Kåxaha h` @|riaxmfeög> Fazx` u
Kåxaha h` @|riaxmfeög> Fazx` u
Z`ii`ga
Z`ii`ga
Mvf`gh`gx` fag x`fla `g mzfa
Mvf`gh`gx` fag x`fla `g mzfa
’Mzfl Jmfd‛
’Mzfl Jmfd‛
Fpzva> Kegmha Vpjx`zzíg`a E
Fpzva> Kegmha Vpjx`zzíg`a E
Rzac`vaz> Ego' H` im Fzp~ @vxmgevima
Rzac`vaz> Ego' H` im Fzp~ @vxmgevima
@|ravexaz`v>
@|ravexaz`v>
Mi`na S`zm Oag~mia
Mi`na S`zm Oag~mia
Zanmv Kagxaum Opvxmsa
Egxzahpffeög>
Egxzahpffeög>
M
M ceg`v h` =5?8) im kegm
ceg`v h` =5?8) im kegm vpjx`zzíg`m h` F`zza h` Rmvfa
vpjx`zzíg`m h` F`zza h` Rmvfa
v` `gfagxzmjm `|r`zek`gxmgha `i fmkjea h`
v` `gfagxzmjm `|r`zek`gxmgha `i fmkjea h` kåxaha h`
kåxaha h`
kegmha) h`i fazx` u z`ii`ga mvf`gh`gx` ,Mzfl Jmfd% mi
kegmha) h`i fazx` u z`ii`ga mvf`gh`gx` ,Mzfl Jmfd% mi
fazx` u z`ii`ga h`vf`gh`gx` ,Pgh`z Fpx mgh Ceii%'
fazx` u z`ii`ga h`vf`gh`gx` ,Pgh`z Fpx mgh Ceii%'
@i kåxaha h` Fazx` u
@i kåxaha h` Fazx` u Z`ii`ga H`vf`gh`gx` cp` `i
Z`ii`ga H`vf`gh`gx` cp` `i
mrzaremha rmzm kegmz `vxav fp`zrav keg`zmie~mhav raz
mrzaremha rmzm kegmz `vxav fp`zrav keg`zmie~mhav raz
vp v`opzehmh) `cefe`gfem) u raz im egczm`vxzpfxpzm h` pgm
vp v`opzehmh) `cefe`gfem) u raz im egczm`vxzpfxpzm h` pgm
rimgxm h` z`ii`ga lehzípiefa fagxzaimhm `i`fxzögefmk`gx`
rimgxm h` z`ii`ga lehzípiefa fagxzaimhm `i`fxzögefmk`gx`
rmzm z`opimz im miek`gxmfeög h` f`k`gxa) fpuav
rmzm z`opimz im miek`gxmfeög h` f`k`gxa) fpuav
z`vpixmhav `g im z`fpr`zmfeög h` reimz`v r`zkexe`zag im
z`vpixmhav `g im z`fpr`zmfeög h` reimz`v r`zkexe`zag im
`iekegmfeög h`i vavx`geke`gxa fags`gfeagmi'
Kåxahav h` Kegmha>
•
Fagveh`zmgha im imzom levxazem h` im mfxesehmh keg`zm `g F`zza h`
Rmvfa) ga `v vazrz`gh`gx` s`z }p` v` lmg pxeie~mha kpflav
kåxahav h` `|riaxmfeög' M fagxegpmfeög `g cazkm fzagaiöoefm v`
h`xmiimg iav rzegfermi`v kåxahav `kri`mhav `g im `|riaxmfeög h` iav
fp`zrav keg`zmie~mhav h` Rj+^egf'
= H`vh` mgx`v h` =502 m =535) fagnpgxa h` fpmhzav a ’V}pmz` V`x‛'
: H`vh` =502 m =53?) Fazx` u Z`ii`ga Mvf`gh`gx` a ’Mzfl Jmfd‛
fag z`ii`ga Fags`gfeagmi'
6 H`vh` =53? m im c`flm) Fazx` u Z`ii`ga Mvf`gh`gx` a ’Mzfl Jmfd‛
fag Z`ii`ga Lehzípiefa'
8 H`vh` =53<) Fazx` u Z`ii`ga H`vf`gh`gx` a ’Pgh`z Fpx mgh ceii‛
rmzm z`fpr`zmz reimz`v'
