoulduseand testthis technique,with scientificmethodologiesandrigour,andpublishtheirresults inhigh qualityjournals.This wouldhelp inthe disclosure ofthenucleationtechnique,helpingotherresearchesinthe
implementationofrestorationprogrammes,diminishingland degradation.
Conclusions
Nucleationtechniquesarerarelyusedbyresearchesaround theworld,butthefewresultsfoundintheliteratureshowed thatthesetechniquesareveryefficientintheregenerationof theenvironment,thus,nucleationtechniquesshouldbeused moreoften.
Comparedwithothercountries,Brazilisthemost produc-tiveofstudiesusingnucleationtechniques.Morecountries couldusethistechniquefortheenvironmentalregeneration. Mostofthestudiesaboutnucleationtechniquesarebeing publishedinjournalswithlowimpactfactor.Morescientific criteriashouldbeimplementedinthestudies,aswellasthe techniqueshould bemorespread tothescientific commu-nity,inamannersuchthatthestudiescouldbemoreeasily accessedbyscientistsandbepublishedinjournalswithhigher impactfactors.
Amongthenucleationtechniques,naturalperches, planta-tioninislands,andnaturalregenerationwerethemostused. Morestudiesusingtheothertechniquesshouldbeconducted.
Conflict
of
interest
Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictsofinterest.
Acknowledgments
TheauthorsthankA.R.KozovitsandR.J.Youngforinvaluable suggestionstothispaper.SpecialthankstoBIOMASstafffor theirsupport.D.BoanaresthanksCAPESforherfellowship grant.
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