0 H`vh` =53<) ’Jiafd Fmsego‛ `g `i ges`i 822) `g fp`zra mevimha
Faim Vpz h`i Fmumf Gazp`om ’J‛'
3 H`vh` =535) Fazx` u Z`ii`ga H`vf`gh`gx` a ’Pgh`z Fpx mgh ceii‛
rmzm fp`zrav keg`zmie~mhav
Lmvxm =5?0 `i ’Mzfl Jmfd‛) cp` `i rzegfermi kåxaha h` kegmha) rp`v
`|evx` `|xzmëm kmv h` 02% h` rzahpffeög k`gvpmi'
@g im mfxpmiehmh) `i rimg h` k`fmge~mfeög h` imv ar`zmfeag`v }p`hö
=22% fagfipeha ` ekri`k`gxmha) ia }p` lm r`zkexeha pg k`naz
zexka `g im `|riaxmfeög h` keg`zmi) `vxmghmze~mgha `i kåxaha h`
fazx` u z`ii`ga mvf`gh`gx` `g ’Jz`mvxego‛) ia }p` rz`v`gxm pgm
ceopzm egs`zvm m =5?0'
Kåxaha
% Rzahpffeög @cefe`gfem
•
’Jiafd Fmsego‛
0%
:2 X'F'V'!xmz`m
•’Mzfl Jmfd‛
:8%
=8 X'F'V'!xmz`m
•’Pgh`z Fpx # Ceii‛
=3%
=2 X'F'V'!xmz`m
•’Kefle K`fmge~mha‛
00%
=: X'F'V'!xmz`m
•’Kefle K`fmge~mha‛
:2 X'F'V'!xmz`m
•
Kåxaha h` @|riaxmfeög Mzfl Jmfd
>
@v pg fazx` u z`ii`ga mvf`gh`gx` h` ozmgh`v hek`gveag`v)
fpum fmzmfx`zëvxefm cpghmk`gxmi `v kmgx`g`z `i x`fla h`i
xmn`a `g cazkm h` jös`hm a mzfa u v` fazxm raz xzmkav
vpf`vesav laze~agxmi`v' @g fp`zrav keg`zmie~mhav) v` rp`h`
`|riaxmz hav a kív xmn`av vekpixíg`mk`gx` h`nmgha reimz`v
h` vavx`geke`gxa `gxz` `iiav'
@vx` kåxaha v` `kri`m `g im pgehmh F`zza h` Rmvfa h`
F`gxzakëg R`zþ' Iav xmn`av `vxíg hevrp`vxav h` kaha }p`
`gxz` : h` `iiav v` h`nm pg reimz h` =0 re`v h` mgfla
•
Cmfxaz`v h` Mriefmjeiehmh>
= Fp`zrav keg`zmie~mhav h` ozmg hek`gveög
: Keg`zmi u fmnmv fakr`x`gx`v
6 Rafa ozmha h` czmfxpzmfeög
@i cpghmk`gxa rmzm im pxeie~mfeög h` `vx` kåxaha `v im
jþv}p`hm h`i ’`}peiejzea `vxíxefa‛ mgpimgha iav `vcp`z~av
`|evx`gx`v `g imv fmnmv `vr`femik`gx` `g `i x`fla raz ia }p`
`vx` xe`g` im cazkm h` mzfa'
H`vmzzaiia
@g `vxm `xmrm v` rz`rmzmg : omi`zëmv rmzmi`imv) }p` m im
ravxz` v`zíg h` `|xzmffeög) vag h` ?― | <― h` v`ffeög)
vavx`gehav fag fpmhzav h` kmh`zm u miopgmv s`f`v
fag mzfav h` le`zza' @vxmv omi`zëmv `vxíg rzasevxmv h`
iëg`mv H`fmpseii`) pgmv s`f`v h` 82 Ijv!uh fag xzaflm
h` :2 rpiomhmv u hpzke`gx`v h` :8――' H` im kevkm
kmg`zm `vxmv omi`zëmv xe`g`g iëg`m h` xzai`u :!2 a 8!2
rmzm `i cpgfeagmke`gxa h` imv iafakaxazmv'
Rz`rmzmfeög
•
@kre`~m fag im fagvxzpffeög h` im flek`g`m h` `|xzmffeög h`
0 fakrmzxek`gxav h` 0― | 0― h` v`ffeög) `gkmh`zmha fag
jiafdv h` <―― | <――' Iav : fakrmzxek`gxav `|xz`kav vag
pxeie~mhav faka fmkegav h` iav 6 h`i f`gxza faka `flmh`zav
h` keg`zmi' @g vp rmzx` egc`zeaz `vxíg egvxmimhav iav flpx`v h`
`|xzmffeög' @gxz` iav : xmn`av `g }p` `vxm heseheha `i jiafd v`
i`smgxm pgm flek`g`m h` 3― | 3― h` v`ffeög) lmvxm im omi`zëm
vpr`zeaz) `vxm flek`g`m vezs` rmzm s`gxeimfeög) rmzm jmnmz im
xpj`zëm h` z`ii`ga lehzípiefa) rmzm jmnmz kmx`zemi`v u) miopgmv
s`f`v) `vr`femik`gx` fpmgha `i xmn`a `vxm f`zfm h` im omi`zëm
vpr`zeaz) rmzm jmnmz imv xpj`zëmv h` mopm u mez`'
Kegmha
• Pgm s`~ rz`rmzmhm im imjaz v` fake`g~m vp `|riaxmfeög k`hemgx` fazx`v laze~agxmi`v m rmzxez h` imv `|xzmffeag`v `g cazkm xzmgvs`zvmi m imv omi`zëmv' @vxav fazx`v xe`g`g imv veope`gx`v hek`gveag`v> mgfla h` :0―) iagoexph h` =:2― u pg mixa h` ?―'
• H` im kevkm cazkm) r`za `g v`gxeha fagxzmzea) v` fake`g~m `i axza xmn`a m rmzxez h` im axzm flek`g`m h` `|xzmffeög ii`omgha m fakpgefmzv` fmve mi kevka xe`kra `g im flek`g`m h` s`gxeimfeög' @g v`gxeha laze~agxmi) `gxz` xmn`a u xmn`a) v` h`nm pg reimz h` =0― }p` v`zí z`fpr`zmha `g cazkm
h`vf`ghe`gx` m rmzxez h`i ges`i vpr`zeaz a v`m raz `i kåxaha Pgh`z Fpx mgh Ceii'
• Im r`zcazmfeög `g `i x`fla h`i xmn`a v` z`mie~m x`ge`gha faka reva mi keg`zmi zaxa) ia }p` cmfeiexm `i `vxmfeagmke`gxa h` imv km}pegmzemv r`zcazmhazmv'
Kegmha
• Imv r`zcazmhazmv pxeie~mhmv vag Nmfd I`ov im NZ 622 h` Ego`zvaii Zmgh u Ieag h` Mximv Farfa u jmzz`gav egx`ozmi`v Fazakmgx h` < re`v h` iagoexph ?!<―― h` A fag jzafm h` 6< kk'
• Rmzm pgm jp`gm r`zcazmfeög v` faiafm im kí}pegm veope`gha im hez`ffeög h`i xzm~a mv`opzmgha je`g im rmxm h` msmgf` u ia kmv f`zfm raveji` h`i cz`gx`) x`ge`gha `g fp`gxm `i ígopia eh`mi h` egfiegmfeög h` 60¾ m 82¾' @i xzm~a pxeie~mha `v `i h` ceimv `g ~eo+~mo `kri`mgha o`g`zmik`gx` :6
xmimhzav h` < re`v h` rzacpghehmh) im v`rmzmfeög `gxz` xmimhza u xmimhza `v h` =0―― m :2――) h`r`ghe`gha h` im hpz`~m h`i x`zz`ga'
Kegmha
• Rmzm im saimhpzm v` `kri`m hegmkexm V`k`|m h` 32 %) `kri`mgha ? fmzxpflav raz xmimhza egfipu`gha mi h`i f`ja' Faka mff`vazeav h` saimhpzm v` `kri`mg imv opëmv h` v`opzehmh h` =2― h` iagoexph) fag
fírvpim egefemhaz Ga' 3) `g pg `|xz`ka u fag`fxaz h` `gf`gheha `g `i axza) m `vx` pixeka v` `gim~m `i Eogex`z Fazh a Fazög h` @gf`gheha fpum
s`iafehmh h` fakjpvxeög `v h` =6 v`opghav raz re`' Fmhm hevrmza zakr` mrza|ekmhmk`gx` =82 xag`imhmv h` keg`zmi) pxeie~mgha =>=6 m fmzxpfla h` hegmkexm raz fmhm xag`imhm'
• Rmzm im `|xzmffeög h`i keg`zmi zaxa v` `kri`mg wegflmv `iåfxzefmv h` 6 xmkjaz`v h` 62 u 82 LR kmzfmv Vmim) Ego`zvaii Zmgh u Nau fag zmvxzeiiav h` 63―― u 8<――' Rmzm `vx` kevka ceg v` `kri`mg imv rmimv Fmsa 6=2 u 0==) imv mpxaiamh`z Mximv Farfa h` 3 re`v fþjefav h` fmrmfehmh'
Z`ii`ga lehzípiefa
• H`vrpåv h` lmj`z x`zkegmha im iekre`~m h` keg`zmi zaxa) v` fake`g~m im rz`rmzmfeög h`i xmn`a rmzm z`fejez `i z`ii`ga lehzípiefa) }p` fagvevx` `g i`smgxmz pg fpmhza kív vajz` `i `flmh`za4 `v h`fez) iav 0 fakrmzxek`gxav h` im flek`g`m h` `|xzmffeög) h`níghaiav cazzmha fag upx` h` raie`xei`ga rmzm `sexmz }p` `i z`ims` `vfmr` lmfem iav fmkegav u iav flpx`v'
Cegmik`gx`) v` i`smgxm `i zmvxzeiia) fmsa a mpiamh`z `gfekm h` `vxav fpmhzav pxeie~mgha pgm zmkrm h` kmh`zm'
• Rmzm `i z`ii`ga v` `kri`m `i Pgh`z Ciaw h` imv faimv fefiag`mhmv h` im Rimgxm Fagf`gxzmhazm fag pgm ozmgpiak`xzëm h` =2 % h` kmiim ‖ :22'
@vxmv faimv smg k`~fimhmv fag f`k`gxa `g im rzarazfeög h` =>:64 `v h`fez) }p` raz fmhm rmzx` h` f`k`gxa smg :6 rmzx`v h` z`ims`' @i mopm }p` `v `i `i`k`gxa h` xzmgvrazx` v` ceixzm m xzmsåv h`i upx` u v` `smfpm raz iav
flpx`v }p`hmgha `g `i xmn`a `i kmx`zemi vöieha `g cazkm h` pgm kmvm fakrmfxm' H` `vxm cazkm `i xmn`a }p`hm ievxa rmzm `i veope`gx` fefia h` kegmha'
S`gxmnmv h`i Kåxaha
•
Mzzmg}p` cífei) raz}p` xe`g` : fmzmv iejz`v'
•Rafm heipfeög h`i keg`zmi'
•
Rafa fagvpka h` kmh`zm'
•
Jp`gm s`gxeimfeög'
H`vs`gxmnmv
•
@i réimz }p` v` h`nm g`f`vexm h` axza kåxaha
h` `|riaxmfeög rmzm vp z`fpr`zmfeög'
•
V` z`}pe`z` h` pg fagxegpa kmgx`geke`gxa
rmzm im fagv`zsmfeög h`i flpx`+fmkega'
•
Ga `v raveji` im iekre`~m xaxmi) raz}p` }p`hm
keg`zmi h`jmna h`i z`ii`ga'
•
Imv omi`zëmv v` `gvpfemg fag iav cegav h`
Ze`voav h` mffeh`gx`v hpzmgx` fmhm
pgm h` imv `xmrmv h` imjaz`a>
H`vmzzaiia
•
Vag iav kevkav }p` v` fagveh`zmg rmzm iav
h`vmzzaiiav h` iav axzav kåxahav h`
Rz`rmzmfeög
•
Omv`mke`gxa raz cmixm h` s`gxeimfeög `g iav
xar`v h` imv flek`g`mv' Mgx`v h` vpjez mi xar`
h` imv flek`g`mv v` h`j` mjzez im síispim h`
mez`) raz}p` iav omv`v faka `i kagö|eha h`
fmzjaga v` mfpkpimg `g `i x`fla'
•
Omv`mke`gxa mi cegmi h` im r`zcazmfeög'
H`vrpåv h` fagfipez fag vp xmghm h`
r`zcazmfeög) `i km`vxza azh`gm mi muphmgx`
f`zzmz im síispim h` mez` rmzm h`vfag`fxmz im
kí}pegm r`zcazmhazm) h`vrpåv h` fmzomz iav
xmimhzav v` ve`gxmg `g vp rimxmcazkm h`
r`zcazmfeög `vr`zmgha im lazm h`i hevrmza) v`
mfpkpim `i omv u v` }p`hmg hazkehav rmzm
•
I`veag`v `g im faipkgm u l`zgemha mi i`smgxmz iav
r`vmhav ravx`v h` <―― | <――' H`j`g muphmzv` fag pgm
r`}p`ým wegflm h` mez`'
•
Raz fmëhm h` xza~av h` keg`zmi) kmx`zemi`v a
l`zzmke`gxmv) rmzm `sexmz mffeh`gx`v h` `vx` xera v`
h`j` kmgx`g`z iav fmkegav fakri`xmk`gx` iekreav'
•
•
Fmëhmv h` r`zvagmi m fagv`fp`gfem h` `vfmi`zmv u
r`ihmýav `g kmimv faghefeag`v' Imv `vfmi`zmv h`j`g
v`z cenmhmv vöiehmk`gx` `g fmhm `|xz`ka) r`ihmýav `g
jp`g `vxmha u m im kevkm hevxmgfem u im rmzx` vpr`zeaz
h` im `vfmi`zm h`j` vajz`vmiez fpmgha k`gav <2 fkv'
•
V` rzahpf`g mffeh`gx`v) fpmgha vpj`g a jmnmg `vfmi`zmv veg hmz
mseva m iav }p` v` `gfp`gxzmg mzzejm a mjmna h`i kevka'
•
•
@gxmjimz r`zc`fxmk`gx` zmgcim) rzax`oe`gha `i fmkega mgx`v h`i
hevrmza rmzm `sexmz im fmehm h` zafmv mi fmkega' U rzax`o`z m im
iekre`~m h` mzzejm lmfem mjmna) faiafmgha `i mseva ’R`ieoza Ga lmu
fmkega‛ `g im omi`zëm) ve `v }p` h` xahmv kmg`zmv `i fmkega lm
}p`hmha vpfea'
•
•
Imv `vfmi`zmv h` m flek`g`m h`j`g faiafmzv` vpr`zrp`vxmv pgm m
fmhm imha u pgm rimxmcazkm m egx`zsmiav ga kmuaz`v h` ? k`xzav'
•
•
@vfmv`~ h` kmx`zemi h` z`ii`ga m fmpvm h` im h`vfakravefeög h` imv
Ze`voav h` mffeh`gx`v hpzmgx` im
`|riaxmfeög>
•
Mffeh`gx`v raz fmëhm h` zafmv raz ga lmj`z pg
fpehmhava `|mk`g h`i x`fla u imv fmnmv)
h`vfaiomgha imv zafmv vp`ixmv'
•
@vx` kåxaha `v z`fak`ghmji` rmzm x`zz`gav
hpzav u fakrmfxav) ga v` z`fake`ghm rmzm
x`zz`gav cmiimhav a czmfxpzmhav) k`gav rmzm
x`zz`gav h`i`~gmji`v) raz}p` v` lmg x`geha
`|r`ze`gfemv h` h`vrz`gheke`gxav h` smzemv
•